1. Introduction
The construction business is complicated and dynamic, with many variables influencing project timetables, quality, safety and prices. Building Information Modeling (BIM) may help manage building projects more efficiently and effectively [
1,
2]. BIM is used to manage two-story villas in Jeddah, saving time and money, among other benefits. BIM can solve these issues. BIM lets construction project managers simulate, visualize and evaluate their projects virtually. This platform integrates construction data seamlessly, improving stakeholder engagement and decreasing construction time and costs. BIM is beneficial in the early phases of building project design. Project managers may utilize BIM to construct comprehensive architectural models to spot concerns early on. Early detection helps save expensive redesigns and construction delays. BIM also lets project managers simulate and test design decisions to see how they could affect timelines and budgets [
3,
4].
BIM helped design the two-story residences in Jeddah by integrating construction data. BIM was used to assess design viability and identify concerns [
5]. BIM helped project managers avoid expensive redesigns and delays by testing multiple design possibilities before construction. BIM also tracked the project’s progress and identified opportunities for improvement, saving time and money [
6]. BIM enhanced stakeholder engagement and communication. BIM enabled real-time cooperation among stakeholders to accomplish goals. BIM helped designers, architects, builders and other stakeholders collaborate on the two-story homes in Jeddah. Collaboration improved project quality and reduced miscommunications [
7,
8]. BIM also improved project management by centralizing construction data. Project managers could track progress and make modifications by constructing a digital model of the construction project. This sped up construction and cut expenses. BIM in building projects needs fixing [
6,
9]. BIM requires particular abilities. BIM requires extensive training for project managers. BIM integration with project management systems might require significant technology and software investments [
10,
11].
This case study shows how BIM saves time and money while building two-story residences in Jeddah. Two-story residential buildings are very common in the residential communities of all Saudi Arabia [
12]. It is the reason that this study only involves two-story buildings, to effectively focus on the application of BIM. This case study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore variable correlations and evaluate BIM implementation. SPSS and Smart PLS 4, popular data analysis tools, are utilized for SEM. SEM research shows that BIM improved the project results, construction time and cost. The results also demonstrate that stakeholder participation and communication were crucial to BIM deployment [
13]. The report also emphasizes the necessity for stakeholder participation and project managers with BIM capabilities. SEM is a robust data analysis technique, but it has limits. SEM needs a significant sample size for accurate findings. Some businesses may need more experience and understanding to implement SEM. SEM may help evaluate BIM deployment in building project management despite these limitations. SEM helps construction professionals assess project success elements and improve. Therefore, this case study aims to show how BIM improves project management, construction timetables, quality, safety, the environment, costs and project results. It examines the merits of implementing BIM in building two-story homes in Jeddah. This case study can help construction professionals understand how BIM improves project results. Budget overruns, delays and quality control concerns affect the construction business. This case study shows how BIM saves time and money while building two-story residences in Jeddah. The report also emphasizes stakeholder participation and project managers’ BIM proficiency. SEM is used to evaluate BIM deployment and find areas for improvement. Construction professionals may choose the finest tools and tactics for project management by studying the pros and downsides of BIM and SEM.
2. Current Status of BIM in Jeddah
The construction sector has extensively embraced Building Information Modeling (BIM) because it can improve project management and communication, decrease mistakes and rework, and improve project results [
14]. BIM is a digital representation of a building or facility’s physical and functional qualities that may be utilized for design, construction and operational reasons. BIM has been proven to result in considerable time and cost savings for construction projects, as well as improved overall quality and safety. BIM’s capacity to enhance cooperation and communication among project stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors and owners, is one of its primary advantages [
15,
16]. Using a shared digital model, stakeholders may collaborate in real time and make choices based on accurate and current data. This decreases the possibility of mistakes, disputes and the requirement for rework, saving time and money [
17,
18]. Several studies have examined the advantages of BIM for building projects. In a case study, Lin et al. (2016) showed that the use of BIM on a healthcare project reduced the length of the design phase by 40 percent and the construction expenses by 20 percent [
19].
Similarly, D. Liu et al. (2019) showed that the use of BIM on a commercial office building project reduced the number of Requests for Information (RFIs) by 50 percent and modification orders by 60 percent [
20]. BIM has been shown to enhance project results in the setting of home buildings. Ahmad and Thaheem (2018) conducted a case study on using BIM to design and construct a single-family home in China [
21]. The research concluded that BIM improved project coordination, decreased mistakes and rework, and increased project quality and safety. Another case study by Alothman et al. (2021) evaluated the application of BIM in South Korean affordable housing development and maintenance [
22]. According to the report, BIM helped minimize construction waste and expenses and increase the project’s efficiency and sustainability. Some more critical relevant studies are shown below in
Table 1.
In the context of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a study on the advantages of BIM for residential development is required. Although BIM has been extensively accepted in other areas of the globe, it is still in its infancy in Saudi Arabia. Thus, the purpose of this case study is to evaluate the use of BIM for the design and construction of two-story villas in Jeddah, with a particular emphasis on its influence on time and cost reductions. The data are analyzed using structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS 4 to make findings. In doing so, this study intends to add to the expanding body of literature on the advantages of BIM for building projects and to shed light on its potential for the Saudi Arabian construction sector.
Table 2 presents the success factors reviewed from the literature and evaluated by experts.
3. Methodology
This study’s objective was to learn what makes Building Information Modeling (BIM) effective as a resource for construction management, reducing both the time and money spent on projects. The study used a quantitative methodology to get the job done. There were four primary phases to the process, and they are the following: literature research, expert consultation, a pilot survey and a preliminary questionnaire survey [
15,
16]. As a construction management tool, BIM was evaluated via a literature study to determine its characteristics of success. At this point, this study involved intensive search of relevant academic publications, books and other resources. The databases that were used in the research were ScienceDirect (9 Articles), MDPI (13 Articles), Springer (16 Articles) and Web of Science (7 Articles). The keywords that were used for searching the databases were Building Information Modelling, Construction Management Tool, Two-Story Villas and Jeddah. Only English language articles with significant relativity to the keywords and goals of the study were included in the analysis. In total, 46 open-access credible research articles were reviewed. What was learned from the literature study shaped the research tools for later phases. The second phase entailed consulting with 18 specialists about BIM and the regional construction sector to validate the confirmed success factors. A structured interview was used for the consultation, and the results were used to improve the research tools [
17,
20].
During the third phase, 132 two-story Jeddah villas residents were surveyed as part of a pilot project. The validity and trustworthiness of the research tools were evaluated with the aid of the pilot survey. To determine what makes BIM effective as a management tool in construction, this study examined the pilot survey results of 28 factors using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). In the last phase, 212 residents of Jeddah’s two-story villas completed the primary questionnaire survey. The results of the literature study, the contact with experts and the preliminary survey informed the development of the questionnaire.
A model of BIM’s success criteria for Jeddah’s two-story villas was developed using SEM. Participants’ informed permission was acquired to cover any potential ethical issues. The information provided by the participants was kept strictly secret, and participants were ensured of their privacy. This study used a quantitative research approach to determine what makes BIM effective as a resource-conserving construction management tool. This study conducted a literature study, interacted with subject matter experts, conducted a pilot survey and then administered the main questionnaire. EFA and SEM were used to examine the dependability and validity of the study tools. The anonymity and privacy of the study’s participants were respected at all times by adhering to strict ethical guidelines.
Figure 1 presents the research methodology.
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
In statistics, EFA refers to a method used to uncover the underlying structure of data collection. Its purpose is to simplify the analysis by eliminating non-essential components and narrowing the focus on those that best explain the data. EFA was applied to the data from the pilot survey of 113 residents of Jeddah’s two-story villas. The research team behind this study set out to determine what makes BIM such an effective tool for construction management, saving both time and money [
19]. Factors were kept if their eigenvalues were more significant than 1, and the scree plot analysis passed muster. The factor structure was simplified, and the factors’ meanings were clarified using a varimax rotational component matrix. Simplifying the factor structure, varimax rotation is an orthogonal rotation that reduces the number of variables with high loadings on each component. The loadings of each variable on each factor after rotation are shown in the varimax rotated component matrix [
20]. The most excellent loadings of the variables were used to interpret the factors. The factors were labeled after the variables that contributed the most to their loadings. Using the EFA findings in designing the primary survey questions and the structural equation modeling yielded valuable results.
3.2. Development of SEM Model
Complex interactions between many variables may be analyzed utilizing SEM, a statistical method. Researchers may evaluate the stability and direction of links between observable and latent variables in complicated models. An SEM-based model of the variables contributing to the implementation of BIM in Jeddah’s two-story villas was created for this research. A model was created based on responses to the primary survey questions from 202 individuals [
21]. The SEM analysis demonstrated that the model matched the data well. It was determined that BIM’s effectiveness as a time- and cost-saving construction management tool in Jeddah’s two-story villas was significantly influenced by the success criteria discovered in the EFA. The SEM study also made it possible to examine how the success criteria, directly and indirectly, influenced BIM implementation [
22,
33]. As a result, the most crucial aspects for the practical application of BIM to the building of two-story villas in Jeddah could be isolated and studied in more depth. Overall, SEM created a thorough and precise model of BIM’s success elements throughout the building of Jeddah’s two-story villas.
The reliability and validity of the measuring equipment used in structural equation modeling may be evaluated using convergent validity (SEM). It is the extent to which different indicators of a construct measure the same underlying notion [
37]. The Fornell–Larcker criterion was used to determine convergent validity in this research. This requires checking the levels of correlation between the latent variables and their indicators to see whether they are significant [
50,
53]. To pass the Fornell–Larcker criterion, the correlation between any two model components must be less than the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) for that component. The degree of variation in the indicators that can be attributed to the concept is what AVE measures in terms of convergent validity. To what extent one idea is different from the others in the model is what is meant by the term “discriminant validity.” There should be no overlap in the concepts being measured by the various constructions [
48]. Each construct’s AVE must be higher than the squared correlations between that construct and any other construct in the model to satisfy the Fornell–Larcker criterion for discriminant validity.
A statistical technique called the Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio of Correlations (HTMT) is used in structural equation modeling to assess the model’s discriminant validity and convergent validity (SEM). A value of 1 implies complete correlation, whereas a value of 0 indicates no correlation, making it a measure of the degree to which two conceptions are comparable. According to the HTMT criteria, the correlation between two constructs in a model should be lower than the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) for that construct [
44,
47]. If the number is less than 0.85, discriminant validity may be an issue; if it is more than 0.9, it is an issue. Convergent validity may also be assessed using an empirical correlation matrix and HTMT statistics. The matrix displays correlation coefficients for all possible combinations of constructs; a strong correlation suggests that the two constructs may be measuring the same underlying notion [
40,
45]. For testing for convergent validity, it is customary to compare the square roots of the AVEs for each construct to the diagonal values of the matrix. Higher diagonal values suggest that the construct measures more than one underlying notion, which calls into doubt its convergent validity.
It is common research practice to utilize a statistical technique called structure path analysis to probe the connections between different latent variables. Using this method, one may calculate the estimated impacts of external (independent) factors on endogenous (dependent) variables directly and indirectly. In this analysis, SPA was used to create a template for the elements that contribute to the success of Building Information Modeling for two-story villas in Jeddah. Several experiments were conducted to guarantee the SPA model’s accuracy. The level of multicollinearity among the model’s independent variables may be evaluated using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), one of the tests. Multicollinearity, which may cause erroneous coefficient estimations when present when the VIF value is larger than 5, is indicated by a VIF value greater than 5 [
39,
42]. The predicted relevance analysis is another test used to verify the SPA model. By comparing the model’s out-of-sample predictive power to that of a benchmark model, this technique helps to evaluate the model’s overall predictive ability.
5. Discussion
The time formative construct includes S3, “By providing a virtual 3D model of the project, BIM may assist project teams in more precisely organizing construction operations”; S9, “BIM may minimize the amount of time required to finish a building project by giving precise and thorough information about the project. This may assist in eliminating construction mistakes, rework and delays, resulting in speedier project completion timeframes”; S26, “BIM allows parties to operate in a coordinated and collaborative way, streamlining communication and reducing misunderstandings. This may contribute to the timely and cost-effective completion of building projects”; and S20, “BIM provides accurate project information before construction to ensure that prefabricated components are built to specs and delivered on schedule to the building site.” Many aspects that might affect BIM’s performance in the new Jeddah housing construction are included in the time-formative build. Improved collaboration and resource management may shorten the time it takes to finish a project [
39,
43]. Building errors, rework and delays may be avoided with its help, which would shorten the project’s duration. It may help in finishing construction jobs quickly and cheaply. Successful project completion on schedule and within budget may be the result. BIM may aid in expediting the building process and staying on budget by enhancing collaboration, communication and resource management.
The cost formative construct includes S8, “BIM helps project teams estimate building costs by providing precise and thorough project information. This reduces cost overruns and delays”; S10, “BIM may save construction costs by detecting and fixing flaws before building starts. This reduces construction mistakes, rework and delays”; S5, “BIM helps project teams identify project resource needs. This improves resource management and reduces waste”; and S18, “BIM may assist achieve project specs while reducing expenses”. Using BIM may result in cost reductions and effective resource management, as shown by the influence of the cost formative build on BIM success in the new Jeddah housing construction (two-story villas). The route analysis findings show that a 1-unit increase in the cost construct is associated with a 0.324-unit increase in BIM success. This indicates that the New Jeddah Housing Development may benefit significantly from BIM’s capacity to assist project teams with cost estimation, defect detection and correction prior to construction, resource identification and attaining project specifications at lower prices [
23,
57].
The quality formative construct includes S7, “BIM lets designers develop a virtual 3D model of the project to discover and fix design faults before construction. This may enhance the design and decrease construction mistakes and rework”; S2, “BIM helps project stakeholders work together toward the same objectives. Ensuring that stakeholders agree on project requirements and specifications may increase project value”; S23, “BIM delivers accurate project information to meet obligations and improves project excellence”; and S1, “BIM may assist project teams in managing the project better, improving project quality.” Four potential aspects that might affect the effectiveness of BIM in the new Jeddah housing construction are included in the quality formative build. This might benefit the endeavor as a whole. Second, if the project successfully satisfies all the stakeholders’ requirements, the value of the project might rise. Project teams may have better judgment and prevent mistakes that lower quality if they can access accurate and thorough information about the project [
26,
58]. By giving teams access to real-time data, BIM improves project results by helping teams see and fix problems before they escalate. The quality formative construct concludes that BIM contributes positively to the quality of the New Jeddah Housing Development by facilitating improved design, stakeholder cooperation, information management and project management.
The safety formative construct includes S19, “BIM’s virtual 3D model may assist project teams in discovering dangers before building starts. This reduces the number of construction accidents and injuries”; S16, “BIM may be used to create virtual training programs for construction personnel to understand project safety measures better”; and S15, “BIM’s 3D model may prevent construction conflicts”. The success of BIM implementation in the New Jeddah Housing Development project largely depended on the safety formative construct, consisting of S15, S16 and S19. Better safety policies and procedures may be implemented as a result of the use of BIM on the project, making the workplace safer for everyone involved. By educating employees on proper safety procedures, these programs may help cut down on workplace mishaps and injuries. Unsafe situations in the workplace may be avoided if the team takes the time to anticipate and resolve possible disputes before they arise [
32,
59]. In conclusion, the safety construct and its associated aspects may significantly contribute to the overall success of BIM implementation in the New Jeddah Housing Development project by improving safety standards, lowering the number of accidents and injuries and preventing disputes.
The efficiency formative construct includes S24, “BIM helps project stakeholders work together toward the same ideas, reduces misconceptions and aligns everyone on project needs and specs, improving productivity”; S13, “BIM enhances construction project sequencing, resulting in productivity improvement”; and S21, “BIM improves construction project data, resulting in efficiency improvements.” The efficiency formative construct analyzes how several elements influence the project team’s output and performance. BIM may improve productivity on the New Jeddah Housing Development project. BIM may help groups organize construction activities and determine the necessary sequence of tasks more precisely because it provides a 3D representation of the project. More effective and timely completion of the project may result from this. Increased efficiency and production may be the outcome [
15,
16]. When this occurs, resources may be used more effectively and efficiently, leading to more production with fewer expenditures. BIM implementation in the New Jeddah Housing Development project may benefit from the efficiency construct and its elements, leading to greater efficiency, productivity and cost-effectiveness.
The environment formative construct includes S4, “BIM can increase energy efficiency by giving precise energy performance data. This may uncover energy savings and improve building systems to minimize energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions”; S12, “BIM provides precise project information to optimize material utilization”; and S25, “BIM’s precise energy usage and greenhouse gas emission data help lower the project’s carbon impact.” This not only follows the current fashion for eco-friendly construction methods, but it also has the potential to save money in the long term by cutting down on energy use and carbon tax obligations. The project’s effect on the environment and natural resources may be lessened by cutting down on waste and increasing the efficiency with which materials are used [
18]. As a whole, the environment construct stresses the significance of taking environmental considerations into account during construction, and BIM can play a pivotal role in facilitating this by providing reliable information for use in making informed decisions and improving the efficiency of the built environment.
5.1. Empirical and Theoretical Contributions
The results show that BIM has the ability to improve several facets of building projects, such as timeline, budget, quality, safety, efficiency and environmental impact. In addition, the findings give concrete case studies of how BIM may be utilized in building a new Jeddah housing complex (two-story villas), demonstrating the methodology’s relevance in the actual world. The findings add to our knowledge of BIM’s function in building projects, especially its ability to boost project outcomes in many ways. The results illustrate the potential advantages of BIM as a digital technology in enhancing project performance, and they add to the more considerable theoretical debate on technology acceptance and implementation in the construction sector. The findings provide light on how Building Information Modeling (BIM) was used in the New Jeddah Housing Development (Two-Story Villas), illustrating the significance of contextual elements in determining the utility of BIM in any given project scenario.
5.2. Managerial Suggestions
BIM may increase efficiency and effectiveness by facilitating better interaction and coordination among all parties involved in a project. Stakeholders in a project may reap the software’s full advantages if they have received proper training on how to use it. BIM may aid in detecting design flaws and disputes, resulting in a more streamlined and successful design process. Prioritizing BIM deployment during the design phase may help teams avoid making expensive adjustments or redoing work during the building phase. Building Information Modeling (BIM) helps reduce a project’s carbon footprint by providing accurate information on energy efficiency, optimizing the use of materials, and more. Costs may be cut, and sustainable development practices can be more closely aligned using BIM to improve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. Building Information Modeling (BIM) may be used to design virtual training programs for construction staff to help them learn about and practice the project’s safety procedures and spot possible safety concerns before they start building. To guarantee a safer and healthier workplace, project teams may include BIM in safety training and processes. Project teams should regularly monitor and evaluate its implementation to ensure that BIM is being utilized to its maximum potential. Results from BIM implementation should be tracked so that teams may change their approaches based on things such as money saved, time saved and increased quality and safety.
5.3. Limitations and Future Implications
The use of EFA and structural equation modeling is one of the drawbacks of SEM. These statistical techniques are frequently used in the academic world, but they are not without their caveats and may only sometimes provide the same findings when applied to other data sets or circumstances. Moreover, the results may not be transferable to other projects or cases because this research only examines how BIM affected one construction project’s performance. The effect of BIM on the completion of particular building types, such as skyscrapers, hospitals or bridges, can be the subject of future study. Future research can also examine how project management techniques and stakeholder involvement affect the success of BIM-based building projects. Last, future studies can investigate how BIM affects project performance in other areas, taking into account cultural and regulatory issues that can affect BIM’s deployment and efficacy.
There is an increasing trend toward villas in the Saudi Arabian residential construction sector. Further, because of significant economic growth in recent years, Jeddah’s local government and urban authorities are focusing on improving the performance of construction in affordable residential villas. The outcomes of this study are specifically differentiating the success outcomes of BIM in villas. Previously, for two-story villas, studies have not focused on the perspective of BIM. It is known, however, that BIM application and its success outcomes are completely different for every structure. In two-story villas, there is a limited scope, cost and elements of the project where BIM functions can be easily implemented with minimal risk. This study uniquely indicates the success outcomes of BIM while relating to the limited structural constraints and requirements of two-story villas.
6. Conclusions
BIM has been shown to improve the efficiency and accuracy of building projects significantly, and this study sheds light on the many aspects that contribute to this improvement. This research found many formative dimensions that affect BIM performance, including quality, time, cost, safety, efficiency and the environment, via a comprehensive quantitative case study examination of newly constructed housing developments in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The practical ramifications of this study’s empirical results for construction project managers and stakeholders are substantial. Researchers found that BIM helped them locate and solve design flaws before construction began, boosted communication and cooperation among project participants and ensured that everyone had the knowledge they needed to fulfill their responsibilities. By simplifying communication, optimizing resource management and finding and repairing defects before construction begins, BIM may help cut down on project time and expenses. By facilitating the early identification of possible threats and the development of virtual training programs for construction staff, BIM may help cut down on construction accidents and injuries. BIM may boost efficiency through better project sequencing, enhanced construction project data and a unified consensus on project requirements and specifications. This research concludes that BIM has the potential to benefit the environment by reducing the project’s carbon footprint via increased energy efficiency, optimized material usage and reduced waste.
Nevertheless, this research has certain caveats, such as the case study analytic approach, which might make it hard to generalize the findings. This investigation of BIM success determinants in building projects uncovers important theoretical and practical implications for project managers and stakeholders. This research shows that BIM adoption is crucial for the construction industry’s quality, timeliness, cost-effectiveness and efficiency and for fostering sustainability. The results of this study may be used to educate best practices for using BIM on construction projects and to guide future research on the elements that contribute to the effectiveness of Building Information Modeling.