Innovative Solutions for the Rehabilitation of Bridges Using Flexible Galvanized Steel Structures: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Status of the Bridge before the Construction Works
3. Analysis of Solutions
- Strengthening/extending the existing structure;
- Execution of a complete/partial new bridge after the total/partial demolition of the existing structure;
3.1. Innovative Solution Using a Flexible Galvanized Steel Structure
- the galvanized corrugated steel structure is placed below the superstructure of the existing bridge, which will not be removed and will be embedded in the final structure;
- the superstructure is extended on both sides by 3.60 m/2.50 m.
3.2. Design of the Flexible Steel Structure
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- Due to the very little room available between the steel structure and the concrete bridge, the assembly took place on one side and the complete steel structure was slid in its final position;
- Because the earth fill could not be executed between the steel structure and the existing bridge, it was replaced by a monolithic concrete fill; this creates a unique loading situation for this type of structure;
- On the sides of the existing structure, the previsioned extension utilized the classic earth fill solution around the flexible steel structure;
- To minimize stiffness differences on the pavement, a reinforced concrete slab was executed, that rests on the lateral earth fill and is connected to the existing structure and the head wall.
- Simplified design: apart from the steel structure, which is supplied in full by the factory, there are very few additional details necessary.
- Easy and fast assembly: all steel segments are completely galvanized and all connections are bolted; assembly usually does not extend past a couple of days, even with a small crew.
- Reduces execution time: in comparison with a classical concrete solution, the total execution time is greatly reduced; for this case study, which represents a solution of increased difficulty as far as flexible steel structures go, the complete execution time from start to finish was just 3 months.
- Minimal traffic interference: this innovative solution allowed the construction process to take place with minimal traffic interference, as both traffic lanes were kept open the whole time.
- Cost reduction: the presented solution generated a reduction in cost of about 25% from the alternative of demolishing and rebuilding of the bridge.
- Reduced carbon footprint: by choosing to retrofit the existing structure, instead of simply replacing it with a similar new one, and applying an environmentally friendly solution, the carbon footprint is significantly reduced.
- The world infrastructure incorporates a massive number of roads, railways and bridges. It is essential for the development of our society as it offers mobility and has to be maintained in good shape. For this, it requires constant maintenance and repair works. By systematically applying environmentally friendly solutions such as the one described in this paper, the total reduction in carbon footprint may prove to be quite significant.
- This bridge retrofit solution may be applied in the span ranges where corrugated flexible steel structures are an efficient alternative, which means for spans smaller than 30–40 m. For spans larger than 10–15 m, further in-depth studies regarding the interaction between the steel structure, the concrete fill and the original superstructure are required.
- Future directions of this research will include a detailed full-scale field test of a similar solution, with measurements in all the construction stages. In addition to that, an in-depth optimization of the steel structure and maybe even the creation of a special line of products focused solely on the retrofit of bridges are underway.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrostatic Pressure | Lateral Pressure | Total Pressure | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | α [deg] | h [m] | p [kPa] | [cos(α)]2 [%] | pmax [kPa] | sin(α) | Pmax,norm [kPa] | [sin(α)]2 [%] | Pslope [kPa] | |||
1/1’ | 1.98 | 0.21 | 5.00 | 99.9% | 5.00 | 0.035 | 0.17 | 0.1% | 5.00 | |||
2/2’ | 5.95 | 0.24 | 5.82 | 98.9% | 5.82 | 0.104 | 0.60 | 1.1% | 5.77 | |||
3/3’ | 9.92 | 0.31 | 7.46 | 97.0% | 7.46 | 0.172 | 1.29 | 3.0% | 7.28 | |||
4/4’ | 13.49 | 0.40 | 9.58 | 94.6% | 9.58 | 0.233 | 2.24 | 5.4% | 9.18 | |||
5/5’ | 16.67 | 0.50 | 12.05 | 91.8% | 12.05 | 0.287 | 3.46 | 8.2% | 11.34 | |||
6/6‘ | 19.84 | 0.63 | 15.02 | 88.5% | 15.02 | 0.339 | 5.10 | 11.5% | 13.87 | |||
7/7’ | 23.02 | 0.77 | 18.48 | 84.7% | 18.48 | 0.391 | 7.22 | 15.3% | 16.75 | |||
8/8’ | 26.19 | 0.93 | 22.42 | 80.5% | 19.17 | 0.441 | 8.46 | 19.5% | 19.98 | |||
9/9’ | 33.93 | 1.11 | 26.55 | 68.8% | 19.17 | 0.558 | 10.70 | 31.2% | 22.89 | |||
10/10’ | 47.68 | 1.30 | 31.28 | 45.3% | 19.17 | 0.739 | 14.17 | 54.7% | 26.82 | |||
11/11’ | 61.43 | 1.55 | 37.19 | 22.9% | 19.17 | 0.878 | 16.83 | 77.1% | 31.21 | |||
12/12’ | 75.18 | 1.83 | 43.92 | 6.5% | 19.17 | 0.967 | 18.53 | 93.5% | 33.16 | |||
13/13’ | 82.06 | 2.08 | 49.86 | 1.9% | 19.17 | 0.990 | 18.98 | 98.1% | 33.52 | |||
14/14’ | 82.06 | 2.28 | 54.69 | 1.9% | 19.17 | 0.990 | 18.98 | 98.1% | 33.61 | |||
15/15’ | 82.06 | 2.44 | 58.45 | 1.9% | 19.17 | 0.990 | 18.98 | 98.1% | 33.69 |
Total Slope Pressure | Pressure Increase due to Injection of Concrete | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Increased Pressure | |||
No. | h [m] | Pslope [kPa] | f | P [kPa] |
1 | 0.21 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 10.00 |
2 | 0.24 | 5.77 | 1.99 | 11.49 |
3 | 0.31 | 7.28 | 1.98 | 14.38 |
4 | 0.40 | 9.18 | 1.96 | 17.97 |
5 | 0.50 | 11.34 | 1.93 | 21.93 |
6 | 0.63 | 13.87 | 1.91 | 26.45 |
7 | 0.77 | 16.75 | 1.87 | 31.40 |
8 | 0.93 | 19.98 | 1.84 | 36.71 |
9 | 1.11 | 22.89 | 1.80 | 41.17 |
10 | 1.30 | 26.82 | 1.75 | 47.06 |
11 | 1.55 | 31.21 | 1.70 | 53.03 |
12 | 1.83 | 33.16 | 1.64 | 54.25 |
13 | 2.08 | 33.52 | 1.58 | 52.98 |
14 | 2.28 | 33.61 | 1.54 | 51.61 |
15 | 2.44 | 33.69 | 1.50 | 50.53 |
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Negrea, D.; Cazacu, C.E.; Conțiu, M. Innovative Solutions for the Rehabilitation of Bridges Using Flexible Galvanized Steel Structures: A Case Study. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076200
Negrea D, Cazacu CE, Conțiu M. Innovative Solutions for the Rehabilitation of Bridges Using Flexible Galvanized Steel Structures: A Case Study. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076200
Chicago/Turabian StyleNegrea, Doina, Christiana Emilia Cazacu, and Mircea Conțiu. 2023. "Innovative Solutions for the Rehabilitation of Bridges Using Flexible Galvanized Steel Structures: A Case Study" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076200