Driving Sustainable Tourism Villages: Evaluating Stakeholder Commitment, Attitude, and Performance: Evidence from West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract

This research paper evaluates the commitment, attitude, and performance of various stakeholders, particularly the local government authorities, academic institutions, local businesses, media, and private sector, in the sustainable development of tourism villages. Quantitative data were collected through a survey questionnaire to gather perceptions and feedback from 384 tourism awareness group leaders in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia. This study employs Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that stakeholders’ commitment, attitude, and performance exert a strong influence on sustainable tourism villages. In addition, community culture moderates the relationship between the attitudes of stakeholders and sustainable tourism villages as opposed to the stakeholders’ commitment and performance. These findings provide valuable insights and far-reaching consequences for stakeholders, tourism village heads, and the community. There is a need to continuously enhance a comprehensive plan for sustainable tourism, one that goes beyond cultural implication and incorporates a broader range of influencing factors.

1. Introduction

Among others, tourism villages have developed as a distinct and rapidly growing sector. The authors of [1,2,3,4,5] argue that tourism villages are a powerful tool for socioeconomic development, bridging the gap between urban and rural areas and contributing to more balanced and inclusive growth. Recognizing the importance of tourism villages, the Indonesian government has actively promoted their development as part of a larger strategy to improve sustainable tourism, boost the local economies, preserve cultural heritage, and promote sustainable tourism practices [6,7,8,9,10]. The establishment of tourism villages is a key component of the West Sumatera region’s growth strategy, with 384 settlements identified so far. These villages are at various phases of development, reflecting differences in infrastructure, tourism services, and community involvement [11]. Out of them, 300 villages are designated as pioneering, suggesting that they are in the early phases of development, with basic infrastructure and fledgling tourism operations. Another 68 villages are classified as developing, indicating that they have made substantial progress in infrastructure development, tourism service improvement, and increased community participation in tourism-related activities. The 16 advanced villages have well-established infrastructure, a diverse range of tourism activities, and high levels of community participation. Despite these gains, none of the communities have yet achieved autonomous classification, which indicates a degree of development at which a community can completely support its tourism activities without external aid.

A study by [12] entitled “Community-Based Tourism (CBT) moving forward: Penta helix development strategy through community local wisdom empowerment” suggests that the success of tourism villages, however, is dependent on the commitment, attitude, and performance of a variety of stakeholders, including local communities, government authorities, academic institutions, local businesses, media, the private sector, and tourists. Scholars suggest that stakeholder commitment is critical for launching and sustaining sustainability activities [13,14,15,16,17,18]. Positive attitudes toward sustainable tourism foster collaboration and innovation [12,15,19,20,21], whereas tangible outcomes are determined by stakeholders’ actual performance in implementing sustainable practices [22,23,24,25,26]. Furthermore, community culture is critical for effective community development programs because it inspires tactics that are responsive to local values, ambitions, and needs, encouraging long-term social cohesiveness and sustaining efforts toward sustainability [27].

Despite that, some issues that have arisen in West Sumatra pertain to tourism villages. The management of tourism villages is mostly focused on community groups, and one commonly addressed subject is the implementation of tourism awareness [12]. A study found that the community awareness of Community-Based Tourism and tourism villages in many Indonesian provinces remains low, necessitating cooperation and assistance among the stakeholders [28]. According to [29], the roles of existing stakeholders such as either the local government authorities, academic institutions, local businesses, media, or private sector are more confined toward each individual entity rather than a solid, comprehensive, and collective general key role of synergy itself. In tourism villages, besides training, marketing, and promotion [12], communal services, safety, orderliness, cleanliness, coolness, attractiveness, friendliness, and memorability are important elements [30,31,32,33]. These deficiencies must be addressed by stakeholders, requiring their commitment, attitude, and performance [12]. In this view, the question arises of whether the commitment, attitude, and performance of various stakeholders are at an ideal level for the sustainable development of tourism villages in West Sumatra. Existing studies have predominantly centered on sustainability and marketing in tourism [34], competitive strategy in a global tourism industry [35], indicators for sustainable tourism [36], culturalization strategies for sustainable tourism [37], and the role of stakeholders in tourism sustainability [38,39,40]. Despite the existence of various studies on stakeholders and sustainable practices in tourism, new research seeks to explain beyond stakeholders’ attitudes and sustainable tourism development [41]. Considering this gap, the primary goal of this study is to assess the commitment, attitude, and performances of various stakeholders, government organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector in the sustainable development of tourism villages.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism is a growing tourist segment globally [42,43,44,45]. Sustainable tourism is an approach that considers current and future economic, social, and environmental effects, as well as the needs of visitors, industry, the environment, and host communities, by managing tourism resources in a way that allows for equitable development while also protecting these resources for future generations [20,37,46]. The basic notion of sustainable tourism development is striking a balance between economic growth, environmental conservation, and social responsibility. It entails taking into account the long-term effects of tourism on the environment, communities, and economy, as well as implementing measures that promote sustainability in all these areas [47,48]. According to [49], sustainable tourism will be accomplished if natural, cultural, and human resources are used continuously, as well as economically and equitably.

Many countries and regions around the world have led the development of various sets of tourism indicators to deal with environmental, economic, and social impacts, ensuring that tourism development is sustainable and benefits local communities in the hope of being able to quantify sustainability and observe tourism areas in a triangular relationship between host areas and their peoples, habitats, and holidaymakers [50]. From tourists’ perspective, sustainable tourism development is typically viewed as a philosophical approach to activities aimed at increasing tourists’ confidence and reducing negative impacts on their involvement in the surrounding environment [47,50,51]. In terms of community, sustainable tourism development seeks to have a beneficial social, cultural, and economic influence on the local community [52,53,54,55]. It entails involving and empowering the community in the tourist planning, decision-making, and execution processes. Researchers posit that sustainable tourism is a constructive approach that aims to reduce tensions and friction caused by the complex interactions between the tourism sector, visitors, the environment, and communities [55,56,57]. As a result, support for implementing sustainable tourism must be directed by core concepts that include the essential tenets, objectives, and requirements for success established by stakeholders [58,59,60,61,62].

2.2. Commitment, Attitude, and Performance

Commitment, attitude, and performance are three linked qualities with substantial implications across multiple disciplines. Scholars claim that commitment is a cornerstone in obtaining success in both personal and professional domains [63,64]. Organizational commitment has been shown to improve staff retention [65,66,67], productivity [68,69], and organizational citizenship [70,71]. Psychological contract theory highlights the reciprocal obligations between individuals and organizations, emphasizing the importance of commitment in preserving this mutual relationship [72]. In contrast, attitude serves as a prelude to behavior and has a significant impact on how people respond to difficulties and opportunities [73,74]. Much research demonstrates that attitudes have a considerable impact on individuals’ performance results [75,76,77]. Positive attitudes are linked to increased levels of job satisfaction, engagement, and resilience, which all contribute to improving performance [78,79,80,81]. Performance is the tangible product of individuals’ efforts [82,83,84]. In organizational settings, performance is frequently assessed using indicators such as productivity, quality, and efficiency [85,86,87,88]. The research on performance management emphasizes the need for matching company goals with individual objectives and providing timely feedback and acknowledgment to improve performance [89,90,91,92]. Furthermore, research on goal-setting theory emphasizes the need for demanding goals in inspiring people to work hard and perform well [93].

The association of stakeholders is not only a key notion in modern tourism [94,95,96,97], but their commitment is important for launching and continuing initiatives toward sustainability. Researchers assert that synergistic linkages and commitment among the local community, government, industry, universities, society, and media can improve the well-being of tourism villages, community, and sustainability [98,99,100]. Collaboration and innovation are increasingly being recognized as key components in addressing environmental, social, and economic issues [101]. A positive attitude among stakeholders is an important aspect in fostering collaboration and innovation [41,102]. The research on sustainable tourism emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration for achieving common goals [20,22,103,104,105].

A positive attitude toward sustainability programs motivates stakeholders to collaborate, share resources, and exchange knowledge and the best practices [14,106,107,108]. In the discourse on sustainability, stakeholders’ actual performance in implementing sustainable practices is crucial in translating intentions into practical outcomes [24,25,26,109,110,111,112], underlining the significance of measuring and analyzing the success of sustainability programs to assess their impact. Stakeholder performance is commonly measured using key indicators such as resource efficiency, waste reduction, carbon emissions, social equality, and economic viability [113,114,115]. Tracking these KPIs allows stakeholders to analyze their progress towards sustainability goals and identify areas for improvement [59,116,117,118]. In alignment with prior arguments, three hypotheses are proposed.

H1. 

Stakeholders’ commitment alleviates sustainable tourism villages.

H2. 

Stakeholders’ attitudes significantlyimpact sustainable tourism villages.

H3. 

Stakeholders’ performance significantly influences sustainable tourism villages.

2.3. Community Culture

Community culture encompasses the shared values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors that shape the social structure of a certain group or area [119,120,121,122]. Sociology and anthropology research highlight the ever-changing nature of community culture, which is influenced by historical legacies, demographic composition, environmental context, and interactions with external factors [123,124,125,126,127]. Community culture greatly influences the way people perceive themselves, behave, and interact with others within the group [128,129,130,131,132,133,134]. In addition, researchers emphasize the ability of community culture to withstand social change and globalization, as communities adjust and navigate their cultural identities in response to changing societal dynamics [135,136,137,138,139,140]. Studies highlight the significance of community identity and collective agency in facilitating stakeholder collaboration and participation in sustainable tourism planning and decision-making processes [14,20,48,141,142]. Facilitating cooperation and fostering alliances able to promote long-lasting and environmentally friendly tourism. By comprehending and valuing the culture of the local community, stakeholders can establish partnerships based on mutual respect and trust. This, in turn, enables the collaborative development of sustainable tourism strategies that are in line with the community’s values and goals. The authors of [103,143,144,145] argue that community culture plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between stakeholder dedication and the execution of sustainable tourism strategies that achieve a harmonious blend of economic growth and social and environmental responsibility. We therefore propose the following hypotheses.

H4. 

Community culture moderates the relationship between stakeholders’ commitment and sustainable tourism villages.

H5. 

Community culture moderates the relationship between the attitudes of stakeholders and sustainable tourism villages.

H6. 

Community culture moderates the relationship between the performance of stakeholders and sustainable tourism villages.

3. Methodology

This research employed a quantitative methodology, utilizing a cross-sectional design and a self-reported survey questionnaire to gather the information. Employing a non-probability purposive sampling approach, this study focused on five key aspects. Section A delves into stakeholders’ commitment while Section B deals with stakeholder attitudes and Section C looks at stakeholder performances. Section D examines community culture, Section E deals with the sustainable tourism villages and Section F gathers the demographic information of the respondents. The survey instruments were adapted from established sources [12,146,147,148,149,150,151,152]. To tailor the instruments to this study’s requirements, minor modifications in wording were made. Respondents provided feedback on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 for “strongly disagree” to 5 for “strongly agree”, using clear and straightforward language to minimize potential ambiguities.

To fortify the questionnaire’s reliability, rigorous pretesting was conducted by lecturers at Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia meticulously scrutinizing specific grammar and sentence structures. The study’s target population comprised 384 tourism awareness group leaders in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The survey questionnaire was executed through face-to-face interactions. A robust dataset comprising meticulously completed questionnaires was analyzed, revealing a demographic profile dominated by male respondents (87%, n = 285) compared to their female counterparts (13%, n = 41). Most respondents were within the 31-to-35 age range (39%, n = 127), followed by those aged > 40 (23%, n = 75), 26 to 30 years old (20%, n = 66), and 21 to 25 years old (18%, n = 58). A substantial amount (57%) (n = 185) of respondents had an educational background from higher education, 41% (n = 133) from senior high school, and 3% (n = 8) from junior high school. The largest tourism village category, stubs, accounted for 62% (n = 202), the developing category accounted for around 29% (n = 94), the proceeding category represented 5% (n = 17), and the independence category accounted for around 4% (n = 14). Lastly, the conditions of the tourism villages were divided into around 85% (n = 276) active and 15% (n = 50) not active.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Hypothesis Testing

To test the hypotheses, this study employed Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. This involved two distinct stages: measurement and structural assessment procedures. The measurement model assessment focused on examining the connections among unobserved or latent variables (LVs). Simultaneously, the structural model assessment aimed to evaluate the relationships between the foundational exogenous and endogenous constructs.

4.2. Measurement Model Assessment

The reflective measurement model underwent a comprehensive analysis encompassing four essential dimensions: internal consistency reliability, indicator reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity, as outlined by [153,154]. Table 1 presents the results, including the outer loading values, indicator reliability, composite reliability, AVE scores, and Cronbach Alpha values. Factor loading was scrutinized to ensure the reliability of individual items, with cross-loading values examined to confirm the distinct loading of each measurement item onto its intended latent variable. The results in Table 1 demonstrate significant loadings (>0.70) for all items, meeting the indicator reliability criteria set by [155]. Moreover, the AVE and composite reliability values surpassed the recommended thresholds of 0.50 and 0.70, respectively, affirming convergent validity and the overall reliability of the research constructs.

Discriminant validity was assessed using both cross-loading criteria [155,156]. According to the Fornell–Larcker criteria, all off-diagonal elements were lower than the square roots of their corresponding AVE values, meeting the prescribed criteria. Additionally, the cross-loading analysis, following the criteria in [156], confirmed the discriminant validity of the measurement model. In summary, the evaluations of reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity yielded satisfactory results, indicating the suitability of the measurement model for assessing the structural model. These assessment outcomes are summarized in Table 1, providing a comprehensive overview of the reflective measurement model’s outer loadings, indicator reliability, composite reliability, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) scores, and Cronbach Alpha values.

Table 1. Reflective measurement model.

Indicators		Outer Loading	Composite Reliability	AVE	Alpha
Stakeholder Performance			0.976	0.634	0.974
SP1	Academic institutions actively carry out research related to our tourist villages	0.742
SP2	Academic research provides valuable insights and recommendations to improve our tourist villages	0.724
SP3	Collaboration between academic institutions and tourist villages leads to practical solutions	0.771
SP4	Training provides by institutions increase capacity of local communities in managing tourist villages	0.774
SP5	Government policies and regulations support sustainable development of tourist villages	0.756
SP6	Financial incentives or grants by government agencies promote sustainability initiatives in tourist villages	0.780
SP7	Government’s regulatory framework effectively balances tourism growth with environmental and cultural preservation in tourist villages	0.752
SP8	Government collaborates with local communities to design and implement sustainable tourism strategies in tourist villages	0.815
SP9	Local businesses prioritize environmentally friendly practices in tourist villages	0.741
SP10	Businesses collaborate with local artisans and cultural activities to promote authentic experiences for tourists	0.814
SP12	The investment business in infrastructure development in tourist villages that we manage benefits tourists and the local community	0.744
SP13	Community organizations play an active role in the decision-making process related to the development of tourist villages	0.776
SP14	Local communities are actively involved in preserving their cultural heritage and traditions through tourist villages	0.797
SP15	Community-based initiatives contribute to improving overall living conditions in tourist villages	0.842
SP16	Collaborative efforts between community organizations and other stakeholders give birth to sustainability projects in tourist villages	0.813
SP17	The media promotes responsible and sustainable tourism practices in their coverage of tourist villages	0.841
SP18	Media coverage has a positive impact on the image and reputation of tourist villages	0.774
SP19	The media highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity and respect for local traditions in tourist villages	0.813
SP20	The media actively participates in raising awareness about the challenges and opportunities of sustainable tourism in tourist villages	0.847
SP21	Financial institutions provide accessible funding options for sustainable tourism projects in tourist villages	0.844
SP22	Investments from financial institutions contribute to improving the infrastructure and facilities of the tourist villages that we manage	0.841
SP23	Financial institutions consider the social and environmental impacts of their investments in the tourist villages we manage	0.854
SP24	Collaboration with financial institutions and other stakeholders leads to innovative financing models for sustainable tourism in the tourist villages we manage	0.839
Item Removed: SP11
Stakeholder Commitment			0.979	0.722	0.977
SC1	Academic institutions are committed to conducting research that directly addresses the sustainability challenges of the tourist villages we manage.	0.792
SC2	Academics are actively involved with local communities and other stakeholders to jointly create sustainable solutions for the development of the tourist villages we manage.	0.830
SC3	Academics are committed to fostering long-term partnerships with the tourist villages we manage by providing ongoing support and expertise.	0.859
SC4	Government agencies are committed to enforcing policies and regulations that prioritize the sustainable growth of the tourist villages that we manage.	0.816
SC5	Local government authorities implement policies that support the long-term sustainability of tourism in the tourist villages we manage.	0.878
SC6	Government agencies are committed to allocating resources and encouraging collaboration in sustainable tourism development in the tourist villages we manage.	0.876
SC7	Local businesses are committed to adopting environmentally friendly practices and supporting sustainable tourism initiatives in the tourist villages we manage.	0.824
SC8	Local businesses prioritize collaboration with local artisans, cultural activities, and other community-based ventures to enhance the authenticity of the tourism experience.	0.862
SC9	Local businesses recognize the importance of making a positive contribution to the local economy and preserving cultural heritage in the tourist villages we manage.	0.834
SC10	Local businesses are committed to investing in infrastructure projects and the welfare of tourist villages in the tourist villages we manage.	0.830
SC11	The local community is very committed to preserving the cultural heritage and traditions of our tourist villages through responsible tourism.	0.825
SC12	Local communities are actively involved in dialogue with other stakeholders to ensure that a tourist village benefits the community without compromising its identity.	0.864
SC13	Local communities are committed to initiating projects that have a positive impact on the quality of life and economic opportunities for residents of the tourist villages we manage.	0.885
SC14	Local communities are dedicated and collaborate with other stakeholders to create an integrated approach in building the sustainable tourism villages that we manage.	0.897
SC15	The media is committed to promoting responsible and sustainable tourism practices through content and coverage of the tourist villages we manage.	0.849
SC16	The media has the power to shape perceptions and is committed to depicting the tourist villages we manage accurately and respectfully.	0.870
SC17	The media is committed to highlighting cultural sensitivity and the importance of ethical tourism behavior to the wider community in the tourist villages we manage.	0.862
SC18	The media actively contributes to increasing awareness about the importance of sustainable tourism and its impact on the tourist villages we manage.	0.834
Stakeholder Attitude			0.974	0.743	0.971
SA3	Academic institutions actively engage with tourism villages to provide ongoing support and expertise.	0.871
SA4	The government considers sustainable tourism a key factor to ensure the long-term growth and prosperity of the tourist villages we manage.	0.846
SA5	The government has a good attitude in enforcing policies that promote sustainable development in the tourist villages we manage.	0.868
SA6	Regional government authorities view the importance of sustainable tourism for the development of the tourist villages that we manage.	0.837
SA8	Local businesses view implementing sustainable practices as a responsibility that contributes to the welfare of the environment and the tourist villages we manage.	0.868
SA9	Local businesses value the authenticity of tourism experiences and believe that collaborating with local artisans and cultural activities enhances this authenticity.	0.863
SA10	Business people support the local economy and preserve cultural heritage in the tourist villages we manage.	0.889
SA11	Local businesses recognize the importance of investing in infrastructure and community projects to ensure the sustainability of the tourist villages we manage.	0.909
SA12	Local communities see their role in preserving cultural heritage and supporting sustainable tourism efforts in the tourist villages we manage.	0.835
SA13	The community expresses an open and friendly attitude towards tourists while promoting responsible behavior in the tourist villages we manage.	0.846
SA15	The media shapes perceptions and confidence in depicting the tourist villages that we manage accurately and respectfully.	0.884
SA18	Financial institutions see their role in providing funds for sustainable tourism projects in the tourist villages we manage.	0.852
SA19	Financial institutions show enthusiasm in supporting projects that are in line with the vision of sustainable tourism in the tourist villages we manage.	0.834
Items removed: SA1, SA2, SA7, SA14, SA16,SA17
Sustainable Tourism Villages			0.934	0.640	0.920
STV1	The tourist villages that we manage are actively involved in efforts to minimize environmental impacts.	0.733
STV2	The community prioritizes preserving cultural heritage while interacting with tourists in the tourist villages we manage.	0.792
STV3	Local businesses within the tourist villages we manage adopt sustainable practices.	0.815
STV4	Responsible waste management and recycling initiatives are an integral part of the sustainability efforts of the tourist villages we manage.	0.828
STV5	The tourist villages we manage invest in infrastructure that benefits residents and visitors.	0.813
STV6	Sustainable transportation options, such as cycling or electric vehicles, are encouraged within the tourist villages we manage.	0.836
STV7	There is a strong emphasis on the involvement and benefits of local communities in tourism activities in the tourist villages we manage.	0.784
STV8	The tourist villages we manage work together with other stakeholders to ensure balanced tourism growth.	0.796

Note: 1. The critical t-values for a two-tailed test are 1.65 (significance level = 10%), 1.96 (significance level = 5%), and 2.58 (significance level = 1%). 2. Algorithm setting includes the use of (1) a path weighting scheme [153]; (2) a uniform value of 1 as an initial value for each of the outer weights [157]; and (3) the maximum number of iterations [153]. 3. The bootstrapping setting comprises (1) the use of individual sign changes; and (2) the number of bootstrap samples: 500 [153]. 4. Some items were removed due to outer loading < 0.70 [153].

Table 1. Reflective measurement model.

Indicators		Outer Loading	Composite Reliability	AVE	Alpha
Stakeholder Performance			0.976	0.634	0.974
SP1	Academic institutions actively carry out research related to our tourist villages	0.742
SP2	Academic research provides valuable insights and recommendations to improve our tourist villages	0.724
SP3	Collaboration between academic institutions and tourist villages leads to practical solutions	0.771
SP4	Training provides by institutions increase capacity of local communities in managing tourist villages	0.774
SP5	Government policies and regulations support sustainable development of tourist villages	0.756
SP6	Financial incentives or grants by government agencies promote sustainability initiatives in tourist villages	0.780
SP7	Government’s regulatory framework effectively balances tourism growth with environmental and cultural preservation in tourist villages	0.752
SP8	Government collaborates with local communities to design and implement sustainable tourism strategies in tourist villages	0.815
SP9	Local businesses prioritize environmentally friendly practices in tourist villages	0.741
SP10	Businesses collaborate with local artisans and cultural activities to promote authentic experiences for tourists	0.814
SP12	The investment business in infrastructure development in tourist villages that we manage benefits tourists and the local community	0.744
SP13	Community organizations play an active role in the decision-making process related to the development of tourist villages	0.776
SP14	Local communities are actively involved in preserving their cultural heritage and traditions through tourist villages	0.797
SP15	Community-based initiatives contribute to improving overall living conditions in tourist villages	0.842
SP16	Collaborative efforts between community organizations and other stakeholders give birth to sustainability projects in tourist villages	0.813
SP17	The media promotes responsible and sustainable tourism practices in their coverage of tourist villages	0.841
SP18	Media coverage has a positive impact on the image and reputation of tourist villages	0.774
SP19	The media highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity and respect for local traditions in tourist villages	0.813
SP20	The media actively participates in raising awareness about the challenges and opportunities of sustainable tourism in tourist villages	0.847
SP21	Financial institutions provide accessible funding options for sustainable tourism projects in tourist villages	0.844
SP22	Investments from financial institutions contribute to improving the infrastructure and facilities of the tourist villages that we manage	0.841
SP23	Financial institutions consider the social and environmental impacts of their investments in the tourist villages we manage	0.854
SP24	Collaboration with financial institutions and other stakeholders leads to innovative financing models for sustainable tourism in the tourist villages we manage	0.839
Item Removed: SP11
Stakeholder Commitment			0.979	0.722	0.977
SC1	Academic institutions are committed to conducting research that directly addresses the sustainability challenges of the tourist villages we manage.	0.792
SC2	Academics are actively involved with local communities and other stakeholders to jointly create sustainable solutions for the development of the tourist villages we manage.	0.830
SC3	Academics are committed to fostering long-term partnerships with the tourist villages we manage by providing ongoing support and expertise.	0.859
SC4	Government agencies are committed to enforcing policies and regulations that prioritize the sustainable growth of the tourist villages that we manage.	0.816
SC5	Local government authorities implement policies that support the long-term sustainability of tourism in the tourist villages we manage.	0.878
SC6	Government agencies are committed to allocating resources and encouraging collaboration in sustainable tourism development in the tourist villages we manage.	0.876
SC7	Local businesses are committed to adopting environmentally friendly practices and supporting sustainable tourism initiatives in the tourist villages we manage.	0.824
SC8	Local businesses prioritize collaboration with local artisans, cultural activities, and other community-based ventures to enhance the authenticity of the tourism experience.	0.862
SC9	Local businesses recognize the importance of making a positive contribution to the local economy and preserving cultural heritage in the tourist villages we manage.	0.834
SC10	Local businesses are committed to investing in infrastructure projects and the welfare of tourist villages in the tourist villages we manage.	0.830
SC11	The local community is very committed to preserving the cultural heritage and traditions of our tourist villages through responsible tourism.	0.825
SC12	Local communities are actively involved in dialogue with other stakeholders to ensure that a tourist village benefits the community without compromising its identity.	0.864
SC13	Local communities are committed to initiating projects that have a positive impact on the quality of life and economic opportunities for residents of the tourist villages we manage.	0.885
SC14	Local communities are dedicated and collaborate with other stakeholders to create an integrated approach in building the sustainable tourism villages that we manage.	0.897
SC15	The media is committed to promoting responsible and sustainable tourism practices through content and coverage of the tourist villages we manage.	0.849
SC16	The media has the power to shape perceptions and is committed to depicting the tourist villages we manage accurately and respectfully.	0.870
SC17	The media is committed to highlighting cultural sensitivity and the importance of ethical tourism behavior to the wider community in the tourist villages we manage.	0.862
SC18	The media actively contributes to increasing awareness about the importance of sustainable tourism and its impact on the tourist villages we manage.	0.834
Stakeholder Attitude			0.974	0.743	0.971
SA3	Academic institutions actively engage with tourism villages to provide ongoing support and expertise.	0.871
SA4	The government considers sustainable tourism a key factor to ensure the long-term growth and prosperity of the tourist villages we manage.	0.846
SA5	The government has a good attitude in enforcing policies that promote sustainable development in the tourist villages we manage.	0.868
SA6	Regional government authorities view the importance of sustainable tourism for the development of the tourist villages that we manage.	0.837
SA8	Local businesses view implementing sustainable practices as a responsibility that contributes to the welfare of the environment and the tourist villages we manage.	0.868
SA9	Local businesses value the authenticity of tourism experiences and believe that collaborating with local artisans and cultural activities enhances this authenticity.	0.863
SA10	Business people support the local economy and preserve cultural heritage in the tourist villages we manage.	0.889
SA11	Local businesses recognize the importance of investing in infrastructure and community projects to ensure the sustainability of the tourist villages we manage.	0.909
SA12	Local communities see their role in preserving cultural heritage and supporting sustainable tourism efforts in the tourist villages we manage.	0.835
SA13	The community expresses an open and friendly attitude towards tourists while promoting responsible behavior in the tourist villages we manage.	0.846
SA15	The media shapes perceptions and confidence in depicting the tourist villages that we manage accurately and respectfully.	0.884
SA18	Financial institutions see their role in providing funds for sustainable tourism projects in the tourist villages we manage.	0.852
SA19	Financial institutions show enthusiasm in supporting projects that are in line with the vision of sustainable tourism in the tourist villages we manage.	0.834
Items removed: SA1, SA2, SA7, SA14, SA16,SA17
Sustainable Tourism Villages			0.934	0.640	0.920
STV1	The tourist villages that we manage are actively involved in efforts to minimize environmental impacts.	0.733
STV2	The community prioritizes preserving cultural heritage while interacting with tourists in the tourist villages we manage.	0.792
STV3	Local businesses within the tourist villages we manage adopt sustainable practices.	0.815
STV4	Responsible waste management and recycling initiatives are an integral part of the sustainability efforts of the tourist villages we manage.	0.828
STV5	The tourist villages we manage invest in infrastructure that benefits residents and visitors.	0.813
STV6	Sustainable transportation options, such as cycling or electric vehicles, are encouraged within the tourist villages we manage.	0.836
STV7	There is a strong emphasis on the involvement and benefits of local communities in tourism activities in the tourist villages we manage.	0.784
STV8	The tourist villages we manage work together with other stakeholders to ensure balanced tourism growth.	0.796

Note: 1. The critical t-values for a two-tailed test are 1.65 (significance level = 10%), 1.96 (significance level = 5%), and 2.58 (significance level = 1%). 2. Algorithm setting includes the use of (1) a path weighting scheme [153]; (2) a uniform value of 1 as an initial value for each of the outer weights [157]; and (3) the maximum number of iterations [153]. 3. The bootstrapping setting comprises (1) the use of individual sign changes; and (2) the number of bootstrap samples: 500 [153]. 4. Some items were removed due to outer loading < 0.70 [153].

Figure 1 shows the measurement model based on the proposed framework. The outer loadings exceeded the recommended value of 0.5 [153], and the CR values were greater than 0.7 [153]. The AVE value also exceeded the recommended value of 0.5 [153]. The results showed acceptable reliability and convergent validity for the study constructs. To establish discriminant validity, the HTMT value for all constructs must be lower than 0.9.

Table 2. HTMT values.

	Stakeholder Performance	Stakeholder Commitment	Stakeholder Attitude	Sustainable Tourism Villages
Stakeholder Performance
Stakeholder Commitment	0.894
Stakeholder Attitude	0.882	0.824
Sustainable Tourism Villages	0.713	0.732	0.718

shows the value of HTMT for all constructs. Based on the value (<0.90), the measurement model area is able to establish discriminant validity. In conclusion, the quality of the measurement model is reliable for further analysis. This study therefore indicates that the measurement model is discriminately valid.

4.3. Structural Model Assessment

Conducting a path estimation, commonly known as a nomological validity assessment, was pivotal in appraising the theoretical relationships within the inner model. The analysis of the structural model empowered the researchers to decisively validate or refute each hypothesis, offering profound insights into the robustness of connections between independent and dependent variables. Through meticulous examination using the SmartPLS algorithm, the relationships amid independent and dependent variables were scrutinized. The significance of path relationships was rigorously evaluated by assessing the statistical importance of regression coefficients (β), determined through t-values obtained via the SmartPLS 3.0 through bootstrapping procedure. The t-statistics outputted established the significance of each relationship, with

Table 3. Path coefficients observed t-statistics, and significance levels.

Hypo	Path Analysis	Patch Coefficient (β)	T Statistics	p Values	Result
H1	Stakeholders’ commitment > Sustainable Tourism Villages	0.251	2.745	0.003 **	Accepted
H2	Stakeholders’ attitudes > Sustainable Tourism Villages	0.329	3.169	0.001 **	Accepted
H3	Stakeholders’ performance > Sustainable Tourism Villages	0.183	1.687	0.046 *	Accepted

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

providing a comprehensive compilation of the path coefficients, observed t-statistics, and corresponding significance levels for each hypothesis path. The results stemming from the path analysis underscore the remarkable positive impact of elements such as stakeholder performance, stakeholder commitment, and stakeholders’ attitude in sustainable tourism villages. These findings accentuate the extent these elements influence sustainable tourism villages in West Sumatera.

The path coefficients that respond to hypothesis H1 revealed that stakeholders’ commitment (β = 0.251; t = 2745, p < 0.05) significantly affects sustainable tourism villages. This finding suggests that stakeholders’ commitment significantly impacts on sustainable tourism villages. Hypothesis H2 indicated that the path coefficients between stakeholders’ attitudes and sustainable tourism villages was found to be significant (β = 0.329; t = 3.169, p < 0.05). This means there is strong evidence that stakeholders’ attitudes positively influence the development and success of sustainable tourism. The results of the path coefficients, which responded to hypothesis H3, revealed that stakeholders’ performance (β = 0.183; t = 1.687, p < 0.05) has a significant effect on sustainable tourism villages. This outcome indicates that stakeholders’ performance exerts a strong influence on sustainable tourism villages. All in all, these findings denote that stakeholder’s commitment, attitude, and performance have an impact on sustainable tourism villages. These factors are crucial for ensuring the long-term viability and success of tourism initiatives and stakeholders’ dedication contributes to better performance, which in turn fosters the sustainable development of tourism villages, preserving their cultural and environmental integrity while promoting t economic growth.

4.4. Moderating Effects

The PLS-SEM method provides a high degree of accuracy in calculating parameters when evaluating the moderating influence. This approach can be used for both the structural model of formation and a structural model that incorporates all of the reflecting indicators of the structures [153]. The procedure of assessing the moderating impact of Partial Least Squares (PLS) entails measuring the newly formed constructs that arise from the interaction between the independent variable and the moderator. The model evaluates these constructs, as described by [156]. If the most recent model produces a noteworthy t-value for the dependent variable, this suggests that the moderator has a large impact on the interaction between the independent variable and dependent variable. Furthermore, a bootstrap resampling technique can be used, using 5000 samples to accurately assess the magnitude of the significant moderating effect [158] This entails evaluating three key elements: (1) the primary factor under investigation, (2) the direct influence of the moderator variable on the result variable, and (3) the impact on the interaction variable (predictor and moderator). One mitigating element for this analysis is the impact of community culture (H4, H5, H6). The outcomes of the moderating effect suggested in this investigation are presented in

Table 4. Moderating effect of community culture.

Community Culture
	Beta	Standard Deviation	T-Statistics	p Values	Result
Stakeholder Commitment + Moderate > Sustainable Tourism Villages	−0.022	0.124	0.276	0.391	Not Significant
Stakeholder Attitude + Moderate > Sustainable Tourism Villages	0.249	0.114	2.290	0.011	Significant
Stakeholder Performance + Moderate > Sustainable Tourism Villages	−0.067	0.115	0.570	0.284	Not Significant

.

Based on the results of the direct effect model (see Table 4), it was revealed that the moderator variable or community culture was insignificantly correlated towards the relationship between stakeholder commitment and sustainable tourism villages (β = −0.022, p > 0.05). In the same result, the moderator variable was also insignificantly correlated towards the relationship between stakeholder performances and sustainable tourism villages (β = −0.067 p > 0.05). This indicates that while stakeholders’ actions and dedication are crucial for sustainability, the existing community culture does not notably affect how these factors contribute to sustainable tourism villages. This highlights the possibility that stakeholder-driven efforts can succeed regardless of the prevailing community culture. Despite this, community culture moderates the relationship between stakeholder attitude and sustainable tourism villages (β = 0.249, p < 0.05). This means that the influence of stakeholders’ attitudes on sustainable tourism villages is strengthened or weakened by the community’s cultural context. Thus, positive stakeholder attitudes are more likely to result in sustainable tourism village outcomes when aligned with supportive community cultural values.

5. Discussion and Implications

To this end, the possible causes and effects of the identified predictors and criteria or linkages between variables of interest were explicitly obtained. It is evident that stakeholder commitment, attitudes, and performance have a significant impact on the sustainability of tourism villages. In terms of commitment, this finding strengthens the notion that stakeholder engagement and dedication is crucial in promoting sustainability in tourism [40,159]. This reinforces the idea that increased stakeholder commitment leads to better outcomes in sustainable tourism initiatives [97]. The result of this study is also aligned with those of previous studies that show stakeholders are more likely to support and actively participate in sustainable tourism practices [13,40] and a positive attitude toward environmental protection prompts the stakeholders to consider not over-excessively undertaking tourism development [41]. A similar pattern appeared in this study that showed stakeholders’ performance and involvement is crucial for the sustainability of tourism villages. This corroborated well with researchers’ notions that effective stakeholder performance, including active participation, resource provision, and supportive behaviors, is essential for the success of sustainable tourism projects [16,142]. Another remarkable result of this study is the role of community culture as a moderator of sustainable tourism villages. Compared to commitment and performance, stakeholders’ attitudes when aligned with supportive community cultural values are more likely to result in sustainable tourism outcomes. This supports the notion that to successfully integrate stakeholder commitment with the implementation of sustainable tourism policies that strike a balance between economic growth and social and environmental responsibility, a community culture is crucial [145].

The overall findings of this study have far-reaching consequences for numerous organizations engaged in tourism development. Stakeholders, comprising government, industry, academic institutions, society, media, the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and local community leaders, must therefore actively maintain their participation in tourism village initiatives. Stakeholders must support sustainable practices and prioritize long-term investments; thus, their commitment is vital [28]. It is advisable for them to foster favorable perceptions of sustainable tourism villages through the advocacy of ecologically conscious and culturally attuned procedures both internally and externally to their affiliated entities. It is imperative for stakeholders to consistently improve their performances by embracing sustainable tourism best practices and guaranteeing that their contributions result in tangible advantages for tourism villages. This may entail consistent training initiatives, integrating emerging technologies, and promoting partnerships that bolster the sustainability of tourism endeavors [12].

Tourism awareness group leaders, who hold a critical position in the management and coordination of tourism activities, must proactively interact with stakeholders to harmonize their endeavors with the sustainability objectives of the village. This can be achieved through the establishment of forums for discourse and collaboration. By exhibiting a resolute dedication to sustainable practices, individual leaders can effectively inspire and guide their communities. In addition to establishing and monitoring performance metrics to assess the efficacy of diverse initiatives, heads of tourism villages should prioritize this task to ensure accountability and ongoing progress. Through doing so, they can make well-informed decisions that contribute to the resilience and sustainability of their tourism operations.

This study underscores the critical role that communities residing in tourism villages play in promoting and engaging in sustainable tourism initiatives. It is imperative that community members endorse, and aid endeavors spearheaded by tourism awareness group leaders and stakeholders, given that their combined contributions are critical to the long-term viability of their respective communities. It is crucial that individuals incorporate sustainable practices, such as waste management, conservation efforts, and cultural preservation, into their daily existence. It is imperative that community members and tourism awareness group leaders engage in active collaboration to guarantee that their perspectives are duly considered and that the plans for tourist development adequately cater to their requirements. This collaborative effort promotes a collective sense of accountability and ownership, which in turn enhances the overall efficacy of sustainable tourism endeavors.

Furthermore, this study’s results indicate that although community culture is a significant component of the social fiber, it might not have a critical impact on the performance or dedication of stakeholders to sustainable tourism initiatives. This suggests that additional variables, including economic incentives, regulatory frameworks, or the values of specific stakeholders, could potentially exert a greater impact in fostering commitment and enhancing performance in sustainable tourism initiatives [145]. This finding suggests that to improve sustainable tourism, strategies should not rely excessively on community culture as their sole leverage. On the contrary, it is advisable for stakeholders to contemplate a comprehensive strategy that encompasses transparent economic advantages, robust leadership, efficient communication, and extensive stakeholder involvement to cultivate dedication and enhance performance. By taking this approach, it is possible to guarantee that every significant factor that impacts sustainable tourism is taken into consideration, resulting in outcomes that are both more efficient and environmentally sound. Although communities recognize the value of their cultural identity and practices, they may find it necessary to modify or enhance their approaches to promote sustainable tourism more efficiently. It is imperative for communities to place emphasis on establishing robust collaborations with relevant parties, engaging in active participation during decision-making processes, and guaranteeing that their perspectives are duly acknowledged throughout the stages of planning and execution. Cultivating an atmosphere of cooperation and reciprocal advantage between stakeholders and the community can establish a more conducive structure for sustainable tourism, notwithstanding the fact that community culture does not inherently propel these results.

From an academic standpoint, this study enhances prior research by offering empirical confirmation of the pivotal function that stakeholders fulfill in the context of sustainable tourism [42,43,44,45]. This finding supports the notion that stakeholder engagement is critical for attaining sustainable results, thus extending and reinforcing stakeholder theory in the context of tourism. Furthermore, this study enhances the methodological rigor of sustainability research through the illustration of efficacious approaches to quantifying and examining stakeholder impacts; it provides a blueprint that may be emulated in subsequent investigations. This establishes a basis for additional investigation into the precise mechanisms by which stakeholders impact sustainability and facilitates cross-regional and cross-contextual comparative studies.

6. Conclusions

This study has successfully evaluated the commitment, attitude, and performances of various stakeholders in the sustainable development of tourism villages. The findings indicate that achieving sustainability in tourism villages requires a collective effort from all participants. Stakeholders comprising government, industry, academic institutions, society, media, private sector investors, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) must demonstrate unwavering commitment and aggressive involvement, while tourism awareness group leaders should provide strong leadership and effective administration. Additionally, communities should actively participate and provide support. Through this relationship, tourist development ensures both economic benefits and sustainability in terms of environment and culture in tourism villages. The findings of this study have the capacity to offer significant understanding for policymakers, assisting in the development of strategies and programs that encourage community participation, leadership development, and stakeholder interaction in sustainable tourism villages. These groups have the ability to create a tourist model in West Sumatra that is both economically viable and beneficial to the local community. This model will also ensure the preservation of the cultural and natural aspects of the tourism villages through collaborative efforts. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of implementing a comprehensive and inclusive approach to sustainable tourism that goes beyond cultural considerations and incorporates a broader range of important factors.

Additionally, the obvious limitation of this study is dealt with through the methodological strategy or research approach utilized. Using quantitative methodology to examine data can help reveal the causal linkages and affects between relevant factors. However, it does not fully address the problem or concerns within a broader framework. The time horizon can be viewed as a constraint. The current study utilized a cross-sectional research design, with a specific emphasis on a singular time point. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that this method restricts the capacity to offer a thorough comprehension or achieve conclusive findings. In addition, to obtain a more explicit, apparent, substantial, and thorough picture on the issues, a qualitative approach through an in-depth interview is suggested.