Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactors for Treating High-Strength Organic Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater Characteristics
2.2. Downflow Hanging Sponge (DHS) Reactor Configuration
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Analytical Analysis
2.5. Kinetic Models
2.5.1. First-Order Substrate Removal Model
2.5.2. Stover–Kincannon Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Organic Loading Rate on DHS Performance
3.1.1. Effect of Organic Loading Rate on COD Removal
3.1.2. Effect of Organic Loading Rate on NH3 Removal
3.1.3. Effect of Organic Loading Rate on TSS Removal
3.1.4. Effect of Organic Loading Rate on TDS Removal
3.2. DHS Profile
3.2.1. DHS Profile for COD Removal
3.2.2. DHS Profile for NH3 Removal
3.2.3. DHS Profile for TSS Removal
3.2.4. DHS Profile for TDS Removal
3.3. Predicting Effluent COD Using the Kinetic Coefficients of Substrate Removal Models
3.3.1. First-Order Substrate Removal Model Kinetic Parameters
3.3.2. Stover–Kincannon Model Kinetic Parameters
3.3.3. Model Testing
3.4. Characterization of Sponge before and after Wastewater Treatment
3.4.1. SEM
3.4.2. XRD
3.4.3. FTIR
3.5. Suggested Pollutant-Removal Mechanisms via DHS Based on Experimental Results and Literature Survey
3.6. Performance of Sequential DHS System for Wastewater Treatment
3.7. Economic Consideration for DHS Implementation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | Phase 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD (mg/L) | 451.2 ± 97.0 | 632.6 ± 116.0 | 965.3 ± 98.0 | 1254.7 ± 231.0 | 1542.8 ± 246.0 | 1849.7 ± 366.0 |
NH3 (mg/L) | 129.0 ± 3.1 | 130.0 ± 1.7 | 130.0 ± 1.6 | 128.0 ± 2.8 | 129.0 ± 1.7 | 128.0 ± 3.6 |
pH | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 0.5 |
TSS (mg/L) | 27.0 ± 3.5 | 71.5 ± 24.0 | 140.3 ± 39.0 | 176.7 ± 58.0 | 221.8 ± 79.0 | 254.0 ± 93.0 |
TDS (mg/L) | 1080 ± 49 | 1180 ± 83 | 1340 ± 65 | 1410 ± 67 | 1480 ± 59 | 1650 ± 84 |
Conductivity (μS) | 1630 ± 260 | 1750 ± 290 | 2020 ± 280 | 2130 ± 250 | 2230 ± 280 | 2380 ± 260 |
Temperature (°C) | Room temperature (24–34 °C) |
Kinetic Model | Reactor Segment | Kinetic Parameter | Unit | Value | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-order | Segment-1 | K1 | 1/d | 3.773 | 0.991 |
Segment-2 | K1 | 1/d | 4.914 | 0.982 | |
Segment-3 | K1 | 1/d | 6.001 | 0.910 | |
Total reactor | K1 | 1/d | 27.397 | 0.927 | |
Stover–Kincannon | Segment-1 | KB | g/L/d | 56.444 | 0.992 |
Umax | g/L/d | 24.272 | |||
Segment-2 | KB | g/L/d | 20.144 | 0.997 | |
Umax | g/L/d | 11.249 | |||
Segment-3 | KB | g/L/d | 14.231 | 0.991 | |
Umax | g/L/d | 9.025 | |||
Total reactor | KB | g/L/d | 83.808 | 0.999 | |
Umax | g/L/d | 76.923 |
Wastewater Type | Sponge Used | Operation | Influent Wastewater Characteristics (mg/L) Removal Efficiency (R%) | OLR (kg COD/m3/d) | Ref. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD (mg/L) | R% | Ammonia-N (mg/L) | R% | TSS (mg/L) | R% | |||||
Domestic | 5 cm height × 3.5 cm diameter | HRT: 5.83 h | 118.2 ± 37.5 | 60.0 ± 11.4 | 44 ± 5.1 | 88.4 ± 0.9 | 38.4 ± 4.1 | 69.7 ± 6.1 | 1.2 | [29] |
HRT: 2.91 h | 114.0 ± 24.6 | 51.5 ± 20.4 | 28.2 ± 8.9 | 80.7 ± 15.4 | 34.1 ± 5.8 | 75.6 ± 6.9 | 1.2 | |||
Domestic | Combinations of sponge density (fine vs. coarse) | HRT: 1.2 d 100% recirculation | 172.6 ± 49.5 | 86.6 | 30.2 ± 4.7 | 98.6 | NA | NA | 0.2 | [30] |
HRT: 1.2 d 50% recirculation | 180.4 ± 27.6 | 82.3 | 29.0 ± 5.8 | 91.2 | NA | NA | 0.2 | |||
HRT: variable 50% recirculation | 174 ± 36.2 | 65.2 | 25.1 ± 4.4 | 68.5 | NA | NA | 0.2 | |||
HRT: 0.6 d 30% recirculation | 216.4 ± 40.7 | 84.2 | 36.8 ± 8.7 | 81.3 | NA | NA | 0.4 | |||
Low strength sewage | 3.3 cm height × 3.3 cm diameter | HRT: 4 h | 67 ± 18.1 | 67.14 | 7 ± 1.4 | 85.71 | 36 ± 24.1 | 97.22 | 1.34 | [53] |
HRT: 2 h | 63 ± 20.7 | 60.31 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 98.55 | 33 ± 22.8 | 96.97 | ||||
HRT: 1.5 h | 46 ± 10.8 | 60.87 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 96.49 | 27 ± 9.7 | 96.30 | ||||
HRT: 1 h | 56 ± 17.9 | 57.14 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 97.30 | 27 ± 21.2 | 44.44 | ||||
Low-strength municipal wastewater | 3.3 cm height × 3.3 cm diameter | HRT: 4 h | 66.8 ± 18.1 | 67.1 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 98.6 | 36.3 ± 24.1 | 94.8 | NA | [42] |
HRT: 2 h | 62.6 ± 20.7 | 59.4 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 98.6 | 33.4 ± 22.8 | 96.1 | NA | |||
HRT: 1 h | 60.5 ± 16.6 | 65.1 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 97.3 | 29.4 ± 18.4 | 82.7 | NA | |||
Agricultural drainage water | 5.0 cm height × 2.0 cm diameter | HRT: 2 h | 249.4 ± 100.2 | 83.7 | 15.8 ± 6 | 85.0 | 159.7 ± 63 | 88.9 | 3.0 | [14] |
Synthetic natural rubber wastewater | Polyurethane sponge | HRT: 11.8 h | 236 ± 281 | 75.4 ± 11.7 | 187 ± 104 | 59.9 ± 20.4 | NA | NA | NA | [54] |
Settled sewage | Plastic plate (height 200 cm × width 7 cm) | HRT: 2 h | 106.2 ± 32.3 | 85.2 ± 11.4 | 18.6 ± 7.8 | 94.7 ± 9.2 | NA | NA | NA | [55] |
Domestic wastewater | 3.3 cm height × 3.3 cm diameter | HRT: 3.6 h | 451.24 ± 97 | 94.02 ± 4.57 | 129.04 ± 3.1 | 88.13 ± 3.26 | 27.02 ± 3.5 | 88.94 ± 6.16 | 3.01 | This study |
632.56 ± 116 | 95.38 ± 5.11 | 130.24 ± 1.7 | 84.62 ± 2.89 | 71.49 ± 24.1 | 89.91 ± 7.42 | 4.22 | ||||
965.33 ± 98 | 96.29 ± 5.23 | 129.91 ± 1.6 | 77.08 ± 3.48 | 140.3 ± 39.1 | 85.44 ± 5.25 | 6.44 | ||||
1254.72 ± 231 | 95.16 ± 4.27 | 128.24 ± 2.8 | 74.66 ± 4.11 | 176.71 ± 58.5 | 89.39 ± 4.16 | 8.36 | ||||
1542.83 ± 246 | 94.89 ± 6.9 | 129.73 ± 1.7 | 67.04 ± 5.76 | 221.86 ± 79.8 | 89.62 ± 5.29 | 10.28 | ||||
1849.72 ± 366 | 92.58 ± 8.37 | 128.15 ± 3.6 | 63.57 ± 5.08 | 254.03 ± 93.7 | 90.34 ± 3.91 | 12.33 |
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Zidan, A.; Nasr, M.; Fujii, M.; Ibrahim, M.G. Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactors for Treating High-Strength Organic Wastewater. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076038
Zidan A, Nasr M, Fujii M, Ibrahim MG. Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactors for Treating High-Strength Organic Wastewater. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):6038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076038
Chicago/Turabian StyleZidan, Abdelsalam, Mahmoud Nasr, Manabu Fujii, and Mona G. Ibrahim. 2023. "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactors for Treating High-Strength Organic Wastewater" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 6038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076038