Research on Water Stability and Moisture Damage Mechanism of a Steel Slag Porous Asphalt Mixture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Test Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Steel Slag Asphalt Mortar
2.3. Preparation of the SSPA Mixture
2.4. Test Methods
2.4.1. Time–Temperature H2O-Immersion Testing
2.4.2. Pull-Out Testing
2.4.3. H2O-Immersion Immersion Marshall Testing
2.4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Testing
2.4.5. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Testing
2.4.6. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Testing
3. Experimental Test Results and Analysis
3.1. Macro Test
3.1.1. Analysis of the Results of the Pull-Out Test
- (1)
- Damage Evaluation Indicators
- As shown in Figure 3a, adhesion damage refers to the damage of the adhesive interface between the asphalt and aggregate [69]. When this occurs, there is either almost no residual asphalt film or only a small amount of asphalt film on the aggregate surface. However, there is typically no significant damage within the aggregate or within the asphalt.
- As shown in Figure 3c, mixed damage refers to the damage of the adhesive interface between the asphalt and aggregate, accompanied by internal damage within the asphalt [69]. With this damage mechanism, some asphalt film remains on the aggregate surface, but cannot be completely determined as adhesion or cohesive damage.
- As shown in Figure 3d, dislodgement damage refers to the form of damage that occurs between the asphalt and the pull-out head [69]; that is, there is dislodgement of the asphalt from the pull-out head. Under this condition, the surface of the asphalt film on the surface of the aggregate is flat, with all the asphalt film remaining on the surface of the aggregates. On the surface of the pull-out head, there would be none or only a very small amount of the asphalt film remaining.
- (2)
- Test Results
3.1.2. Analysis of the Results of the H2O-Immersion Marshall Test
3.2. Microscopic Test
3.2.1. Changes in the SSPA’s Micro-Interface after Time–Temperature H2O-Immersion
3.2.2. Changes in the SSAM’s Functional Groups after Time–Temperature H2O-Immersion
3.2.3. Changes in the SSAM’s Chemical Fraction after Time–Temperature H2O-Immersion
4. Conclusions
- Both the macroscopic and microscopic tests showed that at a constant H2O immersion temperature, the water stability of SSPA first increased and then decreased with an increase in the H2O immersion time. The optimum water stability for SSPA was attained at 4 days. The water stability of SSPA was generally excellent under short-term high-temperature or medium-temperature H2O immersion, but significantly deceased after long periods of high-temperature H2O-immersion schemes.
- The SEM results showed that under short-term, high-temperature H2O-immersion conditions, the interfacial phase of asphalt and steel slag was generally continuous and uniform; that is, the steel slag aggregates and asphalt contact had a firm mechanical bonding force that enhanced the interfacial strength between the asphalt and steel slag aggregates. The change in the spacing size of the ITZ reflected the chemical adhesion mechanism between the asphalt and steel slag aggregates.
- The FTIR results showed that there was a chemical bonding reaction between the asphalt and steel slag aggregates. This inherently enhanced the adhesion properties between the asphalt and steel slag aggregates; however, the combination of long-time and high-temperature H2O-immersion severely weakened the adhesive bonding between the asphalt and steel slag aggregates.
- The XRD results showed that with an increase in the H2O immersion time, the crystallization peak of CaCO3 produced via the hydration reaction of steel slag appeared to be significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the CaSO4·2H2O formed via the chemical reaction of various acidic groups contained in asphalt and the CaCO3 can enhance the water stability of SSPA.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test | Unit | Test Result | Spec Requirement [55] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C, 100 g, 5 s) | 0.1 mm | 55.9 | 40~60 | |
Softening point | °C | 82.5 | ≥60 | |
5 °C ductility | cm | 34.6 | ≥20 | |
Elastic recovery (25 °C) | % | 94 | ≥70 | |
Kinematic viscosity (135 °C) | Pa∙s | 2.36 | ≤3 | |
After RTFOT | Mass loss ratio | % | 0.14 | ≤0.6 |
Penetration ratio (25 °C) | % | 80 | ≥65 | |
Ductility (5 °C) | cm | 22.6 | ≥15 |
Test | Unit | Test Result | Spec Requirement [56] |
---|---|---|---|
Apparent relative density | - | 3.549 | ≥2.90 |
Water absorption rate | % | 1.59 | ≤3.0 |
Crushing value | % | 13.4 | ≤26 |
Los Angeles abrasion loss | % | 10.7 | ≤26 |
Flat elongated particles content | % | 10.1 | ≤12 |
Water washing method <0.075 mm particle content | % | 0.47 | ≤1 |
Adhesive performance | - | 5 | ≥4 |
Polished stone value (PSV) | - | 52 | ≥42 |
Test | Unit | Test Result | Spec Requirement [56] |
---|---|---|---|
Apparent relative density | - | 3.408 | ≥2.90 |
Water absorption rate | % | 4.75 | - |
Sand equivalent | % | 95 | ≥60 |
Water washing method <0.075 mm particle content | s | 2.0 | ≤3 |
Angularity (flow time) | s | 45 | ≥40 |
Test | Test Result | Spec Requirement [57] | |
---|---|---|---|
Apparent relative density | 2.684 | ≥2.60 | |
Water content/% | 0.6 | ≤1 | |
Particle size range | <0.6 mm | 100 | 100 |
<0.15 mm | 100 | 90~100 | |
<0.075 mm | 99.3 | 75~100 | |
Appearance | Uniform, no agglomerate | No agglomerate | |
Hydrophilicity coefficient | 0.52 | ≤0.8 | |
Heating stability | No change in color | No change in color |
Test | Unit | Test Result | Spec Requirement [58] |
---|---|---|---|
Appearance | - | Uniform, yellow, granular, and full | Granular, uniform, and full-bodied |
Density | g/cm3 | 0.58 | ≤1.0 |
Melt index | g/10 min | 8 | ≥2.0 |
Single particle mass | g | 0.023 | ≤0.03 |
Test | Unit | Test Result | Spec Requirement [59] |
---|---|---|---|
Oil absorption rate | times | 5.5 | - |
Average length | mm | 6 | 4.5~7.5 |
Average diameter | μm | 15.2 | 15~25 |
Fracture strength | MPa | 527 | ≥450 |
Fracture elongation | % | 25 | ≥20 |
Density | g/cm3 | 1.34 | - |
Melting point | °C | 255~265 | ≥240 |
Gradation | Mass Percentage (%) Passing in Each Sieve Size (mm) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | 13.2 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.075 | |
Design grading | 100 | 98.5 | 64.7 | 21.0 | 16.2 | 12.4 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 4.8 |
Upper limit | 100 | 100 | 80 | 30 | 22 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 6 |
Lower limit | 100 | 90 | 50 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Median | 100 | 95 | 65 | 21 | 16 | 12 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 4.5 |
Immersion Time/d | Damage Mechanism at Different Temperatures | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 °C | 40 °C | 60 °C | 80 °C | |
0 | Dislodgement | Dislodgement | Dislodgement | Dislodgement |
2 | Cohesive | Cohesive | Cohesive | Cohesive |
4 | Cohesive | Cohesive | Cohesive | Cohesive |
6 | Cohesive | Cohesive | Mixed | Adhesion |
8 | Cohesive | Mixed | Adhesion | Adhesion |
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Share and Cite
Chen, X.; Zhang, M.; Yao, J.; Zhang, X.; Wen, W.; Yin, J.; Liang, Z. Research on Water Stability and Moisture Damage Mechanism of a Steel Slag Porous Asphalt Mixture. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014958
Chen X, Zhang M, Yao J, Zhang X, Wen W, Yin J, Liang Z. Research on Water Stability and Moisture Damage Mechanism of a Steel Slag Porous Asphalt Mixture. Sustainability. 2023; 15(20):14958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014958
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiaobing, Miao Zhang, Jianming Yao, Xiaofei Zhang, Wei Wen, Jinhai Yin, and Zhongshan Liang. 2023. "Research on Water Stability and Moisture Damage Mechanism of a Steel Slag Porous Asphalt Mixture" Sustainability 15, no. 20: 14958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014958