Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Problem Description
3.2. Charging Time Settings
3.3. Model Formulation
3.4. Solution Algorithm
4. Case Study
4.1. Data Investigation
4.2. Optimization Results
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- This paper collaboratively optimizes the number of charging piles in the bus depot and the charging plan of the EB fleet. The optimized charging pile deployment scheme reduces the number of charging piles by 4, thereby leading to cost savings of around 400,000 CNY as compared to the existing charging pile layout scheme in the bus depot.
- (ii)
- The charging performance of the battery is affected by the ambient temperature and the queuing time of EBs at bus depots, which influences the battery temperature at the start of charging. The optimization method proposed in this paper can effectively control the queuing time of EBs at the bus depot, thereby realizing the improvement of the service efficiency of the bus depot without increasing the charging cost of the EB fleet. Additionally, it ensures the punctuality and integrity of the regional bus route operation.
- (iii)
- Given the time-of-use electricity price context, the optimized EB charging plan proposed in this study enables the charging time of the EB fleet to be concentrated in a specific time window. Compared to frequent multiple charging sessions, the plan minimizes the number of charging times and ensures that the battery SOC is closer to 50% at the beginning and end of charging. This approach is more favorable in terms of prolonging battery life.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Period | Electricity Price (CNY/kWh) | Index | Period | Electricity Price (CNY/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5:00–7:30 | 1.0866 | 2 | 7:30–11:00 | 1.3574 |
3 | 11:00–15:30 | 1.0866 | 4 | 15:30–21:00 | 1.3574 |
5 | 21:00–22:00 | 1.0866 | 6 | 22:00–5:00 | 0.8158 |
Route | Route I | Route II | Route III | Route IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of vehicles | 31 | 22 | 25 | 25 |
Uplink DS (downlink terminal) | DS I | DS II | DS III | DS IV |
Uplink terminal (downlink DS) | Terminal I | Terminal II | Terminal III | Terminal IV |
Operating hours of DS | 4:50–21:30 | 5:30–19:00 | 5:30–20:00 | 5:20–18:30 |
Operating hours of terminal | 5:20–22:00 | 6:10–19:35 | 6:10–20:50 | 5:30–19:10 |
Departure headway (min) | 3–10 | 5–10 | 5–6 | 6–7 |
Route mileage (km) | 9.4 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 16.8 |
Number of uplink trips | 233 | 129 | 162 | 128 |
Number of downlink trips | 233 | 129 | 162 | 133 |
(min) | -- | -- | -- | 15 |
(min) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
One-way average energy consumption (kWh) | 6.4 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 11.5 |
Route No. | EB No. | Jk | Arrival Location | Departure Location | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Route I | 1 | 3 | [5:52, 6:30] [11:03, 14:05] [15:16, 15:39] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 2 | 3 | [6:02, 6:36] [11:11, 14:15] [15:26, 15:45] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 3 | 2 | [6:12, 6:42] [11:19, 14:30] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 4 | 2 | [6:22, 6:48] [11:27, 14:45] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 5 | 2 | [6:27, 6:54] [11:35, 15:00] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 6 | 2 | [6:38, 7:00] [11:43, 15:06] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 7 | 2 | [6:46, 7:06] [11:51, 15:18] | DS I | DS I |
Route I | 8 | 2 | [6:51, 7:12] [11:59, 15:30] | DS I | DS I |
Route III | 54 | 3 | [6:50, 7:50] [11:38, 12:30] [14:00, 14:35] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 55 | 3 | [6:56, 7:55] [11:44, 12:35] [14:05, 14:40] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 56 | 3 | [7:02, 8:00] [11:50, 12:40] [14:10, 14:45] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 57 | 3 | [7:08, 8:06] [11:56, 12:45] [14:15, 14:50] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 58 | 3 | [7:14, 8:12] [12:02, 12:50] [14:20, 14:55] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 59 | 3 | [7:20, 8:18] [12:08, 12:55] [14:25, 15:00] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 60 | 3 | [7:26, 8:24] [12:14, 13:00] [14:30, 15:06] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 61 | 2 | [12:30, 13:05] [14:35, 15:12] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 62 | 2 | [12:35, 13:10] [14:40, 15:18] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 63 | 2 | [12:40, 13:15] [14:45, 15:24] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 64 | 2 | [12:45, 13:20] [14:50, 15:30] | DS III | DS III |
Route III | 65 | 2 | [12:50, 13:25] [14:55, 15:36] | DS III | DS III |
Route IV | 79 | 3 | [6:20, 7:02] [11:20, 12:14] [14:02, 15:00] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 80 | 3 | [6:26, 7:08] [11:26, 12:21] [14:09, 15:06] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 81 | 3 | [6:32, 7:14] [11:32, 12:28] [14:16, 15:12] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 82 | 3 | [6:38, 7:20] [11:38, 12:35] [14:23, 15:18] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 83 | 3 | [6:44, 7:26] [11:44, 12:42] [14:30, 15:24] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 84 | 3 | [6:50, 7:32] [11:50, 12:49] [14:37, 15:30] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 85 | 3 | [6:56, 7:38] [11:56, 12:56] [14:44, 15:36] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 86 | 3 | [7:02, 7:44] [12:02, 13:03] [14:51, 15:42] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 87 | 3 | [7:08, 7:50] [12:08, 13:10] [14:58, 15:48] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 88 | 2 | [12:14, 13:17] [15:05, 15:54] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 89 | 2 | [12:20, 13:24] [15:12, 16:00] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 90 | 1 | [12:26, 13:31] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 91 | 1 | [12:32, 13:38] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 92 | 1 | [12:38, 13:45] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 93 | 1 | [12:45, 13:52] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 94 | 1 | [12:52, 13:59] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 95 | 1 | [12:59, 14:05] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 96 | 1 | [13:06, 14:11] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 97 | 1 | [13:13, 14:17] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 98 | 1 | [13:20, 14:23] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 99 | 1 | [13:27, 14:29] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 100 | 1 | [13:34, 14:35] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 101 | 1 | [13:41, 14:41] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 102 | 1 | [13:48, 14:47] | DS IV | DS IV |
Route IV | 103 | 1 | [13:55, 14:53] | DS IV | DS IV |
Parameters | Values | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|---|
27.4 CNY/pile | A | 2.06 m2 | |
145.8 kWh | h | 11 W·m-2·K−1 | |
48.6 kWh | |||
10 min | 183.0 kg | ||
9 | 0.0012 |
Route No. | EB No. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Route I | 1 | 0 | [11:03, 11:19] | 16 | 25.374 |
Route I | 2 | 0 | [11:11, 11:27] | 16 | 26.374 |
Route I | 3 | 0 | [11:19, 11:38] | 19 | 31.374 |
Route I | 4 | 0 | [11:27, 11:44] | 17 | 27.374 |
Route I | 5 | 0 | [11:35, 11:53] | 18 | 29.374 |
Route I | 6 | 0 | [11:43, 11:58] | 15 | 23.374 |
Route I | 7 | 0 | [11:51, 12:09] | 18 | 29.374 |
Route I | 8 | 0 | [11:59, 12:14] | 15 | 23.374 |
Route III | 54 | 0 | [11:38, 11:50] | 12 | 19.344 |
Route III | 55 | 0 | [14:05, 14:16] | 11 | 17.344 |
Route III | 56 | 0 | [14:10, 14:22] | 12 | 18.344 |
Route III | 57 | 0 | [11:56, 12:08] | 12 | 19.344 |
Route III | 58 | 0 | [14:20, 14:33] | 13 | 21.344 |
Route III | 59 | 0 | [14:25, 14:38] | 13 | 21.344 |
Route III | 60 | 0 | [12:14, 12:27] | 13 | 20.344 |
Route III | 61 | 0 | [14:35, 14:46] | 11 | 17.344 |
Route III | 62 | 0 | [12:35, 12:46] | 11 | 17.344 |
Route III | 63 | 0 | [12:40, 12:52] | 12 | 18.344 |
Route III | 64 | 0 | [14:50, 15:03] | 13 | 21.344 |
Route III | 65 | 0 | [14:55, 15:07] | 12 | 18.344 |
Route IV | 79 | 0 | [11:35, 11:58] | 23 | 38.216 |
Route IV | 80 | 0 | [14:24, 14:46] | 22 | 35.216 |
Route IV | 81 | 0 | [14:31, 14:51] | 20 | 33.216 |
Route IV | 82 | 0 | [14:38, 15:00] | 22 | 36.216 |
Route IV | 83 | 0 | [14:45, 15:05] | 20 | 33.216 |
Route IV | 84 | 0 | [12:05, 12:28] | 23 | 38.216 |
Route IV | 85 | 0 | [12:11, 12:34] | 23 | 37.216 |
Route IV | 86 | 0 | [15:06, 15:25] | 19 | 31.216 |
Route IV | 87 | 0 | [12:23, 12:40] | 19 | 30.716 |
Route IV | 88 | 0 | [12:29, 12:53] | 24 | 39.216 |
Route IV | 89 | 0 | [12:35, 12:52] | 17 | 28.216 |
Route IV | 90 | 0 | [12:41, 12:59] | 18 | 28.716 |
Route IV | 91 | 0 | [12:47, 13:00] | 13 | 24.716 |
Route IV | 92 | 0 | [12:53, 13:07] | 14 | 26.716 |
Route IV | 93 | 0 | [13:00, 13:14] | 14 | 26.716 |
Route IV | 94 | 0 | [13:07, 13:19] | 12 | 23.716 |
Route IV | 95 | 0 | [13:14, 13:26] | 12 | 23.716 |
Route IV | 96 | 0 | [13:21, 13:34] | 13 | 25.716 |
Route IV | 97 | 0 | [13:28, 13:42] | 14 | 26.716 |
Route IV | 98 | 0 | [13:35, 13:48] | 13 | 24.716 |
Route IV | 99 | 0 | [13:42, 13:56] | 14 | 27.716 |
Route IV | 100 | 0 | [13:49, 14:03] | 14 | 27.716 |
Route IV | 101 | 0 | [13:56, 14:10] | 14 | 27.716 |
Route IV | 102 | 0 | [14:03, 14:17] | 14 | 26.716 |
Route IV | 103 | 0 | [14:10, 14:22] | 12 | 23.716 |
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Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, C. Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097375
Wang J, Wang H, Wang C. Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097375
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jing, Heqi Wang, and Chunguang Wang. 2023. "Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097375