Aquatic Macrophytes Metal and Nutrient Concentration Variations, with Implication for Phytoremediation Potential in a Subtropical River System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Macrophytes Sampling and Processing
3. Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Df | F | p | Variables | Df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal Concentrations | |||||||
Species | Season | ||||||
N | 2 | 9.206 | <0.001 | Cu | 2 | 7.707 | 0.001 |
Ca | 2 | 65.126 | <0.001 | B | 2 | 10.53 | <0.001 |
Mg | 2 | 70.452 | <0.001 | Species × Location | |||
Na | 2 | 58.734 | <0.001 | N | 4 | 7.123 | <0.001 |
B | 2 | 11.452 | <0.001 | K | 4 | 4.872 | 0.002 |
Location | Ca | 4 | 9.615 | <0.001 | |||
N | 2 | 53.067 | <0.001 | Mg | 4 | 4.98 | 0.002 |
P | 2 | 26.549 | <0.001 | Na | 4 | 4.666 | 0.003 |
K | 2 | 30.387 | <0.001 | Cu | 4 | 5.102 | 0.001 |
Ca | 2 | 21.065 | <0.001 | Zn | 4 | 2.281 | 0.072 |
Mg | 2 | 5.251 | 0.008 | B | 4 | 10.788 | <0.001 |
Na | 2 | 10.645 | <0.001 | Species × Location × Season | |||
Fe | 2 | 14.197 | <0.001 | Cu | 8 | 4.216 | 0.001 |
Cu | 2 | 23.159 | <0.001 | ||||
Zn | 2 | 5.232 | 0.008 | ||||
B | 2 | 33.227 | <0.001 | ||||
Bioconcentration factors | |||||||
Species | Species × Location | ||||||
Na | 2 | 24.721 | <0.001 | B | 4 | 10.327 | <0.001 |
Mn | 2 | 6.089 | 0.004 | Species × Season | |||
Zn | 2 | 2.979 | 0.059 | Mn | 4 | 3.222 | 0.019 |
B | 2 | 17.342 | <0.001 | Zn | 4 | 3.049 | 0.024 |
Location | B | 4 | 7.268 | <0.001 | |||
Na | 2 | 5.342 | 0.008 | Location × Season | |||
Fe | 2 | 36.821 | <0.001 | Fe | 4 | 10.575 | <0.001 |
Cu | 2 | 37.569 | <0.001 | Cu | 4 | 6.539 | <0.001 |
Zn | 2 | 3.762 | 0.030 | Zn | 4 | 2.866 | 0.032 |
B | 2 | 25.134 | <0.001 | B | 4 | 9.604 | <0.001 |
Season | Species × Location × Season | ||||||
Na | 2 | 8.461 | 0.001 | B | 8 | 4.378 | <0.001 |
Mn | 2 | 7.082 | 0.002 | ||||
Fe | 2 | 17.335 | <0.001 | ||||
Cu | 2 | 13.889 | <0.001 | ||||
Zn | 2 | 7.563 | 0.001 | ||||
B | 2 | 79.260 | <0.001 |
Variables | Cool–Dry | Hot–Dry | Hot–Wet | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roots | Stem | Leaves | Roots | Stem | Leaves | Roots | Stem | Leaves | |
Phragmites australis | |||||||||
Na | 1.39 ± 0.66 | 4.89 ± 1.57 | 5.35 ± 2.66 | 4.21 ± 0.46 | 22.88 ± 7.15 | 23.28 ± 12.37 | 4.51 ± 2.11 | 19.61 ± 9.61 | 19.71 ± 8.63 |
Mn | 0.96 ± 1.26 | 5.10 ± 8.02 | 0.58 ±0.61 | 5.60 ± 1.26 | 7.17 ± 7.03 | 1.39 ± 2.44 | 0.47 ± 1.26 | 1.06 ± 0.34 | 0.44 ± 0.20 |
Fe | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 1.11 ± 0.57 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 7.38 ± 0.03 | 170.7 ± 136.6 | 4.60 ± 5.63 | 4.57 ± 0.03 | 84.48 ± 8.86 | 13.46 ± 2.87 |
Cu | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.33 | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 6.40 ± 3.12 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 3.19 ± 2.40 | 0.66 ± 0.56 |
Zn | 0.73 ± 0.43 | 1.22 ± 0.46 | 0.57 ± 0.25 | 6.24 ± 0.43 | 15.46 ± 6.57 | 4.62 ± 4.07 | 6.35 ± 0.43 | 10.78 ± 10.77 | 10.03 ± 11.96 |
B | 0.21 ± 0.13 | 1.54 ± 0.80 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 16.54 ± 0.13 | 92.60 ± 19.90 | 5.54 ± 5.42 | 10.76 ± 0.13 | 43.42 ± 15.72 | 10.09 ± 2.92 |
Schoenoplectus corymbosus | |||||||||
Na | 1.21 ± 0.39 | 4.09 ± 2.91 | 5.53 ± 5.98 | 8.35 ± 5.38 | 35.50 ± 19.41 | 51.70 ± 32.00 | 6.65 ± 4.89 | 25.25 ± 12.83 | 35.75 ± 19.4 |
Mn | 0.55 ± 0.11 | 1.96 ± 1.32 | 0.59 ± 0.48 | 3.00 ± 3.87 | 4.26 ± 3.04 | 4.45 ± 6.01 | 1.70 ± 1.53 | 6.23 ± 5.58 | 4.57 ± 5.93 |
Fe | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.59 ± 0.52 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 25.13 ± 23.28 | 181.9 ± 111.5 | 20.68 ± 28.66 | 10.75 ± 6.63 | 103.59 ± 23.22 | 9.03 ± 4.01 |
Cu | 1.77 ± 1.51 | 0.51 ± 0.60 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 1.49 ± 0.68 | 4.54 ± 2.87 | 0.90 ± 0.38 | 0.84 ± 0.49 | 3.73 ± 0.93 | 0.48 ± 0.27 |
Zn | 0.70 ± 0.13 | 0.68 ± 0.12 | 0.53 ± 0.28 | 11.40 ± 2.10 | 11.58 ± 3.72 | 7.18 ± 1.69 | 7.74 ± 2.97 | 9.68 ± 1.37 | 4.78 ± 2.22 |
B | 1.14 ± 1.05 | 0.79 ± 0.65 | 0.22 ± 0.19 | 145.0 ± 70.2 | 105.76 ± 7.98 | 23.14 ± 2.73 | 58.94 ± 16.40 | 50.79 ± 18.93 | 19.95 ± 8.07 |
Typha capensis | |||||||||
Na | 38.96 ± 21.19 | 18.48 ± 10.23 | 54.88 ± 25.41 | 81.92 ± 96.63 | 83.43 ± 73.99 | 130.7 ± 152.5 | 66.04 ± 24.11 | 40.23 ± 14.99 | 118.8 ± 50.5 |
Mn | 2.99 ± 1.34 | 1.28 ± 0.51 | 1.58 ± 1.00 | 34.49 ± 45.55 | 28.14 ± 36.14 | 10.14 ± 11.45 | 9.59 ± 3.82 | 7.59 ± 4.70 | 4.48 ± 2.47 |
Fe | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.64 ± 0.35 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 5.80 ± 4.82 | 167.7 ± 66.0 | 24.80 ± 18.39 | 4.44 ± 1.93 | 135.9 ± 2.45 | 16.89 ± 2.71 |
Cu | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 1.68 ± 1.52 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 4.74 ± 0.66 | 1.50 ± 0.33 | 0.45 ± 0.19 | 3.31 ± 0.75 | 0.90 ± 0.38 |
Zn | 0.56 ± 0.34 | 1.18 ± 0.12 | 1.08 ± 0.68 | 7.80 ± 3.88 | 114.7 ± 143.5 | 24.35 ± 8.02 | 4.77 ± 2.26 | 10.02 ± 0.03 | 8.93 ± 7.01 |
B | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 23.58 ± 5.67 | 86.3 ± 14.5 | 40.82 ± 30.05 | 29.28 ± 10.72 | 52.77 ± 10.23 | 33.21 ± 9.05 |
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Munyai, L.F.; Dalu, T. Aquatic Macrophytes Metal and Nutrient Concentration Variations, with Implication for Phytoremediation Potential in a Subtropical River System. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014933
Munyai LF, Dalu T. Aquatic Macrophytes Metal and Nutrient Concentration Variations, with Implication for Phytoremediation Potential in a Subtropical River System. Sustainability. 2023; 15(20):14933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014933
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunyai, Linton F., and Tatenda Dalu. 2023. "Aquatic Macrophytes Metal and Nutrient Concentration Variations, with Implication for Phytoremediation Potential in a Subtropical River System" Sustainability 15, no. 20: 14933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014933