Application of Robust Super Twisting to Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area System Comprising Renewable Energy Resources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The use of two new metaheuristic techniques, namely HO and OOBO, to specify the optimal parameters of the sliding surface used in ST.
- The application of the ST technique of the SMC to LFC, which is better suited for use in the case of nonlinear control and parameter change.
- The results are verified by comparing the ST performance with two recent metaheuristic methods, i.e., HO and OOBO, which are used to obtain the optimal PI controller gains.
2. System Modelling
2.1. Solar Thermal Power Plant
2.2. Photovoltaic Power Plant
2.3. Wind Turbine Power Plant
2.4. Hydro-Power Plant
2.5. Battery Energy Storage System
2.6. The Power System
3. Hippopotamus and One-to-One Based Optimizers
4. Sliding Mode Control and Super Twisting
4.1. Super Twisting Control Law
4.2. Validation of the Proposed Scheme
5. Simulation Results
5.1. Case 1
5.2. Case 2
5.3. Case 3
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Type | Parameters | Plant Type | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|
Solar Thermal | τS-TH = 1.8 s | Power system | H1 = H2 = 3 s |
KS-TH = 1.8 | D1 = D2 = 1 | ||
KG-STH = KT-STH = 1 | R1 = R2 = 0.05 pu | ||
τT-STH = 0.3 s | BESS | KB = −0.003 | |
PV | KPV = 1 | TB = 0.1 s | |
TPV = 1.8 s | Wind Turbine | KWT = 1 | |
TWT = 1.5 s |
Controller | Area 1 | Area 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
KP1 (or c1) | KI1 (or b1) | KP2 (or c2) | KI2 (or b2) | |
OBOO | 0.4658 | 0.6468 | 1.2780 | 0 |
HO | 0.4365 | 0.6465 | 1.0949 | 0.0820 |
ST | 3.8341 | 31.1777 | 1.8890 | 0.3802 |
Optimizer | Area One | Area Two | OF Value |
---|---|---|---|
HO | KP = 3.2998 KI = 6.2767 | KP = 0.2770 KI = 0 | 3.8260 × 10−5 |
OOBO | KP = 3.6424 KI = 5.7919 | KP = 0.0240 KI = 3.467 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−5 |
Optimizer | Area One (∆F1 pu) | Area Two (∆F2 pu) |
---|---|---|
HO | OS = −2.96 × 10−3 Ts = 19.5 s | OS = −1.422 × 10−3 Ts = 19.5 s |
OOBO | OS = −2.6 × 10−3 Ts = 19.95 s | OS = −1.425 × 10−3 Ts = 19.95 s |
ST | OS = −1.88 × 10−3 Ts = 6.6 s | OS = −2.48 × 10−5 Ts = 6.6 s |
Optimizer | Area One (∆F1 pu) | Area Two (∆F2 pu) |
---|---|---|
HO | OS = −2.96 × 10−3 Ts = 19.5 s | OS = 1.33 × 10−3 Ts = 19.2 s |
OOBO | OS = −2.6 × 10−3 Ts = 19.95 s | OS = 1.2635 × 10−3 Ts = 20 s |
ST | OS = −1.88 × 10−3 Ts = 6.6 s | OS = 1.8 × 10−5 Ts = 5.1 s |
Optimizer | Area One (∆F1 pu) | Area Two (∆F2 pu) |
---|---|---|
HO | OS = 3.9 × 10−3 Ts = 11.4 s | OS = 1.332 × 10−3 Ts = 19.2 s |
OOBO | OS = 3.77 × 10−3 Ts = 11.8 s | OS = 1.31 × 10−3 Ts = 20 s |
ST | OS = 1.23 × 10−3 Ts = 6.2 s | OS = 5.5 × 10−5 Ts = 5.5 s |
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Abdelaal, A.K.; El-Hameed, M.A. Application of Robust Super Twisting to Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area System Comprising Renewable Energy Resources. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135558
Abdelaal AK, El-Hameed MA. Application of Robust Super Twisting to Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area System Comprising Renewable Energy Resources. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135558
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdelaal, Ashraf K., and Mohamed A. El-Hameed. 2024. "Application of Robust Super Twisting to Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area System Comprising Renewable Energy Resources" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135558