Birds’ Flight Initiation Distance in Residential Areas of Beijing Are Lower than in Pristine Environments: Implications for the Conservation of Urban Bird Diversity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Field Surveys
2.3. Variables Collection
2.3.1. Species Frequency
2.3.2. Individual Initial Conditions
2.3.3. External Environment Characteristics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Birds FID in Residential Area
3.2. Birds FID of Different Groups
3.3. Birds FID in Different Initial Conditions
3.4. Factors Influencing Birds FID
4. Discussion
4.1. Birds’ FID in Residential Areas
4.2. Individual Initial Conditions That Affect Birds’ FID
4.3. The Predictors of Birds’ FID among Environmental Characteristics
4.4. Cultivate Big Trees in Planning and Management
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Variables | Description |
---|---|---|
Species frequency | Frequency | Total individuals of each species recorded during the survey reflecting species frequency |
Individual initial condition | Initial behaviour (IB) | Initial behaviour of the target bird. |
Height(m) | Initial height of the target bird off the ground. | |
Visibility level (VL) | Initial visibility of the target bird (Figure 2). | |
External environment characteristic | Floor area ratio (FAR) | The total floor area is divided by the area of each site. |
Adjacent roads ratio (%) (ARR) | The length of urban main and secondary roads is divided by the perimeter of each site. | |
Tree canopy coverage (%) (CANOPY) | The area covered by the tree canopy is divided by the area of each site. |
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Yin, L.; Wang, C.; Han, W.; Zhang, C. Birds’ Flight Initiation Distance in Residential Areas of Beijing Are Lower than in Pristine Environments: Implications for the Conservation of Urban Bird Diversity. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064994
Yin L, Wang C, Han W, Zhang C. Birds’ Flight Initiation Distance in Residential Areas of Beijing Are Lower than in Pristine Environments: Implications for the Conservation of Urban Bird Diversity. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6):4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064994
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Luqin, Cheng Wang, Wenjing Han, and Chang Zhang. 2023. "Birds’ Flight Initiation Distance in Residential Areas of Beijing Are Lower than in Pristine Environments: Implications for the Conservation of Urban Bird Diversity" Sustainability 15, no. 6: 4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064994