Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. HOMER Analysis
3. Microgrid Components
3.1. Location of Selected Village
3.2. Survey of Electrical Load
3.3. Energy Components
4. Microgrid Modelling
4.1. PV–Generator–Battery (Off-Grid)
4.2. PV–Grid–Battery (Hybrid)
4.3. PV–Grid (On-Grid)
5. Results and Discussions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Village Name | Total Services | Name of the Feeder |
---|---|---|
Annaikundram | 510 | Elapakkam |
Ammarur | 488 | Elapakkam |
Kalliyakulam | 447 | Elapakkam |
Mogalvadi | 439 | Elapakkam |
Velamur | 431 | Ramapuram |
Melnatham | 443 | Elapakkam |
Ramapuram | 956 | Ramapuram |
Elapakkam | 877 | Elapakkam |
Rettipalayam | 311 | Ramapuram |
Kattukarani | 614 | Mathur |
Mathur | 431 | Mathur |
Kottaikayapakkam | 253 | Elapakkam |
Type of Load | Total Services |
---|---|
Domestic | 4040 |
Light, schools, temples | 338 |
Industrial | 86 |
Agricultural | 1234 |
Commercial | 476 |
Temporary | 26 |
Time in Hours | Ramapuram Feeder (MW) | Elapakkam Feeder (MW) | Mathur Feeder (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 | 20 | 10 |
2 | 10 | 19 | 10 |
3 | 10 | 20 | 10 |
4 | 14 | 28 | 14 |
5 | 16 | 41 | 17 |
6 | 22 | 64 | 19 |
7 | 30 | 92 | 29 |
8 | 28 | 97 | 27 |
9 | 25 | 99 | 36 |
10 | 27 | 81 | 33 |
11 | 23 | 71 | 32 |
12 | 23 | 67 | 30 |
13 | 22 | 63 | 26 |
14 | 24 | 65 | 24 |
15 | 24 | 63 | 22 |
16 | 24 | 64 | 29 |
17 | 22 | 52 | 20 |
18 | 21 | 48 | 19 |
19 | 19 | 34 | 17 |
20 | 17 | 30 | 16 |
21 | 16 | 29 | 15 |
22 | 18 | 28 | 14 |
23 | 15 | 26 | 14 |
24 | 15 | 22 | 14 |
Parameters | Characteristics | Value |
---|---|---|
PV panel | Schneider Conext Core XC generic PV | 680.08 kW |
Diesel generator | Generic fixed capacity | 1000 kW |
Battery | Generic Li-ion | 1000 kW |
Converter | System converter | 5000 kW |
Dispatch strategy | HOMER cycle charging |
PV (kW) | Genset (kW) | Battery (kW) | Dispatch Strategy | COE (INR/kWh) | NPC (INR) | Renewable Penetration (%) | PV Generation (kWh/year) | Diesel Production (kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
680 (10) | 1000 | 1000 | CC | 3.65 | 569 M | 94.9 | 13,402,550 | 508,353 |
680 (9) | 1000 | 1000 | CC | 4.43 | 690 M | 86.8 | 12,062,295 | 1,101,118 |
680 (8) | 1000 | 1000 | CC | 5.68 | 886 M | 78.7 | 10,722,040 | 1,820,930 |
680 (7) | 1000 | 1000 | CC | 7.94 | 1.24 B | 62.4 | 9,381,785 | 3,290,868 |
680 (6) | 1000 | 1000 | CC | 8.82 | 1.38 B | 56 | 8,041,530 | 3,832,204 |
Sensitivity Variables with HOMER Cycle Charging | Generator Fuel Cost = INR 65 per Liter | PV Capital Multiplier = 1 | Solar Resource Scaled Annual Average = 5.14 kWh/m2 per Day | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost Summary (NPC) | System (INR) | Schneider Conext CoreXC 680 kW with Generic PV (INR) | Generic 1 MW Fixed Capacity Genset (INR) | Generic 1 MWh Li-ion (INR) | System Converter (INR) |
Capital | 236,864,291 | 15,001,764 | 300,000 | 84,700,000 | 1,546,644 |
Replacement | 36,592,194 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 35,935,993 | 656,200 |
O&M | 145,030,530 | 12,929,037 | 69,679 | 15,642,295 | 0.00 |
Fuel | 156,973,173 | 0.00 | 110,568,616 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Salvage | 6,940,082 | 0.00 | 7306 | 6,763,516 | 123,503 |
Total | 568,520,107 | 27,930,802 | 110,930,989 | 46,686,983 | 2,079,341 |
Components | Generation (kWh/year) | Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|
PV (10) | 1,340,255x10 | 94.9 |
Diesel generator | 508,353 | 3.6 |
Diesel generator (1) | 213,822 | 1.5 |
Total | 14,124,728 | 100 |
Emission | Quantity (kg/year) |
---|---|
Carbon dioxide | 31,758 |
Carbon monoxide | 39.8 |
Unburned hydrocarbons | 0.554 |
Particulate matter | 2.7 |
Sulphur dioxide | 0.465 |
Nitrogen oxide | 486 |
Parameters | Characteristics | Value |
---|---|---|
PV panel rated capacity | Schneider Conext CoreXC Generic PV | 680.08 kW |
Grid power | Grid | 999,999 kW |
Battery power | Generic Li-ion | 1000 kW |
Converter power | System converter | 5000 kW |
Dispatch strategy | HOMER cycle charging |
PV (kW) | Grid (kW) | Converter (kW) | Dispatch Strategy | COE (INR per kWh) | NPC (INR) | Renewable Penetration (%) | PV Generation (kWh/year) | Grid Energy Purchased (kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
680 (9) | 999,999 | 9162 | CC | 2.92 | 476 M | 83.6 | 11,961,954 | 2,065,681 |
680 (8) | 999,999 | 8819 | CC | 3.41 | 539 M | 75.5 | 10,632,848 | 2,998,322 |
680 (7) | 999,999 | 2894 | CC | 3.77 | 594 M | 66.5 | 9,303,742 | 4,087,118 |
680 (9) | 999,999 | - | CC | 3.01 | 722 M | 64.5 | 11,961,954 | 6,591,030 |
680 (8) | 999,999 | - | CC | 3.25 | 731 M | 61.2 | 10,632,848 | 6,744,267 |
Cost Summary (NPC) | System (INR) | Schneider Conext CoreXC 680 kW with Generic PV (INR) | Grid Power (INR) | Generic 1 MWh Li-ion (INR) | System Converter (INR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capital | 167,164,382 | 15,001,764 | 0.00 | 29,400,000 | 2,748,500 |
Replacement | 13,639,767 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12,473,650 | 1,166,116 |
O&M | 297,882,090 | 12,929,037 | 176,091,196 | 5,429,556 | 0.00 |
Fuel | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Salvage | 2,567,141 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2,347,666 | 19,474 |
Total | 476,119,098 | 27,930,802 | 176,091,196 | 44,955,540 | 3,695,141 |
System Configuration | Cost Component | Value |
---|---|---|
PV(9)–grid–battery | Total NPC LCOE | 476,119,098.54 INR/kWh 2.92 |
PV(9)–grid | Total NPC LCOE | 721,871,900.00 INR/kWh 3.01 |
Components | Generation (kWh/year) | Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|
PV (9) | 1,329,106 × 9 | 85.3 |
Grid purchases | 2,065,681 | 14.7 |
Total | 14,027,634 | 100 |
Emission | Quantity (kg/year) |
---|---|
Carbon dioxide | 30,551 |
Carbon monoxide | 37.6 |
Unburned hydrocarbons | 0.542 |
Particulate matter | 2.6 |
Sulphur dioxide | 0.460 |
Nitrogen oxide | 768 |
Parameters | Characteristics | Value |
---|---|---|
PV panel rated capacity | Schneider Conext Core XC generic PV | 680.08 kW |
Grid power | Grid | 999,999 kW |
Dispatch strategy | HOMER cycle charging |
PV (kW) | Grid (kW) | Dispatch Strategy | COE (INR/kWh) | NPC (INR) | Renewable Penetration (%) | PV Generation (kWh/year) | Grid Energy Purchased (kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
680 (9) | 999,999 | CC | 2.20 | 522 M | 64.0 | 11,757,564 | 6,319,829 |
680 (8) | 999,999 | CC | 2.46 | 548 M | 60.7 | 10,451,168 | 6,770,910 |
680 (7) | 999,999 | CC | 2.82 | 586 M | 56.8 | 9,144,772 | 6,953,344 |
680 (6) | 999,999 | CC | 3.22 | 626 M | 52.2 | 7,838,376 | 7,179,154 |
680 (5) | 999,999 | CC | 3.69 | 668 M | 46.6 | 6,531,980 | 7,472,905 |
Cost Summary (NPC) | System (INR) | Schneider Conext CoreXC 680 kW with Generic PV (INR) | Grid Power (INR) |
---|---|---|---|
Capital | 135,015,882 | 15,001,764 | 0.00 |
Replacement | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
O&M | 386,711,040 | 12,929,037 | 270,349,703 |
Fuel | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Salvage | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Total | 521,726,922 | 27,930,802 | 270,349,703 |
System Configuration | Cost Component | Value |
---|---|---|
PV(9)–grid Multiplier = 0.6 | Total NPC LCOE | INR 510,554,600.00/kWh INR 2.15 |
PV(9)–grid Multiplier = 1.0 | Total NPC LCOE | INR 521,726,900.00/kWh INR 2.20 |
Components | Generation (kWh/year) | Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|
PV (9) | 1,306,396 × 9 | 64.0 |
Grid purchases | 6,620,328 | 36.0 |
Total | 18,377,890 | 100 |
Emission | Quantity (kg/year) |
---|---|
Carbon dioxide | 31,840 |
Carbon monoxide | 40.1 |
Unburned hydrocarbons | 0.551 |
Particulate matter | 2.5 |
Sulphur dioxide | 0.457 |
Nitrogen oxide | 871 |
Ref. | Country | Source 1 (kW) | Source 2 (kW) | Source 3 (kW) | Source 4 (kW) | COE (INR/kWh) | Lifespan (Years) | Dispatch Method | Renewable Fraction (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Existing methods | Nandi et al. 2010 | Bangladesh | Wind 14 | Battery 285 | PV 25 | - | 32.9 | 20 | CC | 92 |
Bekele et al. 2012 | Ethiopia | Wind 0 | Hydro 34.2 | PV 0 | - | 7.07 | 25 | LF | 90 | |
Sen et al. 2014 | India | Diesel 0 | Biomass 15 | PV 0 | Grid 100 | 4.48 | 25 | CC | 91 | |
Rajbongshi et al. 2017 | India | Wind 0 | Hydro 29.98 | PV 20 | Biodiesel 10 | 29.4 | 20 | CC | 90 | |
Ahmad et al. 2018 | Pakistan | Wind 15,000 | Biomass 20,000 | PV 15,000 | Grid 99,999 | 3.68 | 25 | CC | 88 | |
Juhari Ab. Razak et al. 2007 | Malaysia | Wind | Hydro | PV | Battery | 14.18 | 20 | LF | 90 | |
Proposed method | Case 1 | India | PV (10) 680 | Diesel (2) 1000 | Battery 1000 | - | 3.65 | 25 | CC | 94.9 |
Case 2 | India | PV (9) 680 | Grid 99,999 | Battery 1000 | - | 2.92 | 25 | CC | 83.6 | |
Case 3 | India | PV (9) 680 | Grid 99,999 | - | - | 2.20 | 25 | CC | 64 |
S.No | Emission | Existing Method Sen et al. 2014 | Proposed Method | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | |||
1 | Carbon dioxide | 33,832 | 31,758 | 30,551 | 31,840 |
2 | Carbon monoxide | 44.3 | 39.8 | 37.6 | 40.1 |
3 | Unburned hydrocarbons | 0.688 | 0.554 | 0.542 | 0.551 |
4 | Particulate matter | 4.68 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 |
5 | Sulphur dioxide | 0.576 | 0.465 | 0.460 | 0.457 |
6 | Nitrogen oxide | 894 | 486 | 768 | 871 |
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Arunachalam, R.K.; Chandrasekaran, K.; Rusu, E.; Ravichandran, N.; Fayek, H.H. Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043133
Arunachalam RK, Chandrasekaran K, Rusu E, Ravichandran N, Fayek HH. Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4):3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043133
Chicago/Turabian StyleArunachalam, Ramesh Kumar, Kumar Chandrasekaran, Eugen Rusu, Nagananthini Ravichandran, and Hady H. Fayek. 2023. "Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation" Sustainability 15, no. 4: 3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043133