Sustainable-Oriented Development for Urban Interface of Historic Centers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Research Significance
1.2. Research Objectives
- Investigating the physical characteristics of urban areas, especially surrounding historical centers.
- Highlighting the urban morphology indices.
- Developing a framework that relates indices of urban morphology to sustainability aspects.
- Analyzing main urban features to identify physical characteristics that fulfill the socioeconomic and environmental requirements.
- Developing a set of design guides for the urban areas surrounding the historical centers within the MENA region.
1.3. Research Methodology
1.4. Sustainable Urban Fabric
1.5. Urban Morphology Classification
1.6. Impact of Urban Morphology on Urban Sustainability
1.6.1. Relation between Urban Morphology Indicators and Environmental Aspects
1.6.2. Relationship between Urban Morphology Indicators and Socioeconomic Aspects
1.7. Framework for Assessing Urban physical Indicators on Aspects of Sustainable Urban
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Study
2.1.1. Jeddah Overview
2.1.2. Study Sites
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Plot divisions and building setback regulations that ensure permeable urban mass, allowing for free wind movement.
- Building regulations should maintain a gradual increase in building heights, starting at a low point next to the historic center to achieve a homogeneous skyline.
- New developments in surrounding areas’ open spaces need to be structured similarly to the outdoor spaces of the historic area, providing narrow shaded pedestrian dedicated paths to encourage vigorous outdoor social and economic activities.
- Matching and linking existing urban paths to the new development paths.
- While developing the area surrounding the historic center, consideration should be made to include services that serve the historic area and the new developments.
- Land use should benefit from the historic center as a commercial asset and complement the existing activities within the historic center.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environment Aspects | Socioeconomic Aspects | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air Temperature | Wind | Humidity | Privacy | Proximity | Safety/Security | Community/Sense of Belonging | Prosperity Values | Green Economy | Energy Consumption | ||
Plots | Plot Area | ||||||||||
Plot Ratio (PR) | |||||||||||
Plots Areas Percentage | |||||||||||
Construction Ratio (CR) | |||||||||||
Buildings | Frontal Area Index (FAI) | ||||||||||
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) | |||||||||||
Building Height | |||||||||||
Mean Aspect Ratio (λc) | |||||||||||
Paths | Path coverage area | ||||||||||
Path Average Length | |||||||||||
Paths Area Percent | |||||||||||
Main Paths Orientation | |||||||||||
Urban Mass Permeability | Void Percentage | ||||||||||
Average Path Width | |||||||||||
Absolute Rugosity (Ra) | |||||||||||
Sky View Factor | |||||||||||
Weak Impact | Moderate Impact | Strong Impact |
Indicator | Index | Description | Equation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plots | Average Plot Area | The average area of plots. | Pa | |
Plot Ratios (PR) | The ratio between the depth and width of the plot. | PR | ||
Construction Ratio (CR) | The allowed construction area to the plot area. | (1) | ||
where Aij is the built area of the ij building, and S is the total plot area. | ||||
Plots Areas Percentage (Pa) | The ratio between total plot areas and site area. | (2) | ||
where Pa is the plot area, Pn is the number of plots, and Sa is the site area. | ||||
Buildings | Frontal Area Index ey(λf) | The total areas of the building’s vertical surfaces facing the wind direction are divided by the building area. | λf = Afacets/Aplane | (3) |
where λf is the frontal area index, Afacets is the total areas of building vertical surfaces facing the wind direction, and Aplane is the building area. | ||||
Floor Area Ratio (FAR): | It represents the building density. It can be calculated through the following formula: the ratio of the built-up area to the overall plot area. [19,32] | (4) | ||
where Ai is the total building floor area, and S is the plot area. | ||||
Building Height | Average building heights. | (5) | ||
where W is the average plot width, H is the average building height, and Np is the number of plots. | ||||
Mean Aspect Ratio (λc): | The ratio between the building envelope area and the footprint area. | (6) | ||
where (Ei) is the building envelope area of the ith building, and S is the total plot area. | ||||
Paths | Path Coverage Area | The total site area is divided by the number of paths. | Pc = Sa/Pn | (7) |
Road Average Length | Average main paths length. | RL | ||
Paths Area Percent | Total roads area percent of the site area. | (8) | ||
where Bh is the total road area, and Sa is the site area. | ||||
Main Paths Orientation | The direction of the main paths in angles. | OR | ||
Urban Mass Permeability | Void Percentage | Percentage of unbuilt areas of the test site. | (9) | |
where FP is the average building footprint, Pn is the Building Numbers, and Sa is the site area. | ||||
Average Width | The average width of paths. | Pw | ||
Absolute Rugosity (AR): | The average height of obstacles that resist the wind over the urban area. | (10) | ||
where Ni is the average building’s floor number, and ΔH is the average building height. | ||||
Sky View Factor: | The ratio of the received radiation on the ground surface to the total received radiation by the entire hemisphere [19]. | (11) | ||
where n = 360/α |
Al-Balad | Al-Nazala | Mushrafa | Al-Faisalia | Al-Neem | Mohamdia | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1948 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | ||
Plot | Total Site area | 169,010 | 249,799 | 251,992 | 334,745 | 235,053 | 278,352 |
Plot Numbers | 785 | 925 | 189 | 416 | 191 | 330 | |
Plot Area | 148.2 | 194 | 840 | 506 | 675 | 504 | |
Plot Ratio (PR) | 1 | 1 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.88 | |
Plots Areas Percentage | 69% | 72% | 63% | 63% | 55% | 60% | |
Construction Ratio (CR) | 1 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
Buildings | Frontal Area Index (FAI) | 0.88 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.27 |
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) | 1 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.57 | |
Building Height | 10.88 | 9.67 | 14.27 | 13.48 | 8.35 | 11.43 | |
Mean Aspect Ratio (λc) | 1.93 | 3.05 | 3.37 | 2.84 | 2.48 | 3.69 | |
Paths | Path coverage area | 4829 | 3785 | 22,908 | 15,940 | 47,011 | 39,765 |
Path Average Length | 244.9 | 225 | 204 | 249 | 210 | 413 | |
Paths Area Percent | 35% | 31% | 12% | 31% | 18% | 15% | |
Main Paths Orientation | irregular east to west | Irregular East/West | North | North | North--West | North--West | |
Urban Mass Permeability | Void Percentage | 31% | 29% | 51% | 49% | 53% | 48% |
Average Path Width | 7.2 | 5.2 | 15 | 16 | 22 | 24 | |
Absolute Rugosity (Ra) | 0.7 | 1.74 | 1.61 | 1.94 | 1.69 | 1.93 | |
Sky View Factor | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.6 | 0.64 |
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Shehata, A.M. Sustainable-Oriented Development for Urban Interface of Historic Centers. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032792
Shehata AM. Sustainable-Oriented Development for Urban Interface of Historic Centers. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032792
Chicago/Turabian StyleShehata, Ahmed Mohamed. 2023. "Sustainable-Oriented Development for Urban Interface of Historic Centers" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032792