Elaboration and Characterization of a Biochar from Wastewater Sludge and Olive Mill Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Biochar
2.3. Physicochemical Characterization of Biochar
2.4. Surface Chemical Characterization of Biochar
2.5. Spectroscopic Characterization of Biochar
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Physicochemical Characterization of the Biochar
3.2. Surface Characterization of Biochar
3.2.1. Zero Charge Point pHpzc of Biochar
3.2.2. Specific Surface of Biochar by the Methylene Blue Method (BM)
3.2.3. Methylene Blue Index (MBI)
3.2.4. Iodine Index (Ii)
3.2.5. Surface Chemical Characteristics of Biochar
3.3. Spectroscopic Characterization
3.3.1. Fourier Transform Infrared
3.3.2. X-ray Diffraction
3.3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled to an EDX Probe
3.3.4. Thermal Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | pH | EC (μS/cm) | H (%) | DM (%) | MM (%) | OM (%) | Polyphénols (%) | FM (%) | TOC (%) | NTK (%) | C/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | 6.65 | 1300 | 1.58 | 98.42 | 78.31 | 21.69 | 1.09 | 2.16 | 12.58 | 1.05 | 11.98 |
Elements | Al | Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | P | Mn | Na | Zn |
Concentration (mg/g) | 4.9396 | 64.009 | 0.2535 | 7.4737 | 3.6947 | 18.646 | 22.588 | 0.3118 | 25.336 | 0.7603 |
Elements | B | Ag | Cd | Co | Cr | Ni | Pb | Se | Ti | As |
Concentration (mg/g) | <0.01 | 0.0458 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 1.0165 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Groups | Carboxylic | Phenolics | Lactones | Carbonyls | Total Oxygenates | Total Bases | |
Value (meq/g) | 0.007 | 1.814 | 0.005 | 2.302 | 0.018 | 0.416 | |
Parameters | pHPZC | SBM (m2/g) | Oxygenated Functional Groups (%) | Iodine Index (mg/g) | BM Index (mg/g) | ||
Value | 5.56 | 694.71 | 9.6 | 462.35 | 9.22 |
Elements | Mass Percentage | Atomic Percentage |
---|---|---|
C | 43.59 ± 0.15 | 57.90 ± 0.21 |
O | 29.24 ± 0.25 | 29.15 ± 0.25 |
Mg | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.64 ± 0.02 |
Al | 2.78 ± 0.05 | 1.64 ± 0.03 |
Si | 6.60 ± 0.07 | 3.75 ± 0.04 |
P | 2.53 ± 0.04 | 1.30 ± 0.02 |
S | 1.47 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.02 |
K | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.01 |
Ca | 10.26 ± 0.10 | 4.08 ± 0.04 |
Fe | 1.94 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.02 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
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Gaga, Y.; Mehdaoui, I.; Kara, M.; Assouguem, A.; Al-Hashimi, A.; Ragab AbdelGawwad, M.; Elshikh, M.S.; Saoudi Hassani, E.M.; Alwahibi, M.S.; Bahhou, J.; et al. Elaboration and Characterization of a Biochar from Wastewater Sludge and Olive Mill Wastewater. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032409
Gaga Y, Mehdaoui I, Kara M, Assouguem A, Al-Hashimi A, Ragab AbdelGawwad M, Elshikh MS, Saoudi Hassani EM, Alwahibi MS, Bahhou J, et al. Elaboration and Characterization of a Biochar from Wastewater Sludge and Olive Mill Wastewater. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032409
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaga, Younes, Imane Mehdaoui, Mohammed Kara, Amine Assouguem, Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi, Mohamed Ragab AbdelGawwad, Mohamed S. Elshikh, El Mokhtar Saoudi Hassani, Mona S. Alwahibi, Jamila Bahhou, and et al. 2023. "Elaboration and Characterization of a Biochar from Wastewater Sludge and Olive Mill Wastewater" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032409