Renewable Energy and Sustainable Agriculture: Review of Indicators

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture strives to ensure future food and energy supply while safeguarding natural resources. The interpretation of sustainability varies by context and country, yielding distinct indicators. Researchers have studied sustainable agriculture for the past 25 years and have developed several indicators. Renewable energy holds a vital role in sustainable agriculture, aiding energy needs and mitigating environmental harm tied to agriculture. It curbs fossil fuel dependency and harnesses agricultural waste for energy. However, a consistent update of renewable energy indicators for agricultural sustainability is needed. Employing SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodologies within the PRISMA protocol, this study extracts 84 indicators from 420 papers via SCOPUS. These indicators span social, environmental, economic, institutional, and technical dimensions. The study refines these indicators based on significance and influence, offering an enriched perspective. Furthermore, the analysis categorizes papers by publication year, continent, and topic, providing insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers. By ensuring periodic indicator updates, this research promotes sustainable agriculture, informs priority areas, and guides strategic decisions. This contributes to global resilience and food security aspirations in a changing world. The future of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture will involve cutting-edge technologies, refined policy frameworks, and inclusive cross-sector collaboration to address pressing global challenges and create a greener, more resilient world.

1. Introduction

Our lives are not possible without agriculture, which is the foundation of both our food supply and our ability to survive [1]. It includes the raising of livestock; the cultivation of crops; and the production of food, fiber, and other agricultural goods. We would not have access to a wide variety of healthy foods that are vital to our wellbeing without agriculture. It offers the building blocks for a nutritious and balanced diet, supporting our physical development, growth, and general well-being [2].

Additionally, agriculture contributes to our economies and ways of life in addition to just producing food. Particularly in rural areas where farming and related professions are common, it is a significant source of employment [3]. Along the entire value chain, from farmers and laborers to processors, distributors, and retailers, agriculture generates employment opportunities. Additionally, it promotes economic expansion through trade and exports, boosting national prosperity and promoting food security on a global scale [4].

Additionally, agriculture is vital to the sustainability of our planet and the development of our environment. Sustainable agricultural methods encourage soil health, biodiversity, and water conservation [5]. Farmers can lessen the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers, stop soil erosion, and preserve natural resources by implementing sustainable techniques like organic farming, agroforestry, and precision agriculture. Through techniques like biofuel production and the use of agricultural waste for energy generation, agriculture also has the potential to contribute to the production of renewable energy, assisting in the transition to a greener and more sustainable future [6].

Sustainable agriculture emphasizes the use of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques to control weeds, diseases, and pests. Crop rotation, biological control strategies, habitat diversification, and the selective use of pesticides only when necessary are a few of the techniques used in this process. IPM seeks to manage pests effectively while using fewer synthetic chemicals [7]. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on non-renewable resources, sustainable agriculture encourages energy-efficient practices and the use of renewable energy sources. It encourages the adoption of energy-efficient technologies, renewable energy systems (such as solar or wind power), and the utilization of agricultural byproducts for bioenergy production [8].

Sustainable agriculture considers the well-being of farmers, farm workers, and local communities. It supports fair labor practices, equitable trade relationships, and the development of local food systems. By implementing sustainable agriculture, it fosters community engagement, knowledge sharing, and capacity building to ensure the social and economic viability of farming communities [9,10].

In summary, sustainable agriculture is crucial for environmental preservation, food security, economic resilience, climate change adaptation, and social equity. By adopting sustainable practices, we can create a more resilient and sustainable food system that meets the needs of present and future generations while safeguarding the planet’s resources [11].

To meet the energy needs of agricultural operations, sustainable energy in this context refers to the use of clean renewable energy sources. It entails shifting away from fossil fuels and toward more sustainable substitutes [12]. Sustainable energy in agriculture involves harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar power, wind energy, biomass, and hydropower. Solar energy can be utilized through photovoltaic systems to generate electricity for powering farm operations, water pumps, and irrigation systems. Particularly in places with good wind conditions, wind turbines can generate electricity on farms [13]. Agricultural waste, animal waste, or crops specifically bred to be used as fuel for the production of heat and power can all be sources of biomass energy. To produce clean electricity, hydropower can be harnessed from streams or small-scale water systems [14].

In order to maximize energy use and reduce waste, sustainable energy in agriculture also emphasizes energy efficiency measures. Adopting energy-efficient machinery, equipment, and irrigation systems is part of this. Energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting, insulation, and smart controls, can be incorporated into the design and retrofit of farm buildings and infrastructure. Energy audits can aid in locating inefficient energy uses and direct farmers toward energy-saving practices [15].

Through procedures like anaerobic digestion or biomass gasification, agricultural waste and byproducts, such as crop residues, animal manure, and waste from the food processing industry, can be converted into bioenergy. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be used to generate electricity and heat, and is created by anaerobic digestion [16]. In the process of biomass gasification, organic materials are transformed into a combustible gas that can either be burned directly or further processed to produce biofuels. Farmers can manage waste efficiently, cut back on greenhouse gas emissions, and support the circular economy by using bioenergy made from agricultural waste [17].

By adopting sustainable energy practices in agriculture, farmers can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and contribute to climate change mitigation [18]. Sustainable energy solutions in agriculture not only benefit the environment, but also offer cost savings, energy independence, and increased resilience to volatile energy markets. They promote a more sustainable and resilient agricultural sector while supporting the transition to a low-carbon and energy-efficient future [19].

Relying on renewable energy sources in agriculture provides greater energy independence. Farmers can generate their energy, reducing dependence on external energy suppliers and mitigating the risks associated with fluctuating energy prices [20]. Renewable energy systems are often modular and scalable, allowing farmers to expand energy production as needed. This enhances the resilience of agricultural operations, ensuring a stable energy supply even in remote or off-grid areas [21].

The relationship between agriculture, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture is intricate and interdependent, contributing significantly to a more resilient and environmentally friendly food production system. First, agriculture is a substantial energy consumer, comprising around 30% of the global energy consumption [22]. The heavy reliance on fossil fuels for tasks such as mechanized farming, irrigation, and transportation not only raises concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, but also exposes the sector to energy price volatility. The integration of renewable energy sources, like solar panels, wind turbines, and bioenergy into agriculture, offers a sustainable solution [23]. These renewable technologies can power irrigation systems, provide electricity to farms, and even harness energy from agricultural residues, reducing emissions and lowering energy costs for farmers while aligning with global climate mitigation goals [24].

Secondly, the relationship between energy and sustainable agriculture extends beyond the adoption of renewable sources. Sustainable agriculture practices aim to minimize environmental impact and enhance long-term productivity, and energy plays a pivotal role in achieving these goals [25]. Energy-efficient technologies, such as precision agriculture and improved irrigation systems, can optimize resource use, reduce waste, and lower emissions [26]. Moreover, renewable energy systems can offer decentralized and reliable power sources to rural agricultural communities, increasing their resilience to external disruptions while creating economic opportunities [27]. In this context, the synergy between energy and sustainable agriculture is integral to building a more environmentally conscious, economically viable, and resilient food production system for the future.

The lack of research on sustainable energy in agriculture has been a significant challenge that hinders the widespread adoption and implementation of sustainable energy solutions [28]. Research and development require substantial financial resources, but funding for sustainable energy research in agriculture has often been limited. Many research grants and programs tend to prioritize other sectors or areas of study, leaving agriculture with fewer resources for dedicated sustainable energy research [29,30,31]. Limited funding restricts the ability of researchers to conduct comprehensive studies, gather robust data, and develop innovative solutions specific to the agricultural context. Sustainable energy in agriculture is a complex and multidisciplinary field. It requires expertise in agriculture, energy systems, engineering, environmental science, and socio-economic factors. Addressing the diverse challenges and opportunities related to sustainable energy in agriculture necessitates comprehensive research efforts. However, the integration of these diverse disciplines and the collaboration between researchers from different backgrounds can be challenging. The lack of coordination and interdisciplinary research efforts contributes to knowledge gaps and hinders the development of holistic solutions [32].

Building research infrastructure for sustainable energy in agriculture, such as specialized laboratories, testing facilities, and field research sites, requires significant investments. Many research institutions and agricultural organizations may not have the necessary resources to establish dedicated infrastructure for sustainable energy research. The absence of adequate infrastructure limits the ability to conduct large-scale experiments, field trials, and long-term monitoring, hindering the generation of robust data and evidence-based solutions [33]. Indeed, reviewing research in the sustainable agriculture sector is of paramount importance, not only for the reasons mentioned earlier, but also because it allows for the periodic reassessment and updating of key indicators. Agriculture is highly dynamic, subject to constant shifts in environmental conditions, technology, and market forces. Therefore, the indicators used to measure sustainability and success must adapt accordingly to remain accurate and effective. Regular reviews ensure that the chosen indicators stay aligned with the evolving agricultural landscape, allowing for more precise assessments and informed decision making to address the ever-changing challenges and opportunities in sustainable agriculture.

The main input of this paper is the analysis and systematization of renewable and sustainable agriculture indicators collected from previous studies in order to help researchers and also the governments to apply critical indicators in their country and to adopt them based on their country data and area to enhance decision making on sustainable agriculture development with the help of renewable energy deployment.

2. Background of Study

Martin, in the study entitled “Renewable energy development in Queensland, Australia: study of barriers, objectives and laws”, believes that factors such as investment barriers, trade barriers, barriers related to laws and regulations, technology barriers information barriers and education have a negative effect on the development of renewable energies [34].

In their study entitled “Barriers, capacity, and costs of renewable energies: Conceptual issues”, Verbruggen et al. considered the lack of attention to technical and marketing factors as obstacles to the development of renewable energies [35].

Belcher, Noble, and Richards studied the obstacles in the way of renewable energy development in Canada and found that barriers related to awareness, public knowledge, related technologies, economic and social factors, as well as laws and regulations were considered effective [36]. Mihalakakou, Paravantis, and Stigka believe that economic factors, such as a country’s economic conditions, problems in the private and public sectors, the lack of investment, and the absence of a legal framework, along with technical factors, such as land limitations, the lack of stability in renewable energy sources, and inadequate power transmission networks, hinder the development of renewable energies in a region [37].

Narbel, Kurdgelashvili, and Timilsina conducted research on the technical, economic, and marketing barriers to the use of renewable energy and demonstrated their negative impact. They found that some of these factors not only have a direct effect, but also indirectly influence the use of renewable energies by influencing other independent variables. For example, educational factors can affect social awareness, while legal factors can influence economic, social, and technical aspects. Economic growth can be influenced by human capital, which, in turn, can be affected by education [38].

Monitoring and assessing the development of sustainable energy in agriculture depends heavily on indicators. They assist in determining areas for improvement, evaluating the efficacy of sustainable energy practices and policies, and monitoring the results of interventions. Here are some key indicators commonly used to measure sustainable energy in agriculture:

Renewable energy adoption: This indicator measures the proportion of farms or agricultural operations that have implemented renewable energy technologies. It includes the installation and utilization of solar panels, wind turbines, biomass systems, small-scale hydropower, or other renewable energy sources on farms [39].

Energy efficiency: Energy efficiency indicators focus on the effective use of energy in agricultural operations. This includes measuring energy consumption per unit of agricultural output, such as energy used per hectare of cultivated land or per kilogram of crop produced. Improving energy efficiency helps minimize energy waste and optimize resource use [40].

Greenhouse gas emissions: This indicator assesses the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with agricultural energy use. It includes measuring and tracking emissions from on-farm energy consumption, including direct emissions from fossil fuel use and indirect emissions from purchased electricity. Reductions in emissions indicate progress toward a low-carbon agricultural sector [41].

Energy productivity: Energy productivity indicators assess the amount of agricultural output generated per unit of energy input. It measures the efficiency of energy use in relation to production outcomes. Increasing energy productivity implies achieving higher yields or outputs with the same or reduced energy inputs [42].

This indicator measures the proportion of energy used in agriculture that is derived from renewable sources. Renewable energy consumption as a percentage of total energy consumption. It sheds light on the switch from non-renewable to renewable energy sources and the degree to which agriculture depends on environmentally friendly energy sources [43].

Investment in research and development: This indicator measures the amount of money spent on developing sustainable sources of energy for use in agriculture. It includes money set aside for initiatives related to knowledge transfer, innovation, and research projects. A commitment to advancing sustainable energy solutions in agriculture is demonstrated by increased investment in research and development [44].

Policy and regulatory frameworks: Indicators related to policy and regulatory frameworks evaluate the existence and effectiveness of policies supporting sustainable energy in agriculture. This includes indicators that assess the presence of renewable energy targets, incentives, subsidies, and regulations that promote the adoption of sustainable energy practices in the agricultural sector [45].

These indicators provide quantitative and qualitative measures to track progress, identify trends, and inform decision making in the field of sustainable energy in agriculture. They help policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders assess the impact of interventions, set targets, and develop strategies to promote sustainable energy adoption in the agricultural sector [46].

Indicators are crucial for monitoring and evaluating the progress of renewable sustainable energy in agriculture. They help assess the effectiveness of initiatives, track trends, and inform decision making. Here are some key indicators used to measure renewable sustainable energy in agriculture:

The installed capacity of renewable energy systems in agriculture, such as solar PV panels, wind turbines, biomass systems, or small-scale hydropower, is measured by this indicator. It offers details on the adoption rate of renewable energy sources and the potential for energy production from them [47].

Energy produced using renewable resources: The amount of energy produced using renewable resources in the agricultural industry is measured by this indicator. It clarifies how renewable energy contributes to overall energy consumption in agriculture [48].

This indicator determines the portion of energy used in agriculture that comes from renewable sources. It calculates renewable energy consumption as a percentage of total energy consumption. It illustrates how much agriculture depends on renewable energy and how far we have come in terms of cutting back on fossil fuel use [49,50].

Carbon emissions reduction: This indicator tracks the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions brought on by agriculture’s use of renewable energy. By calculating the avoided emissions in comparison to conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources, it evaluates the environmental advantages of the adoption of renewable energy [51].

Energy efficiency improvements: This indicator evaluates the energy efficiency of agricultural operations. It examines the energy consumed per unit of agricultural output, such as energy used per hectare or energy used per unit of crop yield. Improvements in energy efficiency indicate the effectiveness of sustainable energy practices in optimizing resource use [52,53].

Financial viability and return on investment: This indicator assesses the financial viability of renewable energy projects in agriculture. It includes metrics such as payback period, return on investment, and cost savings achieved through renewable energy adoption. Positive financial indicators demonstrate the economic feasibility of renewable energy solutions [54].

Policy and regulatory frameworks: Indicators related to policy and regulations evaluate the existence and effectiveness of supportive policies for renewable energy in agriculture. This includes indicators that measure the presence of renewable energy targets, incentives, subsidies, and regulations facilitating the adoption and integration of renewable energy systems [55].

Knowledge transfer and capacity building: This indicator focuses on the dissemination of knowledge, awareness, and capacity building efforts related to renewable energy in agriculture. It assesses the implementation of training programs, workshops, and knowledge exchange platforms that help farmers and stakeholders understand and adopt renewable energy practices [56].

These indicators provide valuable information to policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to monitor progress, identify areas for improvement, and inform strategic decision making in promoting renewable sustainable energy in agriculture [57]. Regular monitoring of these indicators helps track the impact of initiatives, measure the effectiveness of policies, and identify best practices for wider adoption.

3. Methods

This section discusses the use of the SALSA framework in order to reduce subjectivity while searching for and analyzing the relevant literature. The SALSA methodology is cited in the scientific literature as one of the top methods for classifying, analyzing, and organizing literature because it ensures methodological accuracy and thoroughness. The PRISMA statement was also followed to ensure the consistency and thoroughness of the research procedure. PRISMA additionally guarantees the validity and comprehensiveness of the research [58].

Figure 1 shows the SALSA method’s steps. The SALSA method, which is used to conduct systematic literature reviews or research studies, consists of four main steps. The first step is the search phase, in which researchers choose the appropriate databases and specify their search query. Predetermined criteria are used in the appraisal stage to determine which of the literature should be included or excluded based on relevance and quality evaluation. Data extraction and categorization are steps in the synthesis process that involve systematically organizing gathered information. Finally, during the analysis phase, researchers examine the data, describe the most important findings, and draw conclusions, offering a structured and thorough method for reviewing and synthesizing the research.

A literature search using the TITLE-ABS-KEY (renewable AND sustainable AND agriculture AND indicators OR factors) AND PUBYEAR > 2009 AND PUBYEAR 2024 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”) was conducted as part of the SALSA technique’s first phase. The search period was from 2010 to 2023. SALSA’s second phase is appraisal. The PRISMA technique was used to choose the papers. If the publication met the criteria for inclusion, it was added for additional study. The following criteria were used for inclusion: the paper had to have a keyword combination in the title, keywords section, or abstract; it had to have been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal; and it had to fall under the economics or energy fuels SCOPUS database category. Review articles, editorial letters, papers from conference proceedings, papers not written in English, and papers that were not original research papers were all excluded.

The search was divided into three sections: the first dealt with the economy; the second, with the environment; and the third, with social issues.

Table 1. List of authors with most published papers.

Author Name	Number of Papers
Raihan, A.	5
Chen, B.	4
Alola, A.A.	3
Canellas, L.P.	3
Farhana, S.	3
Faruk, O.	3
Hasan, M.A.U.	3
Muhtasim, D.A.	3
Olivares, F.L.	3
Rahman, M.	3
Styles, D.	3

displays the indicators along with their respective references. Figure 2 shows the PRISMA steps for the appraisal phase.

Based on a thorough analysis of 432 papers, Figure 3 presents a breakdown of the research papers that have been published in the fields of sustainable agriculture and renewable energy. A significant focus on the environmental aspects of renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices can be seen in the fact that 240 of these papers were published in the field of environmental science.

Within the Energy domain, 149 papers were published, showcasing a substantial body of work dedicated to exploring various renewable energy sources and their applications. The contribution of these papers plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable energy solutions.

In the Agricultural and Biological Science area, there were 94 published papers, emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural practices and the integration of renewable energy technologies in farming and food production.

The Engineering field also demonstrated notable attention, with 94 papers published. These engineering-focused papers likely cover advancements in renewable energy technologies, agricultural machinery, and infrastructure development to promote sustainable practices.

Furthermore, the Social Science domain witnessed the publication of 63 papers. These papers might delve into the socio-economic and behavioral aspects of adopting renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices, highlighting the broader societal impact and acceptance of such initiatives.

Overall, the substantial number of published papers in these different areas reflects the growing interest and commitment of the academic and research communities towards fostering renewable energy and sustainable agriculture for a more sustainable future.

Figure 4 presents an analysis of the types of documents published in the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture, based on a comprehensive dataset of 432 papers.

The predominant category, comprising 263 papers, indicates a strong emphasis on original research studies and findings in the field. These articles likely cover a wide range of topics, including technological innovations, experimental results, and theoretical contributions to renewable energy and sustainable agriculture.

The presence of 66 review papers signifies the importance of summarizing and critically evaluating the existing literature in this domain. Reviews play a crucial role in synthesizing knowledge, identifying research gaps, and providing valuable insights to researchers and practitioners.

With 55 papers being presented at conferences, it highlights the active participation of scholars in academic gatherings and symposiums dedicated to renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. Conference papers are often a way to share preliminary findings and gather feedback from the academic community.

The 29 book chapters published in this area indicate contributions to scholarly books or edited volumes focused on renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. These chapters likely delve into specific aspects, offering in-depth analysis and comprehensive perspectives within the broader context of the field.

The diversity of document types showcases the multidisciplinary nature of research in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. It reflects the collective efforts of scholars, researchers, and practitioners from various backgrounds, contributing their expertise to address the complex challenges and opportunities in achieving a sustainable future. Moreover, the availability of different types of publications allows for a comprehensive understanding of the subject and fosters knowledge dissemination to a wide audience.

Figure 5 illustrates the distribution of research papers in the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture based on their country of origin. The data consists of papers from several countries, with the following being the top contributors:

China: Leading the list with 55 papers, China demonstrates significant research activity and commitment to advancing renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices.

United States: With 51 papers, the United States showcases substantial contributions to the field, reflecting its prominent position in research and development in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture.

Italy: Italy ranks third with 38 papers, indicating a noteworthy interest and involvement in studying and promoting sustainable solutions within its academic and research community.

India: At 32 papers, India’s research output reflects the country’s increasing focus on renewable energy technologies and sustainable agricultural practices to address its energy and environmental challenges.

United Kingdom: With 29 papers, the United Kingdom exhibits a strong dedication to research and innovation in the domain of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture.

Germany: Germany’s contribution of 24 papers highlights its longstanding commitment to sustainability and green initiatives, fostering research advancements in this field.

Iran: With 22 papers, Iran’s academic community actively engages in research pertaining to renewable energy and sustainable agriculture, contributing to global efforts in this area.

Spain: Spain’s 19 papers indicate its involvement in exploring and implementing sustainable energy and agricultural solutions within its national context.

Pakistan: At 18 papers, Pakistan’s research output underscores its interest in studying renewable energy technologies and sustainable agricultural practices.

Brazil: With 17 papers, Brazil demonstrates its dedication to advancing sustainable development and environmental preservation through research and innovation.

The diverse representation of countries in this dataset underscores the global interest and collaboration in the pursuit of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. Each nation’s research contributions play a crucial role in shaping policies, technologies, and practices to build a more sustainable and resilient future.

Table 1 shows the authors and number of paper that published. These authors have made significant contributions to the research and literature in the domain of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture, and their work likely spans a wide range of topics and areas within the field. Their multiple publications demonstrate their expertise and dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting sustainability in this important area of study.

Table 2. Numbers published documents by sources.

Source Title	Number of Papers
Journal of cleaner production	19
Sustainability switzerland	14
Ecological indicators	12
Iop conference series earth and environmental science	11
Science of the total environment	10
Energies	8
Journal of environmental management	7
Resources conservation and recycling	7
Environmental science and pollution research	6
Renewable energy	6
Bioenergy research	5
Biomass and bioenergy	5
Energy policy	5
Renewable and sustainable energy reviews	5

shows that these journals are reputable and have published significant research in the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. Scholars often consider publications in these journals as important contributions to the field, helping to advance knowledge and promote sustainable practices in various aspects of energy and agriculture.

Table 3. Number of papers published by years.

Year	Number of Papers
2023	47
2022	60
2021	49
2020	36
2019	37
2018	34
2017	25
2016	28
2015	27
2014	24
2013	13
2012	20
2011	22
2010	10

presents the number of papers published each year, indicating the research output in the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture over a period of 14 years. The data shows the trend of research activity, with higher publication numbers in recent years, reflecting the growing interest and significance of this field in academia and research. It also highlights the continuous efforts of scholars and researchers to address sustainability challenges and explore innovative solutions in the context of renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices.

According to an analysis, a total of 178 papers were discovered for this study, from which 84 indicators were ultimately extracted.

Table 4. Indicators of renewable sustainable energy in agriculture.

Dimension	Indicators	References
Economical	Capital investment (USD/kWh)	[23,59,60]
Economical	Productive energy uses	[61,62,63,64]
Economical	Employment generation	[65,66,67]
Economical	Investment cost	[68,69,70]
Economical	Maintenance cost	[69,71,72]
Economical	Approximate lifetime	[54,73]
Economical	Average personal income	[49,63,74]
Economical	Unemployment rate	[65,75,76]
Economical	Average daily per capita water use (liter) (excluding industrial use)	[77,78,79]
Economical	Electricity consumption per person	[80,81,82]
Economical	Total gross electricity generation	[80,82,83]
Economical	Primary production of renewable energy	[84,85,86]
Economical	Greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector	[87,88,89,90]
Economical	Electrical capacity—combustible fuels	[91,92,93]
Economical	Electrical capacity—hydro, wind, solar	[89,94,95]
Economical	Inflation rate	[96,97,98]
Economical	Economic growth rate	[70,82,99]
Environment	Emission of CO2 per kWh electricity in kg/kWh	[48,100]
Environment	Fuels displaced	[101,102,103]
Environment	Contamination factor	[80,82,104,105]
Environment	Amount of pollutant volume	[106,107,108]
Environment	The proportion of land use	[109,110,111]
Environment	Effectiveness in increasing employment	[69,82,112]
Environment	Safety of using the energy	[82,90,113]
Environment	Help in social improvement	[82,114,115]
Environment	Green resource index	[62,80,116,117]
Environment	Permeable rate in urban lands	[118,119]
Environment	Per capita CO2 emissions	[48,120,121]
Environment	Proportion of slightly polluted rivers	[80,122]
Environment	Reservoir water quality	[89,123,124]
Environment	Tap water quality	[124,125,126]
Environment	Daily waste production	[105,127,128]
Environment	Recycling ratio for solid waste	[129,130,131]
Environment	Solid waste composted	[131,132,133]
Environment	Utilization rate for renewable resources (bottom ashes)	[134,135,136]
Environment	Stringency of environmental regulation	[137,138,139]
Environment	Enforcement of environmental regulation	[140,141,142]
Environment	Quality of the natural environment	[90,143,144]
Environment	Renewable energy consumption	[69,86,90]
Environment	Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption	[145,146,147]
Environment	Share of renewable in power production	[76,100,120]
Institutional	Management capability required	[148,149,150]
Institutional	Operation and maintenance skill required	[63,151,152]
Institutional	Consistency with the international policies	[153,154,155]
Institutional	Assistance in complete self-sufficiency	[156,157,158]
Institutional	Degree of dependence on energy imports	[159,160,161]
Institutional	Enforcement of local environmental plans	[162,163,164]
Institutional	Citizen participation in major planning and decision making	[165,166,167]
Institutional	Joint international cooperation regarding sustainable development (SD)	[168,169,170]
Institutional	Environmental and ecological budget ratio to total budget	[171,172,173]
Institutional	Social welfare expenditure ratio to total expenditure	[174,175,176]
Institutional	Government expenditure on pollution prevention and resource recycling	[138,177,178]
Institutional	Ratio of completed assessments to initiated assessments	[179,180]
Institutional	Appellate statistics of court cases related to environmental pollution	[181,182,183]
Institutional	Transparency of government policymaking	[184,185,186]
Institutional	Government effectiveness	[49,70,80]
Institutional	Regulatory quality	[187,188,189]
Institutional	GDP per capita	[48,145]
Social	Availability of subsidy in % considering life time energy cost	[54,190,191]
Social	Access to credit	[63,82,192]
Social	Urban population density	[193,194,195]
Social	Number of households below the poverty line	[63,196,197]
Social	Wealth gap	[198,199,200]
Social	Crime rate	[142,199,201]
Social	Annual casualties from public disasters	[115,202]
Social	Annual number of transportation accidents	[203,204]
Social	Public facility area ratio to urban land areas	[205,206]
Social	Per capita park and green areas	[116,207,208]
Social	Riverside park and green area per person	[209,210,211]
Social	Sewerage and waste removal efficiency	[212,213,214]
Social	Rate of sanitary sewerage to total sewerage system	[215,216,217]
Social	Per capita pedestrian walkway index	[218,219,220]
Social	Availability of latest technologies	[86,90,221]
Social	Affordability of financial services	[66,208,222]
Social	Capacity for innovation	[168,223]
Social	Company spending on R&D	[49,83,145]
Social	University–industry collaboration in R&D	[224,225]
Technical	Energy availability	[86,90]
Technical	Overall efficiency	[69,80,90]
Technical	Technical standards	[70,226,227]
Technical	Daily availability of services	[82,228]
Technical	Ease of access to the required technology	[152,229,230]
Technical	Help in meeting energy needs	[82,90,231]
Technical	Construction time	[69,179,232]

presents a comprehensive list of indicators related to renewable energy and sustainable agriculture, organized into five dimensions: Economical, Environment, Institutional, Social, and Technical. These indicators cover various aspects and factors that are important for assessing and understanding the sustainability and impact of renewable energy, and agricultural practices may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.

4. Discussion

This research reviewed 178 papers using SALSA and PRISMA. The analysis of the research papers in the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture reveals a clear emphasis on environmental aspects, with 240 papers published in the domain of Environmental Science. This focus indicates the global recognition of the urgent need to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable practices in energy and agriculture. Moreover, the substantial body of work within the Energy domain (149 papers) reflects the growing interest in exploring various renewable energy sources and their applications. This research is crucial for advancing sustainable energy solutions, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and transitioning away from fossil fuels.

The attention given to sustainable agricultural practices and the integration of renewable energy technologies in the Agricultural and Biological Science area (94 papers) underscores the importance of sustainable food production and resource-efficient farming methods. These research efforts contribute to enhancing agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. The significant presence of 94 papers in the Engineering field indicates the vital role of engineering advancements in renewable energy technologies, agricultural machinery, and infrastructure development. These innovations are instrumental in promoting the widespread adoption and implementation of sustainable practices.

Furthermore, the inclusion of 63 papers in the Social Science domain highlights the recognition of the socio-economic and behavioral dimensions of adopting renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices. Understanding societal acceptance and impact is crucial for the successful implementation of sustainable initiatives. The geographic distribution of research papers across various countries underscores the global nature of the challenges and the collaborative efforts towards achieving sustainability.

In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis of research papers in the renewable energy and sustainable agriculture domains highlights the multidisciplinary nature of this field. The substantial number of publications, along with the diverse representation of document types and countries, demonstrates the growing interest and commitment of the global academic and research communities in fostering a more sustainable future [233]. By addressing environmental, economic, social, and technological aspects, these research efforts pave the way for innovative solutions, policy formulation, and transformative practices that can help mitigate climate change, promote sustainable energy consumption, and ensure food security while preserving natural resources for future generations [234].

The diversity of document types in Figure 4 reflects the multidisciplinary nature of research in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. Original research articles contribute to expanding the knowledge base, while review papers provide valuable syntheses of existing research. Conference papers and book chapters’ foster knowledge exchange and the in-depth exploration of specific topics, promoting collaboration among researchers and practitioners from different backgrounds.

Figure 5 illustrates the global interest in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture, with notable contributions from China, the United States, Italy, India, and other countries. This international collaboration underscores the shared commitment to addressing sustainability challenges on a global scale.

The analysis of indicators (Table 4) further enriches the understanding of this field. The Economical dimension highlights the importance of capital investment, investment cost, and maintenance cost in determining the financial feasibility of sustainable energy and agricultural projects. Additionally, the impact of renewable energy on employment generation and economic growth is evident in the indicators.

The Environment dimension emphasizes the significance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy consumption, and ensuring the quality of natural resources. The Institutional dimension underlines the importance of effective policymaking, international cooperation, and transparent regulatory practices to create an enabling environment for renewable energy and sustainable agriculture [235].

The Social dimension reflects the role of subsidies, credit access, innovation capacity, and collaborative efforts in driving the adoption of sustainable practices. Lastly, the Technical dimension focuses on technological efficiency, accessibility, and meeting energy needs effectively [236].

Overall, the comprehensive analysis of renewable energy indicators in sustainable agriculture sheds light on the diverse facets and complexities of this vital field [237]. The research findings showcased in the table, figures, and authors’ contributions underline the collective efforts towards advancing sustainability and shaping a more resilient and environmentally conscious future. The knowledge generated through these publications is instrumental in informing policies, guiding technological innovations, and promoting sustainable practices, ultimately contributing to a greener and more sustainable world.

International collaboration and knowledge exchange are crucial for accelerating advancements in this field. Researchers, policymakers, and practitioners from different countries can learn from each other’s experiences, share best practices, and jointly tackle global sustainability challenges. Continued investment in research and development, coupled with public and private sector partnerships, will pave the way for transformative solutions and a greener future.

In a systematic review, Gunnarsdottir et al. (2020) emphasized the growing significance of sustainable energy development and assessed 57 existing indicator sets against six criteria, revealing widespread deficiencies and emphasizing the need for refinement and increased stakeholder involvement in the energy indicators for sustainable development [238]. Siksnelyte-Butkiene and colleagues (2021) conducted a systematic review to evaluate 71 composite indicators for measuring energy poverty (EP). Their research integrated the SALSA framework, PRISMA statement, and PICOC framework to comprehensively assess these indicators based on the Bellagio Sustainability Assessment and Measurement (STAMP) principles, providing valuable recommendations for practical EP indicator use [239]. Lähtinen et al.’s 2014 systematic literature review assessed forest-based bioenergy production sustainability locally, identifying diverse indicators. It emphasized the lack of methods to align local development with global sustainability goals, offering valuable insights to stakeholders in specific regions [240].

In conclusion, the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture holds immense promise in driving positive change and creating a more sustainable and prosperous world. Through collective efforts, continued research, and innovative practices, we have the potential to usher in a new era of clean and sustainable energy, while also fostering agricultural practices that respect and preserve the planet’s natural resources. Embracing this field’s importance and global significance, we can build a brighter future for generations to come, promoting environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic prosperity on a global scale.

There is also a need for research on the integration of renewable sustainable energy in agriculture, which should take into account incomplete indicator classification, poor socio-economic impact assessment, the scant consideration of cultural and gender issues, the disjointed assessments of the effects on ecosystem services, and the inadequate examination of cross-sector collaboration models. Future research should concentrate on improving and dynamically categorizing indicators for various agricultural processes, examining government policies and incentives for the adoption of renewable energy, thoroughly evaluating the interaction between renewable energy and larger sustainability challenges, looking into effective public–private partnership models, and promoting inclusive research that incorporates social equity and cultural sensitivity in order to fill these gaps.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis of 432 research papers in the field of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture demonstrates the growing significance and global interest in addressing pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges. The multitude of publications across various domains highlights the multidisciplinary nature of research in this area, with scholars and researchers from diverse backgrounds collaborating to find innovative solutions. The identified indicators spanning economic, environmental, institutional, social, and technical dimensions provide valuable insights into the sustainability and impact of renewable energy and agricultural practices.

It is impossible to overstate the significance of this field because it holds the key to a future for our planet that is more resilient and sustainable. When compared to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are more environmentally friendly, producing fewer greenhouse gas emissions and lessening the negative effects of climate change. Integrating renewable energy with sustainable agriculture practices can enhance food security, minimize environmental impacts, and foster rural development. Moreover, the research and innovations in this field contribute to achieving global sustainability goals, including the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), by promoting responsible consumption, ensuring access to clean energy, and preserving biodiversity.

The paper has limitations. The empirical study is not included in it. Future research will include a case study on the application of these indicators in several countries and a comparative assessment of progress achieved by these countries in applying renewables for sustainable agriculture development.

6. Recommendations

Future research areas in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture should focus on strengthening policy frameworks and regulations to incentivize the adoption of renewable energy technologies and sustainable practices.

Additionally, efforts should be directed towards improving energy storage solutions and increasing the efficiency of renewable energy systems to ensure a stable and reliable energy supply.

Research on innovative agricultural practices, such as agroecology and precision farming, can lead to more sustainable food production methods and resource management.

Moreover, exploring the social and behavioral aspects of adopting renewable energy and sustainable agriculture can guide the development of inclusive and community-driven approaches.

Experts in energy policy and regulation, representatives from agricultural organizations, and policymakers may all be able to offer insightful opinions. To ground the research in real-world challenges and applications, practitioners such as farmers, agricultural industry representatives, and developers of renewable energy technologies must be involved. Last but not least, to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive perspective on future research directions, representatives from indigenous and local communities, as well as advocates for gender equity and social inclusion, should also contribute.