Feasibility of Efficient, Direct, Butanol Production from Food Waste without Nutrient Supplement by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Food Waste
2.2. Microorganisms and Media
2.3. Culture Conditions and Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation
2.4. Analytical Procedures
2.5. Calculation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Direct Butanol Production from Starch by Different Aceton–Butanol–Ethanol-Producing Clostridia
3.2. Butanol Production from Food Waste with or without (Direct) Saccharification
3.3. Effects of Starch/Glucose Concentrations on Butanol Production
3.4. Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation Characteristics of Starchy Substrate
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | TS a | TN b,d | TOC c,d | Starch d | Glucose d | pH e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW (%) | 26.5 | 2.16 | 48.3 | 61.7 | 4.03 | 4.84 |
Strains | Starchy Substrate a | Acetone | Max. Solvents Production (g/L) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | Butanol | Total ABE | |||
C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 | Amylose starch | 0.778 ± 0.057 | 0.385 ± 0.023 | 6.04 ± 0.23 | 7.21 ± 0.34 |
Corn starch | 0.799 ± 0.025 | 0.479 ± 0.015 | 5.60 ± 0.27 | 6.88 ± 0.27 | |
Potato starch | 0.714 ± 0.032 | 0.259 ± 0.009 | 4.99 ± 0.18 | 5.96 ± 0.29 | |
C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 | Amylose starch | 1.220 ± 0.078 | 0.208 ± 0.007 | 3.99 ± 0.19 | 5.41 ± 0.19 |
Corn starch | 0.752 ± 0.053 | 0.168 ± 0.009 | 3.37 ± 0.20 | 4.29 ± 0.21 | |
Potato starch | 1.070 ± 0.038 | 0.163 ± 0.011 | 2.89 ± 0.13 | 4.13 ± 0.16 | |
C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 | Amylose starch | 0.873 ± 0.044 | 0.186 ± 0.011 | 2.63 ± 0.10 | 3.69 ± 0.12 |
Corn starch | 0.897 ± 0.051 | 0.187 ± 0.008 | 2.46 ± 0.10 | 3.54 ± 0.15 | |
Potato starch | 0.993 ± 0.039 | 0.184 ± 0.009 | 2.42 ± 0.14 | 3.60 ± 0.20 |
Group a | S/L b (w/v) | Max. Solvents Production (g/L) | Initial Carbon Source (g/L) | Substrates Consumption c (g/L) | Butanol Yield (C-mol/C-mol) | Max. Butanol Production Rate d (g/L/h) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetone | Butanol | Ethanol | Total ABE | Glucose | Starch | |||||
FW-A | 1:1 | 5.79 ± 0.39 | 11.2 ± 0.4 | 0.760 ± 0.035 | 17.8 ± 0.7 | 30.1 ± 1.5 | 76.6 ± 4.4 | 52.2 ± 2.1 | 0.330 ± 0.010 | 0.390 ± 0.016 (36−48 h) |
FW-G | 0.116 ± 0.005 | 0.362 ± 0.015 | 0.230 ± 0.011 | 0.708 ± 0.037 | 108 ± 4 | N.D. e | 5.06 ± 0.20 | 0.116 ± 0.006 | 0.026 ± 0.001 (48−60 h) | |
FW-AG | 0.161 ± 0.007 | 0.399 ± 0.013 | 0.287 ± 0.010 | 0.847 ± 0.028 | 103 ± 2 | N.D. e | 4.34 ± 0.09 | 0.149 ± 0.004 | 0.030 ± 0.001 (48−60 h) | |
FW-D | 3.58 ± 0.17 | 12.1 ± 0.5 | 0.453 ± 0.009 | 16.1 ± 1.0 | 4.26 ± 0.22 | 92.5 ± 3.8 | 44.7 ± 1.9 | 0.402 ± 0.012 | 0.705 ± 0.015 (12−18 h) | |
FW-G | 1:2 | 2.37 ± 0.11 | 9.72 ± 0.49 | 0.063 ± 0.005 | 12.2 ± 0.6 | 54.3 ± 2.0 | N.D. e | 46.3 ± 2.3 | 0.340 ± 0.015 | 0.250 ± 0.009 (12−18 h) |
FW-D | 1.83 ± 0.09 | 9.72 ± 0.39 | 0.292 ± 0.012 | 11.8 ± 0.6 | 4.88 ± 0.12 | 46.9 ± 2.3 | 39.9 ± 1.9 | 0.363 ± 0.007 | 0.512 ± 0.015 (9−12 h) |
Carbon Source | Group a | Max. Solvents Production (g/L) | Substrates Consumption (g/L) | Butanol Yield (C-mol/C-mol) | Maximum Butanol Production Rate b (g/L/h) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetone | Butanol | Ethanol | Total ABE | |||||
Glucose | G40 | 2.95 | 10.5 | 0.647 | 14.1 | 41.0 | 0.407 | 0.519 (12−18 h) |
G50 | 3.81 | 12.1 | 0.483 | 16.4 | 51.6 | 0.364 | 0.679 (12−18 h) | |
G60 | 2.80 | 11.4 | 1.08 | 15.3 | 51.2 | 0.351 | 0.515 (12−18 h) | |
G80 | 2.77 | 10.9 | 1.01 | 14.7 | 54.1 | 0.320 | 0.382 (24−30 h) | |
Starch | S40 | 1.76 | 11.8 | 0.370 | 13.9 | 36.6 | 0.472 | 0.567 (12−18 h) |
S50 | 2.70 | 13.5 | 0.599 | 16.7 | 39.2 | 0.505 | 0.647 (12−18 h) | |
S60 | 2.92 | 14.2 | 0.725 | 17.8 | 41.1 | 0.506 | 0.653 (12−18 h) | |
S80 | 3.14 | 14.0 | 0.683 | 17.9 | 43.4 | 0.483 | 0.655 (12−18 h) |
Elements | Na | K | Mg | Ca | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW (mg/g) a | 0.694 | 2.10 | 0.490 | 4.95 | 46.0 × 10−3 | 4.51 × 10−3 | 0.148 | 7.59 × 10−3 | 1.24 × 10−3 |
Substrate | Starch Concentration (g/L) | Producer Strain | Nutrientsaddition a | Butanol (g/L) | ABE (g/L) | Butanol Yield (C-mol/C-mol) | Butanol Production Rate (g/L/h) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sago starch | 60 | C. acetobutylicum P262 | Nitrogen | 16.0 | 18.0 | 0.390 | 0.290 b | [18] |
Corn starch | 30 | C. acetobutylicum P262 | Nitrogen | 8.61 | 11.9 | 0.424 | 0.180 b | [18] |
49.32 | C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 | P2 | 9.30 | 12.3 | — c | 0.378 d | [16] | |
58.1 | C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 | TYA | 17.5 | 22.4 | 0.569 | 0.686 d | [17] | |
Potato starch | 30 | C. acetobutylicum P262 | Nitrogen | 3.34 | 4.62 | 0.164 | 0.06 b | [18] |
110 | C. beijerinckii CCM 6218 | NO | 4.73 | 7.69 | — | — | [8] | |
110 | C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923 | NO | 3.83 | 6.18 | — | — | [8] | |
Cassava starch | 30 | C. acetobutylicum P262 | Nitrogen | 4.89 | 6.74 | 0.236 | 0.160 b | [18] |
Wheat starch | 56.5 | C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 | TYA | 17.8 | 22.0 | 0.601 | 0.692 d | [17] |
Inedible dough | 49.91 | C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 | P2 | 9.30 | 14.4 | — | 0.412 d | [16] |
Breading | 49.32 | C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 | P2 | 10.5 | 14.8 | — | 0.290 d | [16] |
Batter liquid | 50.55 | C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 | P2 | 10.0 | 15.1 | — | 0.449 d | [16] |
Modeling FW | 129 e | C. beijerinckii P260 | P2 | 13.2 | 19.7 | 0.390 | 0.560 d | [15] |
181 e | C. beijerinckii P260 | P2 | 12.8 | 20.9 | 0.368 | 0.663 d | [15] | |
Canteen FW | 92.5 | C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 | NO | 12.1 | 16.1 | 0.402 | 0.705 | This study |
46.9 | C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 | NO | 9.72 | 11.8 | 0.363 | 0.512 | This study |
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Wang, X.; Sun, H.; Wang, Y.; Wang, F.; Zhu, W.; Wu, C.; Wang, Q.; Gao, M. Feasibility of Efficient, Direct, Butanol Production from Food Waste without Nutrient Supplement by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076061
Wang X, Sun H, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhu W, Wu C, Wang Q, Gao M. Feasibility of Efficient, Direct, Butanol Production from Food Waste without Nutrient Supplement by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):6061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076061
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaona, Haishu Sun, Yonglin Wang, Fangxia Wang, Wenbin Zhu, Chuanfu Wu, Qunhui Wang, and Ming Gao. 2023. "Feasibility of Efficient, Direct, Butanol Production from Food Waste without Nutrient Supplement by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 6061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076061