Balancing Protection of Plant Varieties and Other Public Interests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Protection of New Plant Varieties and Sustainable Goals
3.1. The Relationship of New Plant Varieties Protection and Sustainable Development Goals
3.2. The Rights of Breeders
3.3. The Rights of Farmers
3.4. Protection of Environment
3.5. Antitrust in Agriculture
3.6. Sustainability of Protection Mechanisms of New Plant Varieties
4. International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties
4.1. An Alternative to Patents to Protect Plant Varieties
4.2. Evaluation of the International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties
5. Indel Sui Generis System for Protecting New Plant Varieties
5.1. Sui Generis System Developed by India
5.2. Evaluation of India Sui Generis System
5.3. Sustainability Comparison of Both Models for Protecting New Plant Varieties
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere | |
---|---|
Target 1.1 | By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day |
Target 1.2 | Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable |
Target 1.3 | Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable |
Target 1.4 | By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance |
Target 1.5 | By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters |
Target 1.a | Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions |
Target 1.b | Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions |
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture | |
Target 2.1 | By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round |
Target 2.2 | By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons |
Target 2.3 | By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment |
Target 2.4 | By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen the capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality |
Target 2.5 | By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed |
Target 2.a | Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries |
Target 2.b | Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round |
Target 2.c | Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility |
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries | |
Target 10.1 | By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population at a rate higher than the national average |
Target 10.2 | By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status |
Target 10.3 | Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard |
Target 10.4 | Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality |
Target 10.5 | Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations |
Target 10.6 | Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions |
Target 10.7 | Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies |
Target 10.a | Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements |
Target 10.b | Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programs |
Target 10.c | By 2030, reduce to less than 3 percent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 percent |
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss | |
Target 15.1 | By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements |
Target 15.2 | By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally |
Target 15.3 | By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation neutral world |
Target 15.4 | By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development |
Target 15.5 | Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species |
Target 15.6 | Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed |
Target 15.7 | Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products |
Target 15.8 | By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species |
Target 15.9 | By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts |
Target 15.a | Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems |
Target 15.b | Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation |
Target 15.c | Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities |
Title | Regulation in Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) | International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 1991 |
Objective of litigation | Preamble: Establishment of an effective mechanism to protect the rights of farmers and plant breeders, and to advance the development of agriculture. | Does not mention protecting the rights of farmers. |
Breeders’ rights | Chapter IV: While breeders’ rights are protected, there is an explicit provision allowing farmers to save and replant seeds of protected varieties. | Article 14: The breeders are granted exclusive rights to authorize or restrict acts in respect of the propagating material, acts in respect of the harvested material, acts in respect of certain products, and possible additional acts, essentially derived and certain other varieties. |
Breeders’ limitation | Article 29 (1), Article 34 (h) and Article 53: The rights of breeders can be revoked for public interests. Article 30: Researcher’s rights. Article 39 (1) (iv): A farmer shall be deemed to be entitled to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share or sell his farm produce including seed of a variety protected under this Act in the same manner as he was entitled before the coming into force of this Act except for the sale of branded seeds. Article 39 (2): Disclosure requirement for breeders. Article 40: Contribution of traditional tribal or rural families should be informed in application registration. Article 41: Rights of communities. Article 42: Protection of innocent infringement. Article 42: Farmers’ variety, consent of farmers is required if derived variety is derived from a farmers’ variety. Article 42: Exemption from fees for farmers. | Article 15: Breeders’ rights are primarily focused on commercial propagation and provide exclusive rights to produce and sell the propagating material. Article 15 (1): Non-commercial purposes; experimental purposes; acts undertaken for the purpose of breeding other varieties. Article 15 (2) Optional: To permit farmers to use for propagating purposes, on their own holdings, the product of the harvest which they have obtained by planting, on their own holdings, the protected variety or specific variety. Article 17: Public interest (no contracting parties may restrict the free exercise of a breeder’s right for reasons other than of public interest); rights of third party. Equitable remuneration should be granted to the breeders when any such restriction has the effect of authorizing a third party to perform any act for which the breeder’s authorization is required. |
Duration of protection of new plant varieties | Article 15: Case by case consideration, usually 15 years. | Article 19: More than 20 or 25 years. |
Farmers’ rights | Chapter VI: Limitation on breeders as listed above. A Gene Fund should be founded for farmers. | Article 15 (2) Optional: To permit farmers to use for propagating purposes, on their own holdings, the product of the harvest which they have obtained by planting, on their own holdings, the protected variety or specific variety. |
Environmental protection | Article 29: Exclusion of certain varieties in cases where the prevention of commercial exploitation of such varieties is necessary to protect public order or public morality or human, animal and plant life and health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment. | No |
Antitrust in agriculture | A weak limitation to monopoly company as the farmers’ rights and the rights of community can limit agricultural monopoly. The governments are also authorized to limit the breeders’ rights. | No |
Targets of Goal 1 (End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere) | Effect of UPOV Model on Specific SDG Targets | Effect of India Model on Specific SDG Targets | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Target 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day | No effect | Positive effect |
2 | Target 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable | No effect | Positive effect |
3 | Target 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable | No effect | No effect |
4 | Target 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance | Negative effect | Positive effect |
5 | Target 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters | Positive effect | No effect |
6 | Target 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions | Negative effect | Positive effect |
7 | Target 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions | No effect | No effect |
Targets of Goal 2 (End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture) | Effect of UPOV Model on Specific SDG Targets | Effect of India Model on Specific SDG Targets | |
---|---|---|---|
8 | Target 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round | Positive effect | Positive effect |
9 | Target 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons | No effect | No effect |
10 | Target 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment | Positive effect | No effect |
11 | Target 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality | Positive effect | Positive effect |
12 | Target 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed | No effect | Positive effect |
13 | Target 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries | Positive effect | Positive effect |
14 | Target 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round | Positive effect | No effect |
15 | Target 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility | No effect | No effect |
Targets of Goal 10 (Reduce Inequality within and among Countries) | Effect of UPOV Model on Specific SDG Targets | Effect of India Model on Specific SDG Targets | |
---|---|---|---|
16 | Target 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population at a rate higher than the national average | Negative effect | Positive effect |
17 | Target 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status | Negative effect | Positive effect |
18 | Target 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard | Negative effect | Positive effect |
19 | Target 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality | Negative effect | Positive effect |
20 | Target 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations | Positive effect | Negative effect |
21 | Target 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions | Negative effect | Positive effect |
22 | Target 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies | No effect | No effect |
23 | Target 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements | Negative effect | Positive effect |
24 | Target 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programs | No effect | No effect |
25 | Target 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 percent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 percent | No effect | No effect |
Targets of Goal 15 (Protect, Restore and Promote Sustainable Use of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat Desertification, and Halt and Reverse Land Degradation and Halt Biodiversity Loss) | Effect of UPOV Model on Specific SDG Targets | Effect of India Model on Specific SDG Targets | |
---|---|---|---|
26 | Target 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements | No effect | No effect |
27 | Target 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally | No effect | No effect |
28 | Target 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation neutral world | No effect | No effect |
29 | Target 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development | No effect | No effect |
30 | Target 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species | Negative effect | No effect |
31 | Target 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed | Positive effect | Positive effect |
32 | Target 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products | No effect | No effect |
33 | Target 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species | No effect | No effect |
34 | Target 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts | Negative effect | No effect |
35 | Target 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems | Negative effect | No effect |
36 | Target 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation | No effect | No effect |
37 | Target 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities | No effect | No effect |
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Wu, C. Balancing Protection of Plant Varieties and Other Public Interests. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135445
Wu C. Balancing Protection of Plant Varieties and Other Public Interests. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135445
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Chenwen. 2024. "Balancing Protection of Plant Varieties and Other Public Interests" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135445