Gamma Attenuation and Mechanical Characteristics of a Lead/NBR/SBR Rubber Composite with Black Nanocarbon Reinforcement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Material Characterization
2.3. Mass Density Measurement
2.4. Mechanical Properties Measurement
3. Theoretical Background
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
4.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.4. Mechanical Properties
4.5. Gamma-Ray Shielding Properties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Amounts (phr) * |
---|---|
Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) | 50 |
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) | 50 |
Butadiene rubber (BR) | 20 |
Stearic acid | 2 |
ZnO | 5 |
Processing oil | 10 |
Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) | 10 |
N330 (nanocarbon black) | 40 |
Mercapto benzothiazole sulfenamide (MBTS) rubber accelerator | 2 |
Trimethyl-quinoline (TMQ) | 1 |
Sulfur (S) | 2 |
PbO | 20–100 |
Element | PbO Concentration (phr) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | |
C | 77.60 | 72.91 | 75.98 | 74.98 | 69.57 | 66.56 |
N | 09.10 | 11.92 | 6.65 | 8.17 | 7.95 | 4.17 |
O | 07.00 | 6.23 | 5.87 | 5.27 | 5.22 | 4.39 |
S | 04.41 | 2.62 | 2.79 | 2.72 | 4.16 | 4.21 |
Ca | 0.87 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.45 |
Zn | 1.02 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.58 |
Pb | 0 | 5.47 | 7.93 | 8.10 | 11.71 | 19.64 |
Energy (MeV) | PbO (phr) | µm (cm2/g) | HVL (cm) | Zeff (Electrons/Atom) | Neff (Electrons/g) × 1023 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theoretical | Experimental | Theoretical | Experimental | Theoretical | Experimental | Theoretical | Experimental | ||
0.662 | 0 | 0.082 | 0.082 | 2.468 | 2.454 | 3.798 | 3.800 | 3.193 | 3.190 |
20 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 2.338 | 2.362 | 4.278 | 4.280 | 3.285 | 3.280 | |
40 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 2.247 | 2.254 | 4.748 | 4.695 | 3.360 | 3.321 | |
60 | 0.088 | 0.088 | 2.188 | 2.194 | 5.212 | 5.210 | 3.414 | 3.410 | |
80 | 0.208 | 0.208 | 0.922 | 0.922 | 5.656 | 5.660 | 3.462 | 3.460 | |
100 | 0.091 | 0.091 | 2.098 | 2.097 | 6.117 | 6.120 | 3.493 | 3.490 | |
1.173 | 0 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 3.241 | 3.241 | 3.796 | 3.800 | 3.192 | 3.190 |
20 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 3.166 | 3.176 | 4.154 | 4.150 | 3.190 | 3.190 | |
40 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 3.119 | 3.125 | 4.506 | 4.510 | 3.189 | 3.190 | |
60 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 3.099 | 3.089 | 4.853 | 4.850 | 1.179 | 1.180 | |
80 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 3.084 | 3.088 | 5.185 | 5.190 | 3.173 | 3.170 | |
100 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 3.068 | 3.062 | 5.534 | 5.530 | 3.161 | 3.160 | |
1.332 | 0 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 3.461 | 3.462 | 3.796 | 3.800 | 3.192 | 3.190 |
20 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 3.389 | 3.385 | 4.145 | 4.140 | 3.182 | 3.180 | |
40 | 0.058 | 0.057 | 3.346 | 3.393 | 4.487 | 4.413 | 3.175 | 3.125 | |
60 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 3.331 | 3.326 | 4.824 | 4.820 | 3.160 | 3.160 | |
80 | 0.058 | 0.057 | 3.320 | 3.311 | 5.147 | 5.061 | 3.150 | 3.096 | |
100 | 0.058 | 0.060 | 3.307 | 3.164 | 5.487 | 5.679 | 3.134 | 3.238 | |
2.51 | 0 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 4.847 | 4.853 | 3.818 | 3.820 | 3.210 | 3.210 |
20 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 4.712 | 4.783 | 4.196 | 4.200 | 3.223 | 3.220 | |
40 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 4.624 | 4.614 | 4.568 | 4.570 | 3.233 | 3.230 | |
60 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 4.580 | 4.583 | 4.935 | 4.813 | 3.232 | 3.153 | |
80 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 4.546 | 4.562 | 5.285 | 5.290 | 3.234 | 3.230 | |
100 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 4.510 | 4.500 | 5.653 | 5.650 | 3.238 | 3.230 |
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Gamal, R.; Salama, E.; Elshimy, H.; El-Nashar, D.E.; Bakry, A.; Ehab, M. Gamma Attenuation and Mechanical Characteristics of a Lead/NBR/SBR Rubber Composite with Black Nanocarbon Reinforcement. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032165
Gamal R, Salama E, Elshimy H, El-Nashar DE, Bakry A, Ehab M. Gamma Attenuation and Mechanical Characteristics of a Lead/NBR/SBR Rubber Composite with Black Nanocarbon Reinforcement. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032165
Chicago/Turabian StyleGamal, Romisaa, Elsayed Salama, Hassan Elshimy, Doaa E. El-Nashar, Assem Bakry, and Mohamed Ehab. 2023. "Gamma Attenuation and Mechanical Characteristics of a Lead/NBR/SBR Rubber Composite with Black Nanocarbon Reinforcement" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032165