Enhancing Urban Landscapes through Underground Space Utilization: Public Perceptions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How aware is the public of the use of underground space to improve the urban landscape?
- What factors affect the cognition level of the public of underground space utilization and their access to information?
- How do people perceive the impacts of landscape enhancement on urban renewal under the above-ground and subsurface collaborative development model?
2. Conceptual Framework
3. Study Area and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Respondent’s Personal Information
3.4. Proposed Model
4. Results
4.1. Preference for Using Underground Space to Influence Landscape Value
4.2. Social Factors and Respondent Perception
4.3. Model Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Respondent Preference and Cognition of Underground Space
5.2. Effects of Social Factors on Respondent Cognition
5.3. Relationship between Respondent Preferences for Underground Space and Cognition
6. Conclusions
7. Possible Directions for Future Studies
- (1)
- Comparative Analysis: Future researchers could conduct comparative analyses across different cities or regions to assess the generalizability of the findings. This process would involve examining how public perceptions of underground space utilization for urban renewal and landscape improvement vary across diverse cultural, geographical, and economic contexts.
- (2)
- Longitudinal Studies: Longitudinal studies tracking changes in public perceptions over time could provide valuable insights into evolving attitudes towards underground space utilization. Understanding how these perceptions shift in response to urban development initiatives and environmental changes is crucial for effective urban planning and policy formulation.
- (3)
- Stakeholder Engagement: Exploring the role of stakeholder engagement and participatory approaches in urban development projects involving underground space could be another topic for future investigation. Understanding how involving residents and various stakeholders in the planning and implementation processes impacts the success and sustainability of such projects would be valuable.
- (4)
- Interdisciplinary Approaches: Given the multifaceted nature of urban development, future scholars could adopt interdisciplinary approaches, integrating fields such as urban planning, environmental psychology, and sociology to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics at play in underground space utilization and its impact on urban landscapes.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Construct | Item | Typical Project | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
SUS | SUS1 | The abandoned civil air defense transform project under the green belt in Shanghai | Prevention of damage to the green space, the “road zipper” has been closed through transformed comprehensive pipe corridor |
SUS2 | Underground parking under the green belt | Prevention of ground space occupation, enabling the ground-level green spaces to continue purifying the air and beautifying the environment | |
SUS3 | InterContinental Shanghai Alice, an ecological hotel constructed by utilizing a deep quarry pit | Ecological restoration of the site, enabling people to enjoy the natural scenery of the cliffs | |
SUS4 | Cheonggyecheon in South Korea [46], underground culverts restored and transformed into urban streams | Revival of the historical and cultural ambiance of Seoul and reshaping of its urban public open spaces | |
IUS | IUS1 | Caisson parking garage in the city center | Freeing up ground space for green spaces and plazas by using the corner plots in the city center |
IUS2 | Underground stratified development in Katri Vala Park [47] | Feature four completely independent underground venues dedicated to various underground facilities keeping the park’s beautiful scenery intact | |
IUS3 | Underground extension of Adeje Religious Museum of Spain | Expansion to two and a half times its original size, and a permanent stage and event space have been established | |
IUS4 | “Big Dig” project in Boston, the original ground was excavated to bury an expressway underground | Integration and enhancement with the urban walking systems, creating comfortable and convenient urban walking spaces | |
MUS | MUS1 | Les Halles, situated in the center of Paris, dismantled its food market to create a leisure pedestrian plaza. | Arrangement of various traffic functions in the underground space beneath the square, construction of a large urban center with interconnected upper and lower levels |
MUS2 | The Shanghai World Expo Cultural Park [48] | Creation of a scenic landscape with the interior hollowed out to accommodate a design for 1500 parking spaces | |
MUS3 | Tokyo Station transformation, expanding its underground space | Creation of metropolitan square and a north–south traffic square on the ground | |
MUS4 | Renovation of Jiaxing Railway Station, the primary traffic and supporting commercial functions were relocated underground | Allowing for the complete release of the ground area, which was then transformed into a public green space, giving it the appearance of a “railway station in the forest” | |
PL | PL1 | Helsinki underground tunnels | Prevention of the disruption of the existing forest, safeguarding of the natural landscape and vegetation on the surface, and preservation of ecological equilibrium and biodiversity |
PL2 | Shanghai Jing’an Sculpture Park underground substation | Full preservation of the original urban green space, enabling people to enjoy its ecological benefits | |
PL3 | REGULAR Yuanye in Chengdu | Creation of a park-like commercial area dividing the above- and below-ground worlds, with the original natural landscape above ground and a fashionable urban cultural landscape below | |
PL4 | China Imperial Examination Museum, the only underground museum | Preservation of the historical monuments and streets on the surface to help protect the traditional urban structure and cultural landscape | |
PL5 | Shanghai Yangshupu Power Plant Heritage Park | Utilizing underground space for the renewal of the cities without disrupting the existing natural and cultural landscapes helps preserve the economic value of the landscape | |
IL | IL1 | Shenzhen Buji underground sewage treatment plant | Freeing up of ground space for the creation of parks and other natural landscapes, providing leisure and entertainment spaces for people to enjoy the beauty of nature and relieve stress |
IL2 | Bahçeşehir transfer center in Istanbul | Construction of underground parking lots and transformation of vacant ground spaces into parks, increasing the amount of urban greenery | |
IL3 | Quzhou Sports Park, the largest soil-covering complex in the world | Creation of high-quality public spaces such as parks and squares on the surface | |
IL4 | Louvre underground space renovation [49] | Creation of new uses for the underground space while safeguarding the rich heritage of the city | |
IL5 | Longhuahui in Shanghai, underground street in the historic district | Invigoration of the city, drawing of more tourists, boosting of the value of the surrounding land, and significant contribution to the urban economy | |
UL | UL1 | Integrated landscape planning above ground and below ground can create compact and high-quality public space through multifunctional composite utilization of land resources | |
UL2 | Transportation and infrastructure (such as sewage treatment plants) are placed underground, and parks are built above ground, which can lessen the impact on nearby residents and the overall environment | ||
UL3 | Transportation and infrastructure are placed underground, and the ground floor can form an ideal landscape space that is safe, reliable, and accessible | ||
US | US1 | Develop and utilize underground space, save land resources on the ground, build green ecology such as parks and forests, and realize ecological carbon sink | |
US2 | The sunken plaza can improve the lighting and ventilation of the underground space environment and reduce energy consumption | ||
US3 | The large substation under the Jing’an Sculpture Park in Shanghai is safer, more reliable, high-quality, and efficient, and the expanded power supply capacity ensures the stability and safety of urban electricity consumption |
Statistical Variables | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 176 | 46.6 |
Female | 201 | 53.4 | |
Age | 18–25 | 148 | 39.2 |
26–35 | 147 | 38.9 | |
36–55 | 72 | 19 | |
Above 55 | 10 | 2.1 | |
Profession | Planning and design professionals | 99 | 26.8 |
Student of planning and design | 101 | 27 | |
Non-planning and design professionals | 177 | 46.9 | |
Place of residence | Old town | 218 | 57.8 |
New city region | 159 | 42.2 | |
Employment region | Old town | 197 | 52.2 |
New city region | 180 | 47.7 |
Hypothesis | Hypothesized Path | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. | p | Supported? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 | IUS→PL | 0.426 | 0.080 | 5.078 | *** | Yes |
H3 | MUS→PL | 0.466 | 0.068 | 1.128 | 0.059 | Yes |
H4 | SUS→IL | 0.421 | 0.052 | 5.595 | *** | Yes |
H5 | IUS→IL | 0.515 | 0.063 | 4.944 | *** | Yes |
H6 | MUS→IL | 0.446 | 0.072 | 4.143 | *** | Yes |
H7 | PL→UL | 0.408 | 0.076 | 0.125 | 0.009 | Yes |
H8 | PL→US | 0.191 | 0.110 | 2.921 | 0.003 | Yes |
H9 | IL→UL | 0.171 | 0.072 | 2.783 | 0.005 | Yes |
H10 | IL→US | 0.450 | 0.117 | 6.164 | *** | Yes |
Model Fit Indicator | Optimal Standard Value | Calculated Value | Fit Condition |
---|---|---|---|
CMIN | — | 889.238 | — |
DF | — | 266 | — |
CMIN/DF | <3 | 3.343 | Good |
RMR | <0.8 | 0.071 | Fine |
GFI | >0.8 | 0.831 | Fine |
AGFI | >0.8 | 0.884 | Good |
NFI | >0.9 | 0.879 | Good |
IFI | >0.9 | 0.884 | Good |
TLI | >0.9 | 0.911 | Fine |
CFI | >0.9 | 0.892 | Good |
RMSEA | <0.08 | 0.058 | Fine |
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Zhao, X.; Chen, Y.; Wu, Y.; Guo, D.; Chen, Z. Enhancing Urban Landscapes through Underground Space Utilization: Public Perceptions. Sustainability 2024, 16, 4501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114501
Zhao X, Chen Y, Wu Y, Guo D, Chen Z. Enhancing Urban Landscapes through Underground Space Utilization: Public Perceptions. Sustainability. 2024; 16(11):4501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114501
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Xingxing, Yulu Chen, Yanhua Wu, Dongjun Guo, and Zhilong Chen. 2024. "Enhancing Urban Landscapes through Underground Space Utilization: Public Perceptions" Sustainability 16, no. 11: 4501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114501