Sustainable Stormwater Management for Different Types of Water-Scarce Cities: Environmental Policy Effect of Sponge City Projects in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Review
2.2. Theoretical Framework of Policy Effect Evaluation for Sponge City Project
2.3. Main Characteristics of Two Types of Water-Scarce Cities and Project Context
2.4. The Design of Policy Evaluation System and Specific Indicators
2.5. Data Collection and Fuzzy Comprehensive Model of Entropy Method
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Survey
3.2. Evaluation of Policy Formulation
3.3. Evaluation of Policy Implementation
3.4. Evaluation of Policy Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion for Policy Formulation
4.2. Discussion for Policy Implementation
4.3. Discussion for Policy Result
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Policy Evaluation | Component | Indicator | Number | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Policy formulation | Objectives | Reliability | Q1 | Achieve sustainable urban stormwater management |
Q2 | Improve the urban water ecological environment | |||
Comprehensive | Q3 | Cover both political and environmental cultural connotations | ||
Feasibility | Q4 | Plan and design objectives to meet the basic stormwater control requirements | ||
Q5 | Build the required stormwater management model and use assistive technologies | |||
Q6 | Have detailed technical guidelines | |||
Q7 | Develop an operational timetable | |||
Tool | Diversity | Q8 | Have both mandatory and voluntary tools | |
System | Integrity | Q9 | Cover different types of documents (e.g., regulations, guidelines, standards, etc.) | |
Policy implementation | Capacity | Allocation of resources | Q10 | Funds can be rationally allocated to different projects |
Q11 | Professionals can be assigned to appropriate jobs | |||
Sharing of professional knowledge and information | Q12 | Inspect site conditions, record relevant materials and share with other departments | ||
Q13 | Participate in the training of rainwater management knowledge | |||
Q14 | Build an effective stakeholder information-sharing network to Carry out social publicity and education activities | |||
LID facility construction | Q15 | Activate and utilize the original grey infrastructure | ||
Q16 | Build suitable green infrastructure | |||
Coordination arrangement | Q17 | Build a platform for subjects to interact | ||
Qualification | Identification value | Q18 | Identify the environmental value of specific locations | |
Q19 | Fully perform ecological function of the original waters | |||
Assess risks | Q20 | Assess environmental and human settlement risks | ||
Q21 | Assess the risk of available funds and land space | |||
Policy results | Achievements | Improved environmental conditions | Q22 | Controlled water volume, reduced runoff and delayed peak value |
Q23 | Improved water quality and reduced contaminants | |||
Improved economic efficiency | Q24 | Stable output of investment in sustainable rainwater management facilities | ||
Q25 | Reduced facility maintenance costs | |||
Response to | Public awareness | Q26 | Improve awareness of citizens through publicity and education activities | |
Q27 | Form a collective awareness of water ecological protection | |||
Public participation | Q28 | Actively contribute suggestions for the construction | ||
Efficiency | Stability | Q29 | Stable investment in construction and subsequent restoration personnel | |
Q30 | Stable facility performance | |||
Q31 | Sustainable capital flow and maintenance scheme | |||
Effectiveness | Q32 | Comprehensive performance appraisal | ||
Q33 | Realize urban water resource recycling | |||
Q34 | Enhance the environmental value of urban aquatic landscape | |||
Q35 | Realize the ecological function of urban waters |
Questions | Options | Percent |
---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 56.2% |
Female | 43.8% | |
Age | 18–25 | 12.3% |
26–33 | 31.2% | |
34–42 | 40.8% | |
43–50 | 15.7% | |
Industry | Government | 21.5% |
Construction | 23.3% | |
Education/research | 30.5% | |
Environmental protection | 24.7% | |
Education | Bachelor | 33.5% |
Master | 41.9% | |
PhD | 24.6% |
Indicator | S City | C City | Indicator | S City | C City | Indicator | S City | C City | Indicator | S City | C City | Indicator | S City | C City |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 1.68 | 2.13 | Q8 | 2.12 | 1.83 | Q15 | 1.67 | 2.50 | Q22 | 1.63 | 1.20 | Q29 | 3.12 | 2.33 |
Q2 | 1.57 | 1.67 | Q9 | 1.87 | 1.67 | Q16 | 1.89 | 2.33 | Q23 | 1.35 | 1.30 | Q30 | 1.84 | 2.50 |
Q3 | 1.33 | 1.37 | Q10 | 1.87 | 2.67 | Q17 | 2.47 | 1.67 | Q24 | 2.67 | 2.00 | Q31 | 2.47 | 2.00 |
Q4 | 1.53 | 1.83 | Q11 | 2.24 | 1.50 | Q18 | 2.13 | 1.70 | Q25 | 2.73 | 2.50 | Q32 | 3.32 | 1.83 |
Q5 | 1.72 | 1.50 | Q12 | 1.72 | 2.33 | Q19 | 1.86 | 1.90 | Q26 | 2.13 | 2.33 | Q33 | 2.37 | 2.30 |
Q6 | 1.63 | 2.33 | Q13 | 1.76 | 1.33 | Q20 | 2.24 | 2.13 | Q27 | 2.83 | 2.33 | Q34 | 2.68 | 1.67 |
Q7 | 1.72 | 1.67 | Q14 | 2.89 | 3.00 | Q21 | 1.73 | 2.67 | Q28 | 2.13 | 2.67 | Q35 | 2.53 | 1.67 |
Indicator | Entropy | Weight | Indicator | Entropy | Weight | Indicator | Entropy | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 0.813 | 0.184 | Q13 | 0.864 | 0.133 | Q25 | 0.952 | 0.036 |
Q2 | 0.834 | 0.161 | Q14 | 0.971 | 0.032 | Q26 | 0.947 | 0.042 |
Q3 | 0.932 | 0.066 | Q15 | 0.857 | 0.143 | Q27 | 0.932 | 0.067 |
Q4 | 0.825 | 0.175 | Q16 | 0.836 | 0.178 | Q28 | 0.947 | 0.042 |
Q5 | 0.837 | 0.088 | Q17 | 0.921 | 0.073 | Q29 | 0.935 | 0.056 |
Q6 | 0.867 | 0.128 | Q18 | 0.903 | 0.098 | Q30 | 0.924 | 0.075 |
Q7 | 0.937 | 0.063 | Q19 | 0.928 | 0.061 | Q31 | 0.953 | 0.038 |
Q8 | 0.974 | 0.025 | Q20 | 0.971 | 0.024 | Q32 | 0.932 | 0.047 |
Q9 | 0.946 | 0.051 | Q21 | 0.908 | 0.083 | Q33 | 0.878 | 0.122 |
Q10 | 0.961 | 0.032 | Q22 | 0.825 | 0.174 | Q34 | 0.892 | 0.097 |
Q11 | 0.968 | 0.027 | Q23 | 0.866 | 0.129 | Q35 | 0.913 | 0.076 |
Q12 | 0.863 | 0.133 | Q24 | 0.888 | 0.142 |
Policy Evaluation | S City | C City |
---|---|---|
Policy formulation | 1.457 | 1.539 |
Policy implementation | 1.596 | 1.673 |
Policy results | 1.652 | 1.614 |
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Wang, W.; Wang, S. Sustainable Stormwater Management for Different Types of Water-Scarce Cities: Environmental Policy Effect of Sponge City Projects in China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135685
Wang W, Wang S. Sustainable Stormwater Management for Different Types of Water-Scarce Cities: Environmental Policy Effect of Sponge City Projects in China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135685
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Wenying, and Shuwen Wang. 2024. "Sustainable Stormwater Management for Different Types of Water-Scarce Cities: Environmental Policy Effect of Sponge City Projects in China" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135685