Spatial Vitality Evaluation and Coupling Regulation Mechanism of a Complex Ecosystem in Lixiahe Plain Based on Multi-Source Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Acquisition and Processing Method of Multi-Source Data
2.2.1. POI Data
2.2.2. Land Use/Cover Data
2.2.3. Night-Time Light Data
2.3. Measurement Method of Spatial Vitality Factors of Complex Ecosystem
2.3.1. Economic, Social, and Natural Subsystems
2.3.2. Population Subsystems
2.4. Evaluation Method of Spatial Vitality of Complex Ecosystem
2.4.1. Assessment Framework
2.4.2. Evaluation Model
2.4.3. Division of Rank
2.4.4. Type Identification
2.5. Coupling Coordination Method of Spatial Vitality of the Complex Ecosystem
2.5.1. Coupling Degree Model
2.5.2. Coupling Coordination Model
2.5.3. Spatial Correlation Analysis
2.5.4. Exploratory Space–Time Data Analysis
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Spatial Vitality Evaluation of Complex Ecosystem
3.1.1. Gradient Characteristics of the Spatial Vitality of the Complex Ecosystem
3.1.2. Distribution Characteristics of Spatial Vitality of Complex Ecosystem
3.1.3. Type Distribution of the Spatial Vitality of the Complex Ecosystem
3.2. Coupling Regulation Mechanism of the Complex Ecosystem
3.2.1. Spatial-Temporal Evolution Analysis of Coupling Coordination of Spatial Vitality of the Complex Ecosystem
3.2.2. Spatial Association Analysis of Coupling Coordination
3.2.3. Evolution Type of Coupling Coordination
- (1)
- There are 107 township units of the coordinated evolution type, with small areas scattered throughout the whole Lixiahe Plain and large areas concentrated in the northeast and southern regions. From 2000 to 2020, the complex ecological subsystems promote each other, and both coupling coordination degree and spatial vitality value show an increasing trend. Among them, the average spatial vitality of this type in 2020 is 0.749, which is the best among the 4 types, the spatial vitality of the natural subsystem increases the fastest, and the economic subsystem increases the slowest.
- (2)
- There are nine township units of the maladjustment evolution type, the least in number, which are mainly distributed in the Yangzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in the southwest, the Huaihe River Channel and Sheyang Lake in the northwest, and the coastal area in the northeast. From 2000 to 2020, the complex ecological subsystems restrict each other, and both the coupling coordination degree and spatial vitality value showed a downward trend. Among them, the average spatial vitality of this type in 2020 is 0.627, which is second only to the coordinated evolution type, the spatial vitality of the social subsystem decreases the fastest, and the natural subsystem decreases the slowest.
- (3)
- There are 176 township units of the overall invariant type, the largest in number, with small areas scattered throughout the whole Lixiahe Plain and large areas concentrated in the northwest and central regions. The increase and decrease of the spatial vitality coordination indices of the complex ecosystem in this type of township unit are always within the range of ±0.1~1%. Among them, the average spatial vitality of this type in 2020 is 0.626, showing a similar coupling coordination type to that in 2000.
- (4)
- There are 69 township units of the stable invariant type, with small areas scattered throughout the middle of Lixiahe Plain and large areas concentrated in the eastern coastal and northwest lake areas. The increase and decrease of the spatial vitality coordination indices of the complex ecosystem in this type of township unit are always within the range of ±0~0.1%. Among them, the average spatial vitality of this type in 2020 is 0.508, which is the most stable and the worst among the four types, and the spatial vitality value also shows a slow downward trend.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
4.1. Discussion
4.2. Conclusions
4.2.1. Development Strategy of Township Units
4.2.2. Innovation and Limitation of Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Residual | Correction Function | Corrected R2 | Corrected RMSE |
---|---|---|---|
(−∞,−81,000] | y = 1.6886x + 77,699 | 0.9899 | 5251 |
[−80,999,−51,000] | y = 1.0341x + 63,274 | 0.9962 | 4192 |
[−50,999,−21,000] | y = 1.0380x + 32,621 | 0.9789 | 8515 |
[−20,999,−6000] | y = 1.0091x + 11,757 | 0.9607 | 4352 |
[−5999,5999] | y = 0.9735x + 764 | 0.9799 | 3173 |
[6000,20,999] | y = 0.9831x − 11,748 | 0.9740 | 3911 |
[21,000,50,999] | y = 0.9675x − 28,749 | 0.9740 | 7956 |
[51,000,80,999] | y = 0.9772x − 58,297 | 0.9885 | 7565 |
[81,000,+∞) | y = 0.9064x − 87,002 | 0.9999 | 547 |
Subsystem | NO. | Indices | Unit | Reference | AHP | EWM | Comprehensive | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic | X1 | Hotel | Pixel | 4.54 c | 0.145 | 0.068 | 0.016 | + |
X2 | Inn | Pixel | 3.47 c | 0.174 | 0.031 | 0.009 | + | |
X3 | Bank, ATM | Pixel | 3.36 c | 0.136 | 0.104 | 0.023 | + | |
X4 | Insurance, Securities, Finance | Pixel | 3.15 c | 0.148 | 0.045 | 0.012 | + | |
X5 | Company | Pixel | 24.69 c | 0.104 | 0.160 | 0.028 | + | |
X6 | Factory | Pixel | 9.14 c | 0.149 | 0.241 | 0.060 | + | |
X7 | GDP per km2 | Million yuan/km2 | 0.96 a | 0.143 | 0.352 | 0.084 | + | |
Social | X8 | Entertainment and leisure place | Pixel | 5.63 c | 0.102 | 0.044 | 0.008 | + |
X9 | Stadium | Pixel | 2.29 c | 0.254 | 0.090 | 0.038 | + | |
X10 | General and specialized hospitals | Pixel | 4.35 c | 0.105 | 0.090 | 0.016 | + | |
X11 | Clinics and health center | Pixel | 6.07 c | 0.098 | 0.031 | 0.005 | + | |
X12 | Airport and railway station | Pixel | 0.90 c | 0.214 | 0.189 | 0.067 | + | |
X13 | Subway and bus station | Pixel | 17.41 c | 0.096 | 0.189 | 0.030 | + | |
X14 | Accessibility of public services | / | 1.62 c | 0.132 | 0.366 | 0.080 | + | |
Natural | X15 | Cultivated land | Pixel | 52.21 c | 0.026 | 0.074 | 0.003 | + |
X16 | Grassland | Pixel | 0.48 c | 0.279 | 0.125 | 0.058 | + | |
X17 | Water area | Pixel | 8.65 c | 0.086 | 0.074 | 0.011 | + | |
X18 | Urban construction land | Pixel | 3.91 c | 0.079 | 0.340 | 0.044 | + | |
X19 | Rural residential area | Pixel | 6.40 c | 0.032 | 0.191 | 0.010 | + | |
X20 | Other construction land | Pixel | 0.32 c | 0.190 | 0.120 | 0.038 | + | |
X21 | Unused land | Pixel | 0.03 c | 0.273 | 0.045 | 0.020 | + | |
X22 | Ecosystem service value | 10 thousand yuan/km2 | 397 b | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.002 | + | |
Population | X23 | Population | 10 thousand persons | 6.85 a | 0.287 | 0.110 | 0.053 | + |
X24 | Natural population growth rate | ‰ | 0.17 a | 0.148 | 0.562 | 0.138 | + | |
X25 | Average years of education | year | 10.21 a | 0.305 | 0.069 | 0.035 | + | |
X26 | Proportion of labor force population | % | 62.95 a | 0.260 | 0.258 | 0.112 | + |
Type | Features |
---|---|
Low coupling | The subsystems mutual games with each other, showing low coupling characteristics |
General coupling | The subsystems interaction with each other, showing general coupling characteristics |
High coupling | The subsystems cooperate with each other, showing a high coupling characteristics |
Type | Features |
---|---|
Recession maladjustment | The subsystems cannot promote each other, and there are serious mutual constraints or exclusions |
Basic coordination | The subsystems are in a barely coordinated state, and the trend of mutual promotion is not obvious |
Coordinated development | All subsystems develop coordinately and complement each other |
Local Moran’s I | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ii | |||
>0 | >0 | >0 | The i-th region has a high level of development, and the surrounding areas have a high level of development |
<0 | <0 | >0 | The i-th region has a low level of development, and the surrounding areas have a low level of development |
<0 | >0 | <0 | The i-th region has a low level of development, and the surrounding areas have a high level of development |
>0 | <0 | <0 | The i-th region has a high level of development, and the surrounding areas have a low level of development |
Type | Form | Symbol |
---|---|---|
Type I | Self transition and neighborhood stability | HH→LH; HL→LL; LH→HH; LL→HL |
Type Ⅱ | Self stability and neighborhood transition | HH→HL; HL→HH; LH→LL; LL→LH |
Type Ⅲ | Both self and neighborhood transitions | HH→LL; HL→LH; LH→HL; LL→HH |
Type Ⅳ | Both self and neighborhood stability | HH→HH; HL→HL; LH→LH; LL→LL |
Level | Type | Quantity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major | Middle | Sub | Major | Middle | Sub | |
High vitality level | Vigorous type | Strong comprehensive vigorous type | / | 359 | 39 | 39 |
Multi-functional leading vigorous type | Economic–social vigorous type | 80 | 35 | |||
Economic–population vigorous type | 18 | |||||
Social–natural vigorous type | 1 | |||||
Social–population vigorous type | 25 | |||||
Natural–population vigorous type | 1 | |||||
Single-function leading vigorous type | Economic vigorous type | 107 | 17 | |||
Social vigorous type | 41 | |||||
Population vigorous type | 49 | |||||
Weak comprehensive vigorous type | / | 133 | 133 | |||
Development type | Strong comprehensive development type | / | 359 | 12 | 12 | |
Multi-functional leading development type | Economic–social development type | 34 | 8 | |||
Economic–natural development type | 9 | |||||
Economy–population development type | 8 | |||||
Social–natural development type | 2 | |||||
Social–population development type | 4 | |||||
Natural–population development type | 3 | |||||
Single-function leading development type | Economic development type | 128 | 52 | |||
Social development type | 29 | |||||
Natural development type | 22 | |||||
Population development type | 25 | |||||
Weak comprehensive development type | / | 185 | 185 | |||
Low vitality level | Stagnation type | Single-function leading stagnation type | Natural stagnation type | 359 | 138 | 138 |
Weak comprehensive stagnation type | / | 221 | 221 | |||
Recession type | Weak comprehensive recession type | / | 359 | 359 | 359 |
T/T + 1 | HH (Plateau Type) | LH (Valley Type) | LL (Plain Type) | HL (Peak Type) | Type | n | Proportion | St |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HH (Plateau type) | Type Ⅳ (0.080) | Type Ⅰ (0.011) | Type III (0.038) | Type II (0.038) | I | 1190 | 0.165 | 0.536 |
LH (Valley type) | Type Ⅰ (0.041) | Type Ⅳ (0.069) | Type II (0.041) | Type III (0.009) | II | 1408 | 0.195 | |
LL (Plain type) | Type III (0.047) | Type II (0.063) | Type Ⅳ (0.324) | Type Ⅰ (0.044) | III | 754 | 0.104 | |
HL (Peak type) | Type II (0.052) | Type III (0.011) | Type Ⅰ (0.069) | Type Ⅳ (0.063) | Ⅳ | 3868 | 0.536 | |
Ergodic (Time traversal) | 0.220 | 0.154 | 0.472 | 0.154 | Sum | 7220 | 1.000 |
T/T + 1 | HH (Plateau Type) | LH (Valley Type) | LL (Plain Type) | HL (Peak Type) | Type | n | Proportion | St |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HH (Plateau type) | Type Ⅳ (0.074) | Type Ⅰ (0.011) | Type III (0.036) | Type II (0.038) | I | 1170 | 0.162 | 0.519 |
LH (Valley type) | Type Ⅰ (0.036) | Type Ⅳ (0.069) | Type II (0.044) | Type III (0.000) | II | 1646 | 0.228 | |
LL (Plain type) | Type III (0.047) | Type II (0.091) | Type Ⅳ (0.321) | Type Ⅰ (0.038) | III | 655 | 0.091 | |
HL (Peak type) | Type II (0.055) | Type III (0.008) | Type Ⅰ (0.077) | Type Ⅳ (0.055) | Ⅳ | 3749 | 0.519 | |
Ergodic (Time traversal) | 0.212 | 0.179 | 0.478 | 0.131 | Sum | 7220 | 1.000 |
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Gong, Y.; Ji, X.; Zhang, Y.; Cheng, S. Spatial Vitality Evaluation and Coupling Regulation Mechanism of a Complex Ecosystem in Lixiahe Plain Based on Multi-Source Data. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032141
Gong Y, Ji X, Zhang Y, Cheng S. Spatial Vitality Evaluation and Coupling Regulation Mechanism of a Complex Ecosystem in Lixiahe Plain Based on Multi-Source Data. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032141
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Yaxi, Xiang Ji, Yuan Zhang, and Shanshan Cheng. 2023. "Spatial Vitality Evaluation and Coupling Regulation Mechanism of a Complex Ecosystem in Lixiahe Plain Based on Multi-Source Data" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032141