Optimal Fertilization Strategies for Winter Wheat Based on Yield Increase and Nitrogen Reduction on the North China Plain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling and Measurements
2.4. Environmental Cost and Economic Benefit Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Yield
3.2. Nutrient Accumulation and Use Efficiency
3.3. Economic Benefit and Reactive Nitrogen Loss
4. Discussion
4.1. Yield Components
4.2. The Different Fertilization Strategies Affect Nutrient Accumulation and Utilization
4.3. The Different Fertilization Strategies Affect Active Nitrogen Loss
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Before Planting (kg ha−1) | At Stem Elongation Stage (kg ha−1) | Total (kg ha−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | |
CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FPT | 114 | 134 | 40 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 284 | 134 | 40 |
OPT | 108 | 120 | 48 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 216 | 120 | 48 |
CF1 | 108 | 120 | 48 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 216 | 120 | 48 |
90%CF1 | 97 | 108 | 43.2 | 97.2 | 0 | 0 | 194.2 | 108 | 43.2 |
CF2 | 108 | 120 | 48 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 216 | 120 | 48 |
90%CF2 | 97 | 108 | 43.2 | 97.2 | 0 | 0 | 194.2 | 108 | 43.2 |
CF3 | 90 | 78 | 30 | 126 | 0 | 0 | 216 | 78 | 30 |
Treatments | Yield | Spike Number | Grain Number | 1000 Grain |
---|---|---|---|---|
(kg ha−1) | (104 ha−1) | Per Spike | Weight (g) | |
CK | 5933 c | 308 d | 23.0 e | 39.6 b |
FPT | 7654 b | 527 c | 29.2 cd | 42.0 ab |
OPT | 7824 ab | 597 b | 31.1 ab | 42.6 ab |
CF1 | 8210 a | 671 a | 30.0 bc | 41.0 ab |
90%CF1 | 8067 ab | 641 a | 30.5 bc | 41.0 ab |
CF2 | 8077 ab | 597 b | 29.4 bcd | 41.7 ab |
90%CF2 | 7907 ab | 538 c | 27.8 d | 42.6 a |
CF3 | 8299 a | 534 c | 32.5 a | 42.7 a |
Treatments | PFPN | NupE | NutE | PFPP | PupE | PutE | PFPK | KupE | KutE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FPT | 26.95 f | 0.82 e | 33.07 a | 57.12 f | 0.15 d | 376.31 ab | 191.36 a | 4.73 ab | 40.87 ab |
OPT | 35.72 e | 1.07 d | 33.53 a | 65.20 e | 0.17 cd | 393.98 a | 162.99 e | 4.13 b | 39.88 ab |
CF1 | 38.01 c | 1.28 b | 29.74 bc | 68.42 cd | 0.21 ab | 330.95 c | 171.04 cd | 4.42 ab | 39.22 ab |
90%CF1 | 41.50 a | 1.45 a | 28.68 c | 74.69 a | 0.23 a | 324.34 c | 186.73 b | 5.05 a | 37.12 b |
CF2 | 36.88 d | 1.14 cd | 32.35 ab | 67.30 d | 0.20 b | 335.98 bc | 168.26 d | 4.40 b | 38.37 b |
90%CF2 | 40.68 b | 1.23 bc | 33.08 a | 73.22 b | 0.20 b | 360.74 abc | 183.04 b | 4.11 b | 44.72 a |
CF3 | 38.42 c | 1.20 bc | 32.14 ab | 69.16 c | 0.19 bc | 367.84 abc | 172.89 c | 4.33 b | 40.17 ab |
Treatments | Total Output Value | Total Input Cost | Net Benefit |
---|---|---|---|
(CNY ha−1) | (CNY ha−1) | (CNY ha−1) | |
CK | 13,646 | 4690 | 8956 |
FPT | 17,605 | 7471 | 10,134 |
OPT | 17,994 | 7090 | 10,904 |
CF1 | 18,883 | 7750 | 11,133 |
90%CF1 | 18,553 | 7444 | 11,109 |
CF2 | 18,576 | 7750 | 10,826 |
90%CF2 | 18,187 | 7444 | 10,743 |
CF3 | 19,088 | 7810 | 11,278 |
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Jiang, X.; Li, J.; An, Z.; Liang, J.; Tian, X.; Chen, Y.; Sun, Y.; Li, Y. Optimal Fertilization Strategies for Winter Wheat Based on Yield Increase and Nitrogen Reduction on the North China Plain. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054199
Jiang X, Li J, An Z, Liang J, Tian X, Chen Y, Sun Y, Li Y. Optimal Fertilization Strategies for Winter Wheat Based on Yield Increase and Nitrogen Reduction on the North China Plain. Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054199
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Xiaoqin, Jiuzhou Li, Zhichao An, Jun Liang, Xiaohong Tian, Yanling Chen, Yaping Sun, and Yun Li. 2023. "Optimal Fertilization Strategies for Winter Wheat Based on Yield Increase and Nitrogen Reduction on the North China Plain" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054199