Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Economic, Social, and Environmental Upgrading in China: Coupling Coordination and Influencing Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Measurement of Economic, Social and Environmental Upgrading
3.2. Research Methods
3.2.1. Model of Coupling Coordination Degree
3.2.2. Inequality Index
3.2.3. Granger Causality Test for Panel Data
3.2.4. Panel Regression Model and Research Hypotheses
Regression Variables | Measurement Indicators | Mean | Median | Maximum | Minimum | Variance | Observation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | Degree of coupling coordination | 0.413 | 0.397 | 0.740 | 0.251 | 0.073 | 750 |
NSTAT | Index of non-state economy’s share in industrial sales | 6.034 | 5.891 | 12.796 | −1.092 | 3.426 | 750 |
ln(pIFDI) | Logarithm of per capita foreign direct investment | 8.764 | 8.625 | 14.442 | 4.018 | 1.460 | 750 |
ln(pFE) | Logarithm of per capita fiscal expenditure | 8.085 | 8.374 | 11.013 | 3.000 | 1.512 | 750 |
LAW | Index of development of market intermediaries and the legal system environment | 4.914 | 3.713 | 14.297 | −0.736 | 3.329 | 750 |
FP_GDP | Ratio of fines and forfeitures in fiscal revenue to GDP | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 750 |
ln(ER) | Logarithm of environmental penalty cases | 7.367 | 7.436 | 10.718 | 1.386 | 1.395 | 750 |
3.3. Data Sources
4. Evolution and Regional Disparities in the Coupling Coordination between Economic, Social, and Environmental Upgrading
4.1. Evolution of Economic, Social and Environmental Upgrading
4.2. Regional Disparities in Economic, Social and Environmental Upgrading
4.3. Granger Causality Test for Economic, Social and Environmental Upgrading
4.4. The Degree of Coupling Coordination of Economic, Social and Environmental Upgrading
5. Factors Influencing the Coupling Coordination among Economic, Social, and Environmental Upgrading
5.1. Panel Regression Model Tests
5.2. Regression Results
6. Discussion and Conclusions
6.1. Discussion
6.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Indicators | Secondary Indicators | Proxy Variables | Influence Direction | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic structure | Change rate | Lilien coefficient | + | 0.0970 |
Industrial upgrading | Industrial structure sophistication index (Value added of tertiary industry/value added of secondary industry) | + | 0.0833 | |
Economic efficiency | Outcome conversion | Profits from industrial enterprises above designated size/main business income | + | 0.0462 |
Quality benefit | Social labor productivity | + | 0.1170 | |
Economic innovation | R&D investment | R&D expenditure/GDP | + | 0.1063 |
R&D outputs | Granted invention patent applications/R&D expenditure | + | 0.0920 | |
Innovation environment | Per capita technology market transaction value | + | 0.2895 | |
Innovation efficiency | New product sales income from industrial enterprises above designated size/main business income | + | 0.1196 | |
Economic growth | Output growth | Per capita GDP growth | + | 0.0490 |
Primary Indicators | Secondary Indicators | Proxy Variables | Influence Direction | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Labor employment | Job opportunities | Current job openings registered by businesses | + | 0.1491 |
Unemployment rate | Unemployment rate | − | 0.0545 | |
Remunerated employment | Average salary of urban employees | + | 0.1251 | |
Social security | Social security | Medical insurance coverage rate | + | 0.1333 |
Basic rights | Access to education | Proportion of employed individuals with a college degree or above | + | 0.0910 |
Gender equality | Proportion of female workers | + | 0.0584 | |
Union participation | Ratio of union membership to total employment | + | 0.0461 | |
Social dialogue | Negotiation and consultation | Success rate of labor dispute arbitrations | + | 0.0541 |
Union role | Success rate of dispute mediation involving unions | + | 0.1526 | |
Economic democracy | Number of implemented rational suggestions | + | 0.1359 |
Primary Indicators | Secondary Indicators | Proxy Variables | Influence Direction | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Green innovation | Green technology | Percentage of green utility patents per capita | + | 0.3183 |
Green inputs | Government attention | Investment completed for industrial pollution control/industrial value added | + | 0.1349 |
Social participation | Number of environmental proposals from NPC deputies and CPPCC members | + | 0.1201 | |
Energy conservation and emission reduction | Energy efficiency | Energy consumption/GDP | − | 0.0593 |
Carbon emission efficiency | Carbon dioxide emissions/GDP | − | 0.0462 | |
Pollution reduction achievements | Water pollution | Wastewater treatment rate | + | 0.1433 |
Air pollution | Industrial sulfur dioxide emissions/industrial value added | − | 0.0481 | |
Waste utilization | Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste | + | 0.1298 |
Coupling Coordination Degree | Division of Developmental Stages |
---|---|
(0, 0.2] | Severe imbalance |
(0.2, 0.4] | Moderate imbalance |
(0.4, 0.6] | Low coordination |
(0.6, 0.8] | Low coordination |
(0.8, 1] | Advanced coordination |
Null Hypothesis: | Lags: 2 | Lags: 3 | Lags: 4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Statistic | Prob | F-Statistic | Prob | F-Statistic | Prob | |
SocU does not Granger Cause EcoU | 6.66 | 0.00 | 4.31 | 0.01 | 3.87 | 0.00 |
EcoU does not Granger Cause SocU | 19.12 | 0.00 | 10.71 | 0.00 | 7.71 | 0.00 |
SocU does not Granger Cause EnvU | 3.76 | 0.02 | 3.53 | 0.01 | 3.00 | 0.02 |
EnvU does not Granger Cause SocU | 50.72 | 0.00 | 32.02 | 0.00 | 23.34 | 0.00 |
EnvU does not Granger Cause EcoU | 7.57 | 0.00 | 6.33 | 0.00 | 6.11 | 0.00 |
EcoU does not Granger Cause EnvU | 5.86 | 0.00 | 4.93 | 0.00 | 3.16 | 0.01 |
Variable | LLC | ADF | Stationarity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistic | p-Value | Statistic | p-Value | State | |
D | −4.19 | 0.00 | 73.31 | 0.12 | Non-stationary |
ΔD | −19.94 | 0.00 | 407.59 | 0.00 | Stationary |
NSTAT | 2.21 | 0.99 | 54.02 | 0.69 | Non-stationary |
ΔNSTAT | −15.07 | 0.00 | 299.77 | 0.00 | Stationary |
ln(pIFDI) | 1.22 | 0.89 | 85.59 | 0.02 | Non-stationary |
Δln(pIFDI) | −13.24 | 0.00 | 366.03 | 0.00 | Stationary |
ln(pFE) | −3.63 | 0.00 | 154.34 | 0.00 | Stationary |
Δln(pFE) | −5.25 | 0.00 | 292.16 | 0.00 | Stationary |
LAW | −5.31 | 0.00 | 108.76 | 0.00 | Stationary |
ΔLAW | −16.44 | 0.00 | 362.22 | 0.00 | Stationary |
FP_GDP | −4.07 | 0.00 | 115.49 | 0.00 | Stationary |
ΔFP_GDP | −17.18 | 0.00 | 339.96 | 0.00 | Stationary |
ln(ER) | −5.20 | 0.00 | 110.55 | 0.00 | Stationary |
Δln(ER) | −25.00 | 0.00 | 529.61 | 0.00 | Stationary |
Methodology | KAO | Pedroni | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADF-Statistic | Panel PP-Statistic | Panel ADF-Statistic | Group PP-Statistic | Group ADF-Statistic | |
Statistic | −5.79 | −3.72 | −4.65 | −10.25 | −6.58 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Result | Reject the null hypothesis |
Dependent Variable | Model 1 OLS | Model 2 FE | Model 3 FGLS |
---|---|---|---|
NSTAT | −0.005 *** | −0.003 *** | −0.002 *** |
ln(pIFDI) | 0.001 | 0.020 *** | 0.019 *** |
ln(pFE) | 0.015 *** | 0.013 *** | 0.013 *** |
LAW | 0.003 *** | 0.007 *** | 0.007 *** |
FP_GDP | −5.339 *** | −7.639 *** | −5.760 *** |
LNER | 0.007 *** | 0.005 *** | 0.003 ** |
Constant | 0.194 ** | 0.098 ** | 0.110 *** |
N | 750 | 750 | 750 |
R2 | 0.629 | 0.852 | 0.851 |
Adjusted-R2 | 0.626 | 0.845 | 0.844 |
F-test | 209.59 *** | 117.28 *** | 116.67 *** |
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Cai, B.; Yang, J.; Huang, G. Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Economic, Social, and Environmental Upgrading in China: Coupling Coordination and Influencing Factors. Sustainability 2024, 16, 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010357
Cai B, Yang J, Huang G. Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Economic, Social, and Environmental Upgrading in China: Coupling Coordination and Influencing Factors. Sustainability. 2024; 16(1):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010357
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Bowei, Jiangmin Yang, and Gengzhi Huang. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Economic, Social, and Environmental Upgrading in China: Coupling Coordination and Influencing Factors" Sustainability 16, no. 1: 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010357