Infrared Precursor Experiment to Predict Water Inrushes in Underground Spaces Using a Multiparameter Normalization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Principle
3. Experimental Design
3.1. Experimental Equipment
3.2. Rock Samples
3.3. Experiment Process
4. Indicators
4.1. Strain Energy
4.2. Infrared Thermal Image
4.3. VSMIT
4.4. IRVC
5. Experimental Results
5.1. Strain Energy
5.2. Infrared Radiation
5.2.1. AIRT
5.2.2. IRCV
5.2.3. VSMIT
5.2.4. Infrared Thermal Image
6. Multiparameter Normalization
6.1. Define
6.2. Analysis of Normalized Results
7. Discussion
- (1)
- Due to the nonlinear process of roadway water inrush, the complexity and diversity of influencing factors, and the control of the accuracy of monitoring technology, the prediction of roadway water inrush with a single parameter has great limitations. The precursor of roadway water inrush cannot be accurately and effectively identified in practical application, which may lead to the problem of false alarms or missed alarms. The precursors of roadway water inrush can be identified more quickly by the normalized treatment of each physical parameter in the process of roadway water inrush. At the same time, the correlation between precursor information of roadway water inrush was obtained. Comprehensively considering and analyzing the precursors’ information for roadway water inrush and its correlation, the hierarchical warning of a roadway water inrush disaster can be obtained and the accuracy and reliability of roadway water inrush warning can be improved.
- (2)
- AIRT reflects the whole infrared radiation intensity of the rock surface, but there may be different heating and cooling zones in the process of rock loading and fracture due to which the AIRT remains unchanged. The IRCV of rocks reflects the dispersion degree of the original infrared radiation temperature, which has the advantage of avoiding the unit of measurement of data and neglecting the influence of numerical magnitude. Compared with AIRT index, IRCV can reflect the dispersion characteristics of infrared radiation caused by temperature rise and temperature drop areas. VSMIT reflects the dispersion degree of the difference in infrared radiation temperature between two adjacent frames. Compared with IRCV index, it eliminates the cumulative heating effect of loaded rock, and is easier to monitor the process of rock failure, instability, and seepage. From the sensitivity of IRCV index to the unstable crack development stage of rock, IRCV mutation was proposed as the early precursor of roadway water inrush. Based on the feature that VSIMT can monitor rock failure, the first mutation of VSIMT was proposed as the medium-term precursor of roadway water inrush. Established from the characteristic that AIRT and VSIMT are sensitive to water, the sudden drop of AIRT and the second mutation of VSIMT were proposed as the precursor of roadway imminent water inrush. In this paper, combined with the advantages of AIRT, IRCV, and VSMIT, the multiparameters precursory characteristics of roadway water inrush were determined.
- (3)
- Infrared observation technology is a promising new method for monitoring rock samples, which has the advantages of noncontact and strong anti-interference, and can be used for monitoring and warning the stability of bearing rock and surrounding rock of tunnels in underground engineering. Acoustic emission monitoring technology can detect the time and location of a microfracture in a rock mass. Therefore, acoustic emission monitoring (internal) and infrared radiation monitoring (external) should be combined in subsequent roadway water inrush experiments and underground engineering construction sites. Acoustic emission (AE) will be used to locate the water-conducting fissure passage in the rock, and the change rules and coupling effects of the stress field, infrared radiation temperature field, and seepage field before water inrush in underground engineering will be studied in order to build a multifield coupling model of “stress–temperature–seepage” of roadways based on infrared radiation and reveal the mechanism of water inrush in underground engineering.
8. Conclusions
- (1)
- Dissipative energy ratio, AIRT, VSMIT, and IRCV are suitable as precursor indexes for roadway water inrush prediction, and can be used to monitor and predict the occurrence of roadway water inrush.
- (2)
- The midterm mutation of IRCV can be used as the early precursor information of roadway water inrush. The turning point of dissipation energy ratio from decreasing to level and the sudden change of VSMIT during rock failure can be used as the medium term precursor information of roadway water inrush. AIRT and VSMIT mutation after rock failure can be used as precursor information of roadway imminent water inrush.
- (3)
- By using the normalization of linear function transformation to normalize the multiphysical parameters in the process of roadway water inrush monitoring, this realizes early warning for roadway water inrush as “early precursor–medium precursor–final precursor”. In future research, we will select representative mining sections in coal and rock mining damage areas, conduct infrared radiation observations at different mining stages (damage states), compare and analyze onsite monitoring and laboratory test results, and establish a graded precursor warning based on onsite infrared radiation data.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Length × Width × Height (mm) | Observation Hole Diameter × Depth (mm) | Water Injection Hole Diameter × Depth (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | 150.32 × 100.42 × 99.85 | φ50.24 × 50.53 | φ50.23 × 50.66 |
A2 | 150.31 × 100.48 × 100.38 | φ50.22 × 50.68 | φ50.23 × 50.97 |
A3 | 150.10 × 100.12 × 99.78 | φ50.22 × 50.34 | φ50.25 × 50.35 |
A4 | 149.97 × 100.10 × 99.25 | φ50.25 × 50.58 | φ50.24 × 50.59 |
A5 | 150.35 × 100.31 × 99.77 | φ50.23 × 50.73 | φ50.22 × 50.67 |
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Cao, K.; Dong, F.; Ma, L.; Khan, N.M.; Feroze, T.; S. Alarifi, S.; Hussain, S.; Ali, M. Infrared Precursor Experiment to Predict Water Inrushes in Underground Spaces Using a Multiparameter Normalization. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097570
Cao K, Dong F, Ma L, Khan NM, Feroze T, S. Alarifi S, Hussain S, Ali M. Infrared Precursor Experiment to Predict Water Inrushes in Underground Spaces Using a Multiparameter Normalization. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097570
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Kewang, Furong Dong, Liqiang Ma, Naseer Muhammad Khan, Tariq Feroze, Saad S. Alarifi, Sajjad Hussain, and Muhammad Ali. 2023. "Infrared Precursor Experiment to Predict Water Inrushes in Underground Spaces Using a Multiparameter Normalization" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097570