The Effects of Red-Grape Seed and Pomace-Flour Dietary Supplementation on Broiler Chickens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Grape-Seed and Pomace Flour Preparation
2.2. Experimental Plan
- P0: 0% Pomace (control diet);
- P3: 3% Pomace (experimental diet);
- P6: 6% Pomace (experimental diet).
- G0: 0% Grape seed (control diet);
- G3: 3% Grape seed (experimental diet);
- G6: 6% Grape seed (experimental diet).
- P0G0: Pomace 0% + Grape seed 0% (control diet);
- P3G3: Pomace 3% + Grape seed 3% (experimental diet).
2.3. Biochemical Assay
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Pomace Flour | Grape-Seed Flour |
---|---|---|
Dry matter (DM %) | 92.31 | 95.55 |
Crude protein | 12.64 | 14.69 |
Ether extract | 4.69 | 3.19 |
aNDFom | 33.49 | 55.35 |
Ash | 7.48 | 3.76 |
Non-structural carbohydrates | 41.70 | 23.01 |
P0 | P3 | P6 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingr./Nutr | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher |
Corn | 46 | 49 | 54 | 56 | 46.9 | 49 | 55.2 | 57.507 | 47.9845 | 48.5 | 55.3 | 56.482 |
Soybean Meal | 36.875 | 33.15 | 28.7 | 2.,175 | 34.9 | 34 | 28.1 | 25.8 | 34.725 | 34.2 | 27.8 | 26.25 |
Fat and Oil | 3.8 | 5 | 5.75 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 5 | 5.95 | 6 | 3.85 | 5.4 | 5.85 | 5.85 |
Grape Pomace | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Other ingredients | 13.3 | 12.9 | 11.6 | 12.2 | 11.3 | 9.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 |
VOLUME | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
DM | 88.6 | 88.5 | 88.5 | 88.5 | 88.8 | 88.6 | 88.7 | 88.7 | 88.9 | 88.8 | 88.8 | 88.8 |
AMEN | 2980 | 3075 | 3168 | 3189 | 2979 | 3075 | 3182 | 3195 | 2980 | 3075 | 3180 | 3195 |
CP | 23.1 | 20.8 | 18.8 | 18.0 | 22.8 | 20.9 | 18.9 | 18.1 | 22.8 | 20.9 | 18.8 | 18.1 |
CF | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
EE | 6.1 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 |
ASH | 7.0 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.2 |
#D LYS | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
#D MET | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
CA TOT | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
P TOT | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
SELENIUM | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
VIT A | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
VIT D | 4950 | 4125 | 4125 | 4125 | 4950 | 4125 | 4125 | 4125 | 4950 | 4125 | 4125 | 4125 |
VIT E | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
G0 | G3 | G3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingr./Nutr | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher |
Corn | 46.8895 | 49.2145 | 54.162 | 53.027 | 44.5295 | 50.4095 | 55.07 | 54.47 | 44.317 | 50.7995 | 55.765 | 54.6 |
Soybean Meal | 37.95 | 32.65 | 28.325 | 25.625 | 36.9 | 32.275 | 28.8 | 27.075 | 38.225 | 33.425 | 29.925 | 28.17 |
Fat and Oil | 3.7 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 4.47 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 475 | 4.5 | 5.85 | 7 |
Grape Seed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Other ingredients | 11.4605 | 14.0355 | 11.913 | 15.148 | 11.1005 | 10.0155 | 7.43 | 8.755 | −463.542 | 5.2755 | 2.46 | 4.23 |
VOLUME | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
DM | 89.4 | 89.2 | 89.2 | 89.1 | 89.6 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 89.5 | 89.8 | 89.5 | 89.5 | 89.7 |
AMEN | 2991 | 3080 | 3180 | 3204 | 2991 | 3080 | 3179 | 3210 | 2990 | 3079 | 3179 | 3210 |
CP | 23.0 | 21.1 | 19.1 | 18.3 | 23.2 | 21.1 | 19.1 | 18.3 | 23.3 | 21.1 | 19.2 | 18.4 |
CF | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.8 |
EE | 6.2 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 8.4 | 9.4 |
ASH | 6.5 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 4.7 |
#D LYS | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.96 |
#D MET | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 0.52 |
CA TOT | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.74 |
P TOT | 0.72 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.47 |
SELENIUM | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
VIT A | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
VIT D | 4950 | 4125 | 4125 | 4125 | 4950 | 5000 | 4125 | 4125 | 4950 | 5000 | 4125 | 4125 |
VIT E | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
P0G0 | P3G3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingr./Nutr | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher | Pre-Starter | Starter | Grower | Finisher |
Corn | 43.42 | 48.04 | 51.86 | 53.945 | 42.695 | 50.465 | 50.08 | 54.392 |
Soybean Meal | 37.35 | 33.725 | 28.65 | 26.2 | 40.7 | 33.8 | 29.925 | 29.45 |
Fat and Oil | 4.4 | 5.05 | 6.25 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
Grape Pomace | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Grape Seed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Other Ingredients | 14.83 | 13.185 | 13.24 | 13.455 | 5.305 | 4.835 | 8.095 | 4.258 |
VOLUME | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
DM | 89.5 | 89.3 | 89.3 | 89.2 | 89.9 | 89.7 | 89.4 | 89.3 |
AMEN | 2990 | 3079 | 3180 | 3209 | 2990 | 3081 | 3131 | 3160 |
CP | 23.4 | 21.2 | 19.1 | 18.2 | 23.5 | 21.2 | 20.4 | 19.2 |
CF | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.9 |
EE | 6.6 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
ASH | 6.4 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 4.5 |
#D LYS | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
#D MET | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
CA TOT | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
SELENIUM | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
P TOT | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
VIT A | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 12,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
VIT D | 4950 | 5000 | 4125 | 4125 | 4950 | 5000 | 4125 | 4125 |
VIT E | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 84 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Diet | Day 0 | Day 7 | Day 21 | Day 42 | ADG 0–42 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P0 | 42.3 ± 2.03 a | 172 ± 17.3 a | 957 ± 93.3 a | 2994 ± 269 a | 70.2 |
P3 | 43.6 ± 3.84 a | 163 ± 29.0 a | 972 ± 69.6 ab | 2850 ± 227 b | 66.8 |
P6 | 43.0 ± 3.00 a | 149 ± 27.6 b | 923 ± 58.8 ac | 2913 ± 123 ab | 68.3 |
G0 | 45.9 ± 3.54 a | 151 ± 7.44 a | 892 ± 60.4 a | 3024 ± 131 a | 70.9 |
G3 | 34.4 ± 2.28 b | 151 ± 6.66 a | 858 ± 74.8 a | 2937 ± 344 ab | 69.1 |
G6 | 34.3 ± 2.03 bc | 168 ± 8.15 b | 967 ± 43.9 b | 3128 ± 242 ac | 73.8 |
P0G0 | 47.8 ± 1.25 a | 177 ± 10.2 a | 966 ± 68.8 a | 3050 ± 188 a | 71.5 |
P3G3 | 47.3 ± 1.69 a | 177 ± 10.1 a | 960 ± 73.9 a | 3114 ± 136 a | 72.9 |
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Mauro, M.; Vazzana, M.; Attanzio, A.; Gurrieri, E.; Restivo, I.; Badalamenti, R.; Corazza, E.; Sallemi, S.; Russello, S.; Fabbrizio, A.; et al. The Effects of Red-Grape Seed and Pomace-Flour Dietary Supplementation on Broiler Chickens. Sustainability 2023, 15, 16289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316289
Mauro M, Vazzana M, Attanzio A, Gurrieri E, Restivo I, Badalamenti R, Corazza E, Sallemi S, Russello S, Fabbrizio A, et al. The Effects of Red-Grape Seed and Pomace-Flour Dietary Supplementation on Broiler Chickens. Sustainability. 2023; 15(23):16289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316289
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro, Manuela, Mirella Vazzana, Alessandro Attanzio, Emiliano Gurrieri, Ignazio Restivo, Rosario Badalamenti, Erika Corazza, Sabrina Sallemi, Simone Russello, Antonio Fabbrizio, and et al. 2023. "The Effects of Red-Grape Seed and Pomace-Flour Dietary Supplementation on Broiler Chickens" Sustainability 15, no. 23: 16289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316289