Drivers of Rural Households’ Choices and Intensity of Sustainable Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting in Ondo State, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Source of Data
2.2. Empirical Model
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Respondents
3.2. Multivariate Probit Model on Choices of Cooking Energy among Rural Households
3.3. Multivariate Probit Model on Choices of Lighting Energy among Rural Households
3.4. The Drivers of Intensity of the Use of Both Cooking and Lighting Energy among Rural Households
4. Discussion
4.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Respondents
4.2. Rural Households’ Lighting and Cooking Energy Consumption (Choice) Pattern
4.3. Distribution of Cooking and Lighting Energy Choices by Income Quintiles
4.4. Multivariate Probit Model on Choices of Cooking Energy among Rural Households
4.5. Multivariate Probit Model on Choices of Lighting Energy among Rural Households
4.6. The Drivers of Intensity of the Use of Both Cooking and Lighting Energy among Rural Households
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description | Mean | Std Dev. |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables for cooking model | |||
Fuelwood (Y1) | Dummy = 1 if household used fuelwood for cooking, 0 otherwise | 0.7000 | 0.4595 |
Charcoal (Y2) | Dummy = 1 if household used charcoal for cooking, 0 otherwise | 0.2111 | 0.4092 |
Kerosene (Y3) | Dummy = 1 if household used kerosene for cooking, 0 otherwise | 0.4833 | 0.5011 |
LPG (Y4) | Dummy = 1 if household used LPG for cooking, 0 otherwise | 0.1111 | 0.3151 |
Dependent variables for lighting model | |||
Kerosene | Dummy = 1 if household used kerosene for lighting, 0 otherwise | 0.3944 | 0.4900 |
Dry cell battery | Dummy = 1 if household used dry cell battery for lighting, 0 otherwise | 0.5111 | 0.5012 |
Rechargeable batter | Dummy = 1 if household used rechargeable battery for lighting, 0 otherwise | 0.2833 | 0.4518 |
Petrol | Dummy = 1 if household used petrol for lighting, 0 otherwise | 0.2944 | 0.4570 |
Grid electricity | Dummy = 1 if household used grid electricity for lighting, 0 otherwise | 0.3500 | 0.4783 |
Intensity of lighting | Number of energy sources used for lighting | 1.8333 | 0.7436 |
Intensity of cooking | Number of energy sources used for cooking | 1.5052 | 0.6023 |
Explanatory variables | |||
Age | Age of household head in years | 48.461 | 11.2827 |
Household size | Number of household members | 5.2611 | 1.9700 |
Elec_Access | Dummy = 1 if household had reliable access to grid electricity, 0 otherwise | 0.2277 | 0.4205 |
LPG_Access | Dummy = 1 if household had reliable access to LPG, 0 otherwise | 0.0944 | 0.2932 |
Own_Gen | Dummy = 1 if household owns an electricity generator, 0 otherwise | 0.3833 | 0.4875 |
Kitchen type | Dummy = 1 if household cooks in indoor kitchen, 0 otherwise | 0.2388 | 0.4275 |
Education | Years of formal education completed by household head | 9.7667 | 5.6033 |
Edu_Spouse | Years of formal education completed by household head’s spouse | 6.7667 | 5.8118 |
Food expenditure | Household expenditure on food in the last 30 days (in Naira) | 13448.1 | 6147.3 |
Poverty status | Dummy = 1 if household per capita monthly expenditure is above NGN 4,405.19, 0 otherwise | 0.6833 | 0.4664 |
Farmer | Dummy = 1 if household head main occupation is farming, 0 otherwise | 0.4333 | 0.4969 |
Artisan | Dummy = 1 if household head main occupation is artisan, 0 otherwise | 0.2944 | 0.4570 |
Trader | Dummy = 1 if household head main occupation is trading, 0 otherwise | 0.0388 | 0.1938 |
Civil servant | Dummy = 1 if household head main occupation is in the civil service, 0 otherwise | 0.2333 | 0.4241 |
Own_SATtv | Dummy = 1 if household owns a satellite television in their house, 0 otherwise | 0.3500 | 0.4783 |
Owner | Dummy = 1 if the dwelling space is owned by the household, 0 otherwise | 0.4778 | 0.5008 |
Distribution of Cooking Energy Choices by Income Quintiles (Pooled Data) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Income Quintile 1 (n = 36) | Income Quintile 2 (n = 34) | Income Quintile 3 (n = 38) | Income Quintile 4 (n = 36) | Income Quintile 5 (n = 36) | All Respondents (n = 180) |
Fuelwood | 32 [74.42] | 25 [51.02] | 27 [54.00] | 26 [44.83] | 16 [22.54] | 126 |
Charcoal | 5 [11.63] | 7 [14.29] | 6 [12.00] | 8 [13.79] | 12 [16.90] | 38 |
Kerosene | 6 [13.95] | 17 [34.69] | 16 [32.00] | 22 [37.93] | 26 [36.62] | 87 |
LPG | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 1 [2.00] | 2 [3.45] | 17 [23.94] | 20 |
Total | 43 | 49 | 50 | 58 | 71 | |
Distribution of cooking energy choices by income quintiles (AEZ 1) | ||||||
Fuelwood | 20 [68.97] | 13 [46.43] | 14 [58.33] | 11 [61.11] | 9 [21.95] | 67 |
Charcoal | 4 [13.79] | 6 [21.43] | 2 [8.33] | 1 [5.56] | 15 [36.59] | 28 |
Kerosene | 5 [17.24] | 9 [32.14] | 8 [33.33] | 6 [33.33] | 10 [24.39] | 38 |
LPG | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 7 [17.07] | 7 |
Total | 29 | 28 | 24 | 18 | 41 | |
Distribution of cooking energy choices by income quintiles (AEZ 2) | ||||||
Fuelwood | 12 [85.71] | 12 [57.14] | 13 [50.00] | 15 [37.5] | 7 [17.50] | 59 |
Charcoal | 1 [7.14] | 1 [4.76] | 4 [15.38] | 7 [17.5] | 7 [17.50] | 20 |
Kerosene | 1 [7.14] | 8 [38.10] | 8 [30.77] | 16 [40.00] | 16 [40.00] | 49 |
LPG | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 1 [3.85] | 2 [5.00] | 10 [25.00] | 13 |
Total | 14 | 21 | 26 | 40 | 40 |
Distribution of Lighting Energy Choices by Income Quintiles (Pooled Data) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Income Quintile 1 (n = 36) | Income Quintile 2 (n = 34) | Income Quintile 3 (n = 38) | Income Quintile 4 (n = 36) | Income Quintile 5 (n = 36) | All Respondents (n = 180) |
Kerosene | 17 [36.17] | 11 [18.97] | 22 33.85] | 13 [17.81] | 8 [9.20] | 71 |
Dry cell battery | 16 [34.04] | 27 [46.55] | 12 18.46] | 17 [23.29] | 20 [22.99] | 92 |
Petrol | 1 [2.13] | 4 [6.89] | 8 [12.31] | 13 [17.81] | 27 [31.03] | 53 |
Grid electricity | 7 [14.89] | 12 [20.69] | 11 [16.92] | 18 [24.66] | 15 [17.24] | 63 |
Rechargeable battery | 6 [12.77] | 4 [6.90] | 12 [18.46] | 12 [16.44] | 17 [19.54] | 51 |
Total | 47 | 58 | 65 | 73 | 87 | |
Distribution of lighting energy choices by income quintiles (AEZ 1) | ||||||
Kerosene | 13 [50.00] | 7 [24.14] | 13 [41.93] | 7 [28.00] | 3 [8.82] | 43 |
Dry cell battery | 10 [38.46] | 17 [58.62] | 5 [16.13] | 6 [24.00] | 13 [38.24] | 51 |
Petrol | 1 [3.85] | 3 [10.34] | 7 [22.58] | 8 [32.00] | 14 [41.18] | 33 |
Grid electricity | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 0 [0.00] | 0 |
Rechargeable battery | 2 [7.69] | 2 [6.90] | 6 [19.36] | 4 [16.00] | 4 [11.76] | 18 |
Total | 26 | 29 | 31 | 25 | 34 | |
Distribution of lighting energy choices by income quintiles (AEZ 2) | ||||||
Kerosene | 4 [19.05] | 4 [13.79] | 9 [26.47] | 6 [12.50] | 5 [9.43] | 28 |
Dry cell battery | 6 [28.57] | 10 [34.48] | 7 [20.59] | 11 [22.92] | 7 [13.21] | 41 |
Petrol | 0 [0.00] | 1 [3.45] | 1 [2.94] | 5 [10.41] | 13 [24.53] | 20 |
Grid electricity | 7 [33.33] | 12 [41.38] | 11 [32.35] | 18 [37.50] | 15 [28.30] | 63 |
Rechargeable battery | 4 [19.05] | 2 [6.90] | 6 [17.65] | 8 [16.67] | 13 [24.53] | 33 |
Total | 21 | 29 | 34 | 48 | 53 |
Cooking Energy Choices | Correlation Coefficient | Standard Error |
---|---|---|
Charcoal and Fuelwood | −0.2507 * | 0.1439 |
Kerosene and Fuelwood | −0.4552 *** | 0.1409 |
LPG and Fuelwood | −0.1440 | 0.2906 |
Kerosene and Charcoal | −0.1692 | 0.1482 |
LPG and Charcoal | −0.3699 * | 0.2255 |
LPG and Kerosene | 0.1347 | 0.2211 |
Prob > chi2 Chi2(10) | 0.0141 15.9343 | |
Likelihood ratio test of rho21 = rho31 = rho41 = rho32 = rho42 = rho43 = 0 |
Variables | Fuelwood | Charcoal | Kerosene | LPG |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.0126 (0.0153) | 0.0219 * (0.0127) | −0.0071 (0.0113) | 0.0187 (0.0212) |
Household Size | 0.3823 *** (0.1066) | −0.1441 * (0.8280) | −0.1154 * (0.0675) | −0.4622 ** (0.2018) |
Access to LPG | −1.3807 * (0.7445) | −0.0895 (0.4887) | −0.0065 (0.4702) | 2.9051 *** (0.7185) |
Type of Kitchen | −1.0202 *** (0.3141) | 0.2925 (0.3196) | 0.6162 ** (0.3188) | 1.2376 *** (0.4472) |
HH’s Education | −0.0764 ** (0.0390) | 0.0270 (0.0374) | −0.0249 (0.0295) | −0.1142 (0.0792) |
Spouse’s Education | −0.0662 ** (0.0302) | 0.0546 ** (0.0278) | 0.0943 *** (0.0251) | 0.2025 *** (0.0783) |
Monthly Food Expenditure | −3.40 × 10−5 (2.37 × 10−5) | 2.82 × 10−5 (2.52× 10−5) | 1.78 × 10−5 (2.07 × 10−5) | 7.07 × 10−5 ** (3.60 × 10−5) |
Poverty Status (poor = 0) | −0.8391 ** (0.4159) | 0.2026 (0.3329) | 0.5343 ** (0.2774) | 0.8186 * (0.4703) |
HH’s Main Occupation | ||||
Artisans | −1.7013 *** (0.4301) | 0.8714 ** (0.3715) | 0.5448 ** (0.2717) | 0.3417 (0.8137) |
Traders | −1.1340 ** (0.5606) | 1.4127 ** (0.6145) | 0.8205 * (0.4674) | −3.7122 *** (0.8897) |
Civil Servants | −1.0121 ** (0.4328) | 1.0026 ** (0.4257) | 0.7861 ** (0.3521) | 0.6316 (0.7419) |
_Constants | 2.2891 ** (0.9993) | −2.4461 ** (0.9002) | −0.6067 (0.6504) | −3.7666 *** (1.4464) |
Prob > chi2 = | 0.0141 ** | |||
chi2(10) | 15.9343 | |||
Likelihood ratio test of rho21 = rho31 = rho41 = rho32 = rho42 = rho43 = 0: |
Lighting Energy Choices | Correlation Coefficients | Standard Errors |
---|---|---|
Dry cell battery and Kerosene | −0.7386 *** | 0.0895 |
Petrol and Kerosene | −0.5278 *** | 0.1083 |
Grid electricity and Kerosene | 0.0757 | 0.1565 |
Rechargeable battery and Kerosene | −0.3196 *** | 0.1156 |
Petrol and Dry cell battery | 0.0469 | 0.1729 |
Grid electricity and Dry cell battery | −0.0337 | 0.1602 |
Rechargeable battery and Dry cell battery | −0.2009 | 0.1317 |
Grid electricity and Petrol | −0.3799 | 0.2691 |
Rechargeable battery and Petrol | 0.3295 ** | 0.1508 |
Rechargeable battery and Grid electricity | 0.1144 | 0.1748 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 *** | |
Chi2(10) | 74. 2261 | |
Likelihood ratio test of rho21 = rho31 = rho41 = rho51 = rho32 = rho42 = rho52 = rho43 = rho53 = rho54 = 0: |
Variables | Kerosene | Battery | Petrol | Grid | R-Battery |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.0108 (0.0127) | −0.0182 (0.0119) | −0.0158 (0.0152) | 0.0259 * (0.0155) | 0.0134 (0.0134) |
Household size | −0.0319 (0.0692) | 0.0385 (0.0689) | 0.2607 *** (0.0950) | 0.1823 ** (0.0886) | −0.0583 (0.0667) |
Access to grid electricity | −1.2739 *** (0.3255) | −0.4544 * (0.2622) | −0.3234 (0.3245) | 3.4641 *** (0.5406) | 0.9564 *** (0.3286) |
Ownership of generator set | −0.3294 (0.2621) | −0.2402 (0.2683) | 2.4222 *** (0.3473) | −0.8766 ** (0.4010) | 0.7305 ** (0.3021) |
Access to LPG | −0.6599 (0.4511) | −0.6131 (0.4127) | 1.7045 *** (0.5297) | 0.1841 (0.5466) | −0.9052 * (0.5323) |
Type of kitchen | −0.1374 (0.2843) | 0.3537 (0.3142) | −0.5338 (0.3712) | 0.0213 (0.4028) | 0.1165 (0.3341) |
HH’s education | −0.0086 (0.0246) | 0.0015 (0.0243) | 0.1021 *** (0.0332) | −0.0529 * (0.0313) | −0.0012 (0.0289) |
Spouse’s education | 0.0010 (0.0242) | 0.0104 (0.0222) | −0.0283 (0.0251) | −0.0302 (0.0294) | 0.0191 (0.0264) |
Monthly food Expenditure | 4.22 × 10−5 * (2.25 × 10−5) | −5.99 × 10−7 (2.20 × 10−5) | 6.44 × 10−6 (2.77 × 10−5) | −4.80 × 10−5 (3.02 × 10−5) | −6.90 × 10−6 (2.41 × 10−5) |
Poverty status (poor = 0) | −0.2069 (0.2659) | 0.0078 (0.2465) | 0.4921 (0.3232) | 0.5901 ** (0.3058) | 0.1578 (0.2851) |
HH’s main occupation | |||||
Artisans | −0.6166 ** (0.2839) | 0.1429 (0.2757) | 0.4505 (0.3893) | −0.0781 (0.4232) | −0.6932 ** (0.3210) |
Traders | 0.2415 (0.4778) | 0.1331 (0.5109) | 1.0457 * (0.6216) | −1.5208 ** (0.7274) | −0.7638 (1.0602) |
Civil servants | −1.0273 *** (0.3763) | 0.7279 ** (0.3677) | 0.5003 (0.4273) | −0.0211 (0.4974) | 0.1083 (0.3684) |
Satellite TV | 0.2821 (0.2912) | −0.6907 ** (0.2930) | 0.1847 (0.3979) | 0.6487 * (0.3692) | 0.6310 ** (0.2862) |
Ownership of house | −0.1502 (0.2569) | 0.2803 (0.2461) | 0.4571 (0.3085) | −0.4900 (0.3182) | −0.2995 (0.2506) |
_Constants | −0.1899 (0.7146) | 0.6581 (0.6174) | −4.4530 *** (1.0873) | −3.0195 *** (0.8467) | −1.4946 ** (0.7348) |
chi2(10) | 74.2261 | ||||
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 *** | ||||
Observation | 180 | ||||
Log pseudolikelihood | −340.1692 | ||||
Prob > χ2 | 0.000 *** | ||||
Wald χ2 (75) | 450.40 | ||||
Likelihood ratio test of rho21 = rho31 = rho41 = rho51 = rho32 = rho42 = rho52 = rho43 = rho53 = rho54 = 0 |
Lighting Energy Sources for Lighting | Cooking Energy Sources for Lighting | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | Std. Err. | dy/dx | Std.Err | Coeff. | Std.Err | dy/dx | Std. | |
Gender | 0.269 | 0.250 | 0.322 | 0.283 | 0.135 | 0.305 | 0.103 | 0.226 |
Age | −0.002 | 0.010 | −0.003 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.009 |
Farm size | −0.000 | 0.078 | −0.001 | 0.098 | 0.097 | 0.105 | 0.076 | 0.082 |
Formal education | 0.430 | 0.277 | 0.471 | 0.260 | 0.031 | 0.363 | 0.024 | 0.277 |
Household size | 0.075 | 0.061 | 0.094 | 0.076 | −0.126 | 0.082 | −0.098 | 0.063 |
Marital status | 0.160 | 0.156 | 0.201 | 0.195 | 0.073 | 0.176 | 0.057 | 0.137 |
LPG access | −0.119 | 0.065 * | −0.149 | 0.081 * | −0.079 | 0.083 | −0.062 | 0.065 |
Total income | 0.000 | 0.000 *** | 0.000 | 0.000 *** | 0.000 | 0.000 ** | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Occupation | −0.001 | 0.073 | −0.002 | 0.092 | 0.201 | 0.100 ** | 0.157 | 0.076 |
_cons | −0.099 | 0.706 | −0.861 | 0.878 | ||||
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
LR chi2(11) | 42.53 | 58.23 | ||||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.0978 | 0.1600 | ||||||
Log likelihood | −196.09 | −152.84 |
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Oluwole, T.S.; Adesiyan, A.T.; Ojo, T.O.; Elhindi, K.M. Drivers of Rural Households’ Choices and Intensity of Sustainable Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting in Ondo State, Nigeria. Sustainability 2024, 16, 4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114556
Oluwole TS, Adesiyan AT, Ojo TO, Elhindi KM. Drivers of Rural Households’ Choices and Intensity of Sustainable Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting in Ondo State, Nigeria. Sustainability. 2024; 16(11):4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114556
Chicago/Turabian StyleOluwole, Temitope Samuel, Adewumi Titus Adesiyan, Temitope Oluwaseun Ojo, and Khalid Mohammed Elhindi. 2024. "Drivers of Rural Households’ Choices and Intensity of Sustainable Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting in Ondo State, Nigeria" Sustainability 16, no. 11: 4556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114556