Known and Unknown Environmental Impacts Related to Climate Changes in Pakistan: An Under-Recognized Risk to Local Communities

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The manuscript aims at investigating the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiatives with reference to the different aspects involved; in particular, financial issues are proposed together with possible solutions and recommendations for future research. The aim itself is not pursued and, moreover, is not fully declared and understandable. The manuscript, as a matter of fact, fails to reach the objective. The whole structure of the manuscript is really poor, hard to understand and embeds no logical path from hypothesis to conclusions.

Firstly, arguments are outlined in a disorganized manner, when present, and do not add anything to current research in the field. In general, no novel contribution is provided thus making the manuscript certainly not a research or scientific paper.

Starting from the abstract, the aim of the paper as well as the logical path authors plan to follow and present is almost impossible to understand. 

The sentence "impact on infrastructure and other environmental consequences" does not mean anything to the reader. The same for sentence from line 27 to line 28, that is certainly wrong.

As to the introduction, the first statements from line 40 to 45 are useless, to put it mildly, and do not convey any scientifically sound concept. The same is true for the rest of the introduction which proves to be disorganized and hard to follow in its assumed logical path.

The agricultural sector is partially mentioned together with the fisheries sector (where is aquaculture?), without a clear and sound analysis of these sectors.

Line 73 introduces the Mediterranean region without a previous mention and without apparent logic or argument. The same can be said for line 82 that introduces SSA, thus making it hard to understand the geographical context of the analysis. 

As a whole, the introduction proves to be completely disorganized and useless.

Lines 121-122 state the aim of the paper with the sentence "a series of environmental concerns", really too general and useless, together with a poor definition of CPEC initiatives that should be the "core" of the manuscript. 

From part 2 onwards the manuscript represents a mere sequence of paragraphs without any connection between them. Methodology is completely absent as well as research hypothesis and a logical path from introduction to conclusions.

Part 5 should outline research needs with no previous research or analysis conducted, thus making the whole part without connection to the previous ones, as already argued. As an example, from line 371 to 374 the manuscript has no meaning at all and the same is true for the whole part. Moreover figure 6 is a table, not a figure.

Line 620, figure 1 should be figure 7. Table 1 should present “The position of Pakistan in the world’s agriculture in 2020”, nevertheless data regarding the “world” are absent.

Conclusions, as the whole manuscript, do not add anything to current research; furthermore, CPEC are mentioned with no details as well as no analysis is conducted (line 696) regarding “the relationship between these three nations remains as intricate and demanding (sentence makes no sense).

Comments on the Quality of English Language

A series of english and punctuation mistakes are detected, thus making the manuscript not at all suitable for the high standards of Sustainability.

Starting from the title itself "know and unknown" should be "known", and no capital letter is needed after colon.

As to the abstract and the main text, english language is really poor. Sentences are too short and simple, with no logical and consequential thread, thus making the whole manuscript similar to an elementary school essay rather than a scientific paper.

As to punctuation, examples in this respect are as follows: useless commas are detected (e.g. line 7 after "funding", line 20 after "economic" and so on, several times in the whole text).

As to grammar and syntax, authors use different tenses in the same sentence, e.g. line 16 past tense and line 18 present tense.

Author Response

Reviewer 1

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The manuscript aims at investigating the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiatives with reference to the different aspects involved; in particular, financial issues are proposed together with possible solutions and recommendations for future research. The aim itself is not pursued and, moreover, is not fully declared and understandable. The manuscript, as a matter of fact, fails to reach the objective. The whole structure of the manuscript is really poor, hard to understand and embeds no logical path from hypothesis to conclusions.

Firstly, arguments are outlined in a disorganized manner, when present, and do not add anything to current research in the field. In general, no novel contribution is provided thus making the manuscript certainly not a research or scientific paper.

Starting from the abstract, the aim of the paper as well as the logical path authors plan to follow and present is almost impossible to understand. 

Starting from the abstract, the aim of the paper as well as the logical path authors plan to follow and present is almost impossible to understand. 

Response:

Thank you very much for your thorough review of our manuscript. Your insightful comments and suggestions have been incredibly helpful in improving the quality of our work. We greatly appreciate the time and effort you dedicated to providing such valuable feedback.

This study focused on the prioritization of initiatives within the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), as well as foreign funding and the associated environmental and national issues. Additionally, it analyzed the effects of these factors on the improvement of infrastructure, commerce, and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan.

The sentence "impact on infrastructure and other environmental consequences" does not mean anything to the reader. The same for sentence from line 27 to line 28, that is certainly wrong.

Response:

This study focused on the prioritization of initiatives within the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), as well as foreign funding and the associated environmental and national issues. Additionally, it analyzed the effects of these factors on the improvement of infrastructure, commerce, and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan.

 

Considering the strong reliance of agriculture on water resources, it is crucial to acknowledge that the process of industrialization has resulted in substantial contamination of water due to the presence of microplastics and heavy metals. Moreover, the South Asian region experiences a significant scarcity of water resources.

As to the introduction, the first statements from line 40 to 45 are useless, to put it mildly, and do not convey any scientifically sound concept. The same is true for the rest of the introduction which proves to be disorganized and hard to follow in its assumed logical path.

Response:

Climate change refers to the observable and measurable changes in weather patterns, mostly caused by the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from both natural and human activities. This alteration has the potential to have enduring effects on a range of environmental issues. The impacts of climate change on persons and ecosystems in South Asia are progressively intensifying and ubiquitous, aggravating problems such as water scarcity. The correlation between environmental degradation and climate change poses a significant threat to the long-term viability of our planet.

The CPEC projects in Pakistan encounter substantial environmental obstacles that have a detrimental effect on the country's development. Critical challenges requiring rapid response include deforestation, biodiversity loss, and pollution from large-scale buildings (1). In order to tackle these difficulties, it is essential to incorporate efficient environmental management and sustainable practices into CPEC initiatives. This will help minimize negative effects and guarantee long-term sustainability. It is particularly important to take this into account in light of the climate change incidents connected to Pakistan (2). Ensuring a harmonious coexistence between environmental preservation and economic growth is crucial for Pakistan's progress and ecological equilibrium, underscoring the importance of adopting a comprehensive strategy for promoting environmental sustainability in development initiatives.

Notwithstanding these obstacles, the CPEC projects strive to advance sustainable development by utilizing renewable energy sources.

The agricultural sector is partially mentioned together with the fisheries sector (where is aquaculture?), without a clear and sound analysis of these sectors.

Response:

Pakistan's economy heavily depends on agriculture, with an annual growth rate of 2.77%; agriculture contributes ~ 19% of the GDP  (3, 4). Historical evidence suggests that Pakistan's agricultural capacity has declined for a decade, similar to other rapidly emerging economies; in 1960, the agriculture sector contributed 29% to GDP, but that number dropped to 18.9% in 2020 (5). Around 26% of all emissions are attributable to the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with food (6). Challenges facing Pakistan's agriculture industry include carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, which affect food production and climate change. In order to tackle these problems, it is necessary to implement modernization and sustainable practices in agriculture, which involve the utilization of renewable energy technology and effective farming methods. Efforts to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability are vital for Pakistan's economic development and environmental welfare.

 

Numerous elements of the socioeconomic and political landscape have a major impact on the demand for agricultural products in South Asian nations. Population growth, the dynamics of import and export, and changing dietary preferences are important factors that influence this demand. Studies suggest that the agricultural industry in South Asia has undergone significant changes in its structure, with the cultivation of a wider variety of crops being driven by factors such as the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the consumption of pesticides, and the yields of food crops (7).

Line 73 introduces the Mediterranean region without a previous mention and without apparent logic or argument. The same can be said for line 82 that introduces SSA, thus making it hard to understand the geographical context of the analysis.

Response:

Furthermore, the COVID-19 epidemic caused significant disruptions to agricultural output and distribution in nations such as Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, thereby emphasizing the sector's susceptibility to exogenous shocks (8).

As a whole, the introduction proves to be completely disorganized and useless.

Lines 121-122 state the aim of the paper with the sentence "a series of environmental concerns", really too general and useless, together with a poor definition of CPEC initiatives that should be the "core" of the manuscript.

Response:

In order to investigate the important environmental challenges related to CPEC activities, this paper attempts to address these difficulties. Moreover, the study highlights the significance of assessing the effects on agriculture, water supplies, and infrastructure to foster sustainable growth and alleviate the adverse outcomes of the CPEC projects.

From part 2 onwards the manuscript represents a mere sequence of paragraphs without any connection between them. Methodology is completely absent as well as research hypothesis and a logical path from introduction to conclusions.

Response:

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) activities are prioritized, the effects of foreign finance are assessed, and Pakistani environmental and national issues are assessed through a thorough evaluation approach. The researchers performed a comprehensive search of academic databases, namely Elsevier Science Direct, Science Online, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), using specific keywords such as "CPEC initiatives," "foreign funding," "environmental concerns," "national concerns," "Pakistan climate policy," "climate change," "sustainable development goals," "water resource management," "environmental sustainability," "conference of all parties," "population," "flood," "temperature," "glaciers," and "environmental education." The inclusion requirements necessitated research that specifically examined the effects of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) efforts on Pakistan's environment and infrastructure, the influence of foreign money on economic stability and corruption, and the difficulties related to climate, economy, and politics, with a particular emphasis on water and agriculture. Only scholarly publications that have undergone a rigorous evaluation process by experts in the field, published within the past five years, and written in the English language were considered for inclusion. The exclusion criteria excluded papers that did not directly address the research themes, as well as grey literature and non-English articles. The evaluation process involved analyzing chosen publications to extract pertinent information regarding the prioritizing of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the effects of foreign funding, and concerns related to the environment and national interests. The analysis specifically focused on topics such as climate change, water scarcity, and the economic consequences of agriculture. The research hypothesis proposed that whereas CPEC activities yield economic benefits, they also raise substantial environmental concerns.

 

Additionally, foreign money is found to be a contributing factor to corruption and economic burdens. Moreover, sustainability is strongly affected by climatic, economic, and political factors. The study follows a logical framework, starting with an introduction to CPEC projects and their consequences. It then discusses specific impacts and moves on to plans for improving infrastructure and long-term research needs. Throughout, the text emphasizes the importance of methodological transparency for replication and scientific validity.

 

Concerns regarding Pakistan's economic stability, risk of corruption, and ability to service its debt are raised by foreign funding for CPEC projects. In addition, the socio-economic effects of CPEC, such as job prospects and foreign direct investment, are acknowledged, along with negative environmental consequences such as CO₂ emissions and biodiversity decline. The study employs a systematic review methodology to thoroughly analyze the initiatives of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the impacts of foreign funding, and the environmental and national concerns within Pakistan. The study emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices and the need to address long-term sustainability by tackling climatic, economic, and political challenges.

 

Part 5 should outline research needs with no previous research or analysis conducted, thus making the whole part without connection to the previous ones, as already argued. As an example, from line 371 to 374 the manuscript has no meaning at all and the same is true for the whole part. Moreover figure 6 is a table, not a figure.

Response:

In this section, a noteworthy long-term research approach that complements and links to previously reported creative research requirements is identified and suggested. Scientific research indicates that if human-caused climate change is not controlled, it might result in severe and irreversible outcomes.

 

As a result, the main goals of this section are to identify research gaps in the field, propose novel solutions to the previously unmet difficulties posed by climate change, and outline the needs for research on climate policy and emissions cap and trade (CPEC).

 

The thorough analysis of climate change and its effects on the economy highlights the need for creative research strategies and global collaboration to meet the problems brought on by unchecked climate change caused by humans. Long-term global emission scenarios are essential for informing policymakers and guiding solutions to climate change. They emphasize the significance of scenario building and addressing important criticisms to improve the accuracy of future forecasts (9). The effects of climate change, such as intense rainfall events, are already impacting urban populations and heightening the vulnerability to non-communicable respiratory illnesses. This emphasizes the pressing requirement for research to comprehend and alleviate these health hazards.

Line 620, figure 1 should be figure 7. Table 1 should present “The position of Pakistan in the world’s agriculture in 2020”, nevertheless data regarding the “world” are absent.

Response:

Change Figure 1 into Table

Table 1: It’s previously published data.

Conclusions, as the whole manuscript, do not add anything to current research; furthermore, CPEC are mentioned with no details as well as no analysis is conducted (line 696) regarding “the relationship between these three nations remains as intricate and demanding (sentence makes no sense).

Response:

As always, it is challenging to forecast with full precision how the relations between China, India, and Pakistan will develop in the future. However, the relationship between these three nations continues to be complex and challenging. Pakistan's reliance on India for its essential water resources, as dictated by the Indus Water Treaty, is a clear manifestation of this intricacy. These resources are critical in supporting agriculture and ensuring an adequate water supply. Pakistan's economic relations with China, facilitated by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), demonstrate substantial Chinese investments that enhance Pakistan's progress. Because of these interdependencies, a complicated web of cooperation and competition is created, making South Asia's geopolitical terrain easier to navigate with skilful diplomacy.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

A series of english and punctuation mistakes are detected, thus making the manuscript not at all suitable for the high standards of Sustainability.

Starting from the title itself "know and unknown" should be "known", and no capital letter is needed after colon.

As to the abstract and the main text, english language is really poor. Sentences are too short and simple, with no logical and consequential thread, thus making the whole manuscript similar to an elementary school essay rather than a scientific paper.

As to punctuation, examples in this respect are as follows: useless commas are detected (e.g. line 7 after "funding", line 20 after "economic" and so on, several times in the whole text).

As to grammar and syntax, authors use different tenses in the same sentence, e.g. line 16 past tense and line 18 present tense.

Response:

As shown in the text, we have significantly improved the English language and punctuation. We appreciate your feedback, which helped us improve the manuscript to meet the rigorous standards of the journal.

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has the potential to significantly impact Pakistan's socio-economic development, but it also poses environmental risks. The energy projects under CPEC, while addressing Pakistan's energy crisis, are a major concern due to their reliance on traditional coal-fired power plants, which contribute to CO2 emissions and smog. The construction of road networks and the increase in vehicle traffic also raise environmental concerns, including deforestation and increased CO2 emissions. Despite these risks, CPEC is expected to bring about a shift in culture and economy in both countries, with potential benefits for Pakistan's infrastructure, energy, trade, and connectivity. However, it is crucial to address the environmental challenges and ensure sustainable development through effective governance, environmental laws, and cooperation between Pakistan and China.

The main environmental projects and causal relationships in the CPEC context are addressed in the article.

The article is well structured and comprehensive, presenting a clear picture of the studied phenomena. The articles used are current and relevant to the study.

Authors should pay more attention to abbreviations in the text. Within lines 98 and 227, the abbreviation SGD is explained twice. This also applies to other concepts discussed in lines 41, 48 (GPGs), and 16,109 (CPEC), among others.

The numbering of figure 7 in line 620 is incorrect.

The bibliography contains several elements that require revision. For example, in the style of citing article pages, in some places it is used as a separator (line 759), in others (line 761), in others nothing (772, 766, etc.). The presentation of all articles in the bibliography should be checked to meet the requirements of the journal.

Author Response

Reviewer 2

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has the potential to significantly impact Pakistan's socio-economic development, but it also poses environmental risks. The energy projects under CPEC, while addressing Pakistan's energy crisis, are a major concern due to their reliance on traditional coal-fired power plants, which contribute to CO2 emissions and smog. The construction of road networks and the increase in vehicle traffic also raise environmental concerns, including deforestation and increased CO2 emissions. Despite these risks, CPEC is expected to bring about a shift in culture and economy in both countries, with potential benefits for Pakistan's infrastructure, energy, trade, and connectivity. However, it is crucial to address the environmental challenges and ensure sustainable development through effective governance, environmental laws, and cooperation between Pakistan and China.

The main environmental projects and causal relationships in the CPEC context are addressed in the article.

The article is well structured and comprehensive, presenting a clear picture of the studied phenomena. The articles used are current and relevant to the study.

Authors should pay more attention to abbreviations in the text. Within lines 98 and 227, the abbreviation SGD is explained twice. This also applies to other concepts discussed in lines 41, 48 (GPGs), and 16,109 (CPEC), among others.

Response:

We appreciate your insightful feedback. We have rectified the concerns about using abbreviations in our manuscript, guaranteeing that each abbreviation is elucidated only once. More precisely, the concept of SDG is described only once, and the acronyms GHGs and CPEC are introduced only the first time they are mentioned in the manuscript. We value your advice and are confident that it has enhanced the clarity of our work.

The numbering of figure 7 in line 620 is incorrect.

Response:

Thank you for bringing to my attention the erroneous numbering of Figure 7. We have thoroughly examined and rectified the numerical labels of the figures throughout the entire manuscript to guarantee their precision and uniformity.

The bibliography contains several elements that require revision. For example, in the style of citing article pages, in some places it is used as a separator (line 759), in others (line 761), in others nothing (772, 766, etc.). The presentation of all articles in the bibliography should be checked to meet the requirements of the journal.

Response:

We appreciate your thoughtful comments about the bibliography. We have thoroughly examined and rectified all the citations in our work to verify their compliance with the requirements set by the journal. More precisely, we have established a uniform format for referencing article pages and ensure the layout remains similar for all references.

Additionally, some citations do have page numbers and so, because they are technical reports and so.

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Please see the attached document

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Moderate revision required especially on long sentences that maybe confusing

Author Response

Reviewer 3

Moderate revision required especially on long sentences that maybe confusing.

Response:

We appreciate your perceptive remarks regarding the English language calibre in our manuscript. We have implemented substantial modifications to enhance the transparency and comprehensibility of our language, with a specific emphasis on streamlining protracted and perplexing sentences. We are confident that these modifications have improved the paper to meet rigorous scientific criteria, resulting in greater clarity and comprehensibility of our phrases.

I have reviewed the manuscript titled “Know and unknown environmental impacts related to climate change in Pakistan: an underrecognized risk to local communities” My evaluation is as follows:

General comments

The authors have attempted to explore and elucidate the environmental impacts associated with climate change in Pakistan. The study was meant to link these impacts with foreign aid associated either after disasters or for development. The focus of the study is topical, but the authors have not provided the methodology that can effectfully be used to objectively achieve their goal. The flow of the manuscript is incoherent and should be revised to enhance the manusript readability and composition based on the suggested comments. Specifically, the effects discussed should clearly be linked with climate change, be specific to the study area of interest (Pakistan) and also be associated with foreign aid (relief). This has not been demostrated at the present form.

Response:

We appreciate your thorough and insightful critique of our paper. We have extensively modified the content to enhance coherence and readability, specifically establishing a connection between the mentioned consequences and climate change in Pakistan and relating them to international assistance for disaster relief and development. In addition, we have provided a comprehensive methodology section to accomplish our research objectives impartially. Our research focuses on the ecological, meteorological, and economic obstacles in Pakistan, particularly the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). We stress the importance of revising policies to guarantee that CPEC is implemented in an environmentally sustainable manner. We are confident that these modifications have greatly improved the clarity and influence of our research.

Specific comments

1. Title

The word know should be known.

Response:

We appreciate your insightful feedback. I have implemented the required revisions to the title in accordance with the recommendation. The revised title now states: “Known and unknown environmental impacts related to climate changes in Pakistan: An under-recognized risk to local communities”

2. Introduction

• Line 59-62 is too long and short to be divided into two.

Response:

We appreciate your insightful input. I have restructured the text to improve its transparency and legibility by splitting it into two sentences. The text has been modified.

“Pakistan was ranked 154^th out of 189 countries in the world in 2019 by the Human Development Index. The ranking indicates that various reasons may lead to food insecurity in the country, such as reduced agricultural output, changes in food prices, market defects, and rapid population growth.”

• Line 81-82 is talking about agriculture’s contribution to Africa’s GDP. This and other inclusions in between other issues create an incoherence of the text. Authors rewrite the introduction and other sections to improve coherence and readability of the test.

Response:

We modified it as it is: "Furthermore, the COVID-19 epidemic caused significant disruptions to agricultural output and distribution in nations such as Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, thereby emphasizing the sector's susceptibility to exogenous shocks."

We implemented your great ideas and made numerous revisions throughout our work, utilizing the track changes feature to emphasize the modifications.

• Figure 1 caption should be enhanced to make it self explanatory so the reader can get the meaning of what it tells.

Response:

Thank you very much for your insightful idea. Since this statistic came from a third party and was published in an earlier piece, which explains everything very well on its own, the description may be very complex for readers to understand.

• The authors have identified objectives of the study as:
• Study significant environmental research concerns.
• Comprehensively review the challenges associated with current climate, economic and political contexts.
• Evaluating agricultural, water and infrastructural issues.
• Review historical connection of international funding and the CPEC initiative concerning the economic infrastructure.

The way the objectives are phrased makes them complex to achieve in one review article, and the authors should rewrite them so they can be smart, measurable, and achievable.

Response:

We appreciate your help so much. We have made the necessary revisions to the manuscript's objectives, and it is now clear. Here it is: “This paper aims to study a series of significant environmental research concerns. In order to investigate the important environmental challenges related to CPEC activities, this paper attempts to address these difficulties. Moreover, the study highlights the significance of assessing the effects on agriculture, water supplies, and infrastructure to foster sustainable growth and alleviate the adverse outcomes of the CPEC projects. Further, review the rhetorical connection of international funding and the CPEC initiative concerning the economic and infrastructural development of the regions where the problem of climate change gradually emerges, receives attention, and creates contentious debates. This goal was achieved by reviewing the literature.”

3. Methodology

Even though the manuscript is a review article, the authors should be able to elaborate how the review was carried out, how the reviewed articles were selected, and if there were any criteria for inclusion and exclusion, the time frame of the review articles, etc. This should be included.

Response:

Thank you for highlighting the significance of that issue. We have now included the methodology part. Here it is: "The CPEC activities are prioritized, the effects of foreign finance are assessed, and Pakistan's environmental and national issues are assessed through a thorough evaluation approach. The researchers performed a comprehensive search of academic databases, namely Elsevier Science Direct, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), using specific keywords such as "CPEC initiatives," "foreign funding," "environmental concerns," "national concerns," "Pakistan climate policy," "climate change," "SDGs," "water resource management," "environmental sustainability," "conference of all parties," "population," "flood," "temperature," "glaciers," and "environmental education." The inclusion requirements necessitated research that specifically examined the effects of CPEC efforts on Pakistan's environment and infrastructure, the influence of foreign money on economic stability and corruption, and the difficulties related to climate, economy, and politics, with a particular emphasis on water and agriculture. Only scholarly publications that have undergone a rigorous evaluation process by experts in the field, published within the past few years, and written in the English language were considered for inclusion. The exclusion criteria excluded papers that did not directly address the research themes, as well as grey literature and non-English articles. The evaluation process involved analyzing chosen publications to extract pertinent information regarding the prioritizing of the CPEC, the effects of foreign funding, and concerns related to the environment and national interests. The analysis specifically focused on topics such as climate change, water scarcity, and the economic consequences of agriculture. The research hypothesis proposed that whereas CPEC activities yield economic benefits, they also raise substantial environmental concerns."

4. Temperature and its impact on sustainability

• The authors indicate of some future displacement – how will temperature trigger this?

Response:

Due to several interrelated processes, rising temperatures brought on by climate change might cause displacement. Elevated global temperatures result in an increased occurrence and intensity of meteorological phenomena such as hurricanes and heat waves. These events have the potential to cause significant damage to residential properties and infrastructure, compelling individuals to seek alternative living arrangements. Moreover, the rise in sea level resulting from the melting of polar ice and the expansion of seawater due to increased temperature poses a significant threat to coastal and low-lying regions, potentially triggering large-scale population movements. The impact of heat stress on crops and changes in growing seasons negatively affect agricultural productivity, leading to decreased food security. As a result, farmers are compelled to search for better prospects in other locations. Moreover, elevated temperatures worsen water scarcity by amplifying drought conditions and present health hazards through heat-related ailments and the transmission of vector-borne diseases, rendering some areas less suitable for human habitation. The cumulative impact of these factors leads to economic volatility, compelling individuals to migrate in pursuit of secure and steady living circumstances.

 

Recent studies highlight the growing likelihood of future displacements caused by climate change, indicating a substantial increase in environmental migration concerns. Ecological factors have historically been primary drivers of worldwide migration issues, and predictions suggest a significant increase in forced relocation as a result of ecological changes by 2050, impacting both human populations and wildlife. The subject of environmental migration research is continuously developing and emphasizes the deep linkages between climate adaptation, labour migration flows, and gender dimensions. These connections need to be further explored in order to inform successful policy-making and implementation. Although there are still misunderstandings about the direct link between environmental change and mass displacement, it is clear that environmental issues such as global warming are already altering the distribution of populations and will probably result in geopolitical changes that have permanent effects.

The authors should argue their points on how this has impacted the specific area of interest as provided in the title in relationship to the subject of the manuscript – the communities of interest and how this relates with other studies. As it is, it only implies a general discussion without specifics. This actually applies to other sections of the manuscript as well.

Response:

In keeping with the general topic of climate-induced relocation, the paper aims to clarify the precise effects of rising temperatures on the communities of interest. In coastal locations, the phenomenon of rising sea levels has resulted in a notable escalation in floods. This has been substantiated, and a substantial relocation of residents towards inland areas has been documented throughout the past decade. Furthermore, other agricultural regions have seen diminished crop productivity as a consequence of heat-induced strain and modified periods of cultivation. This has led to the displacement of farmers. Water scarcity has worsened as a result of long-lasting droughts associated with elevated temperatures, forcing communities to relocate to areas with more dependable water sources. These case studies demonstrate the clear connection between increasing temperatures and displacement, supporting the overall conclusions of this section and providing particular data that is consistent with other academic research. The manuscript provides a comprehensive and specific analysis of the consequences of climate change on certain communities, linking broader climate change phenomena to localized impacts and resulting migratory patterns.

5. Population and its impact on food and economic sustainability

• This section too should be rewritten to bring out its relevance with the title.
• Line 157-161 is too long and should be divided. Please check throughout the manuscript.
• This section should either be divided into three sections (i) issue of population (ii) issue of food security (iii) issue of economic development, and each should be discussed separately. Alternatively, this section should be eliminated completely, and the points taken to relevant sections within the manuscript. For example, for example in the infrastructure, agriculture, sections

Response:

We appreciate your comments. The content in this section is pertinent to our study and directly discusses important matters in Pakistan, such as the intricacies of the land adjudication system, ensuring food security, and managing water resources. Understanding these subjects is crucial for comprehending the wider socioeconomic and environmental challenges in the region. We concur that higher authorities must conduct a thorough evaluation of the content to ensure its complete alignment with the study's objectives and to increase its clarity and impact.

 

Issue of Population

The land adjudication process has grown increasingly intricate despite the system's computerization in several cities in Pakistan. The intricacy arises from the nation's expanding population and swift advancement. Professionals have determined that the system needs to be updated and consistent, both on an individual and corporate level. Industrialization in China will increase in the future. Therefore, we have taken into consideration changes in the population distribution to assess the potential outcomes of expected economic changes in future scenarios.

Issue of Food Security

Issue of Economic Development

6. Foreign relieve and its impact on Pakistan’s economy.

• This section needs to be rewritten and omit issues not directly related to issues discussed and area of interest. For example, authors should discuss what has happened to the area of interest in relation to foreign relief and the impacts it has caused. They will then compare this with what has happened elsewhere. These have not been articulated clearly, especially the role of foreign relief during climate related disasters.

Response:

In addition to increasing the possibility of violent conflict and forcing many people to evacuate, climate change exacerbates already-existing social, political, and economic instabilities. The regular occurrence of natural disasters, which can be ascribed to the increasing temperatures of the globe, results in both human fatalities and significant financial damages. As an example, the devastating flood that occurred in Pakistan in 2010 led to several fatalities, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and caused billions of dollars worth of destruction. Foreign assistance is crucial in addressing climate-related disasters, as wealthy nations and international organizations offer diverse sorts of aid, such as financial support, military resources, and humanitarian assistance. Nevertheless, the extent of this relief varies considerably. In Pakistan, economic stability continues to be difficult to achieve despite receiving significant international help, primarily due to the chronic problems of corruption and political instability. In regions characterized by superior administration and infrastructure, international help has expedited the process of recovery and reconstruction. Optimal utilization of foreign aid, in conjunction with internal reforms, can bolster resilience and stability in the presence of climate-induced disasters, underscoring the necessity for more robust domestic policies and authentic international support centred on long-term sustainability.

• Figure 3 should be explained either in the caption or within the text. This discussion should include supporting references.

Response:

Figure 3 shows the recurring influence of international money on both economic growth and corruption, highlighting the necessity for long-lasting solutions. The left pyramid illustrates the correlation between foreign money and many negative outcomes, such as heightened corruption, insufficient oversight, political disparities, and ultimately stagnant economic growth. In contrast, the right-inverted pyramid theory suggests that economic growth can be stimulated by halting foreign funding and enhancing the education system. The statement emphasizes the significance of global cooperation and financial support to attain sustainable development and promote environmentally-friendly economic growth. The importance of efficient water management is highlighted, emphasizing that while money is not readily available, water is abundant and necessitates appropriate management. This data highlights the importance of implementing internal changes, improving education, and adopting sustainable practices to break the cycle of dependency and attain lasting stability. These findings are corroborated by Transparency International (2020) and the World Bank (2021) and are in line with the objectives of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In the end, we made some modifications to this figure as well.

• It would be beneficial for the authors to discuss foreign aid instead of foreign relief. This would make more sense in relation to the subject of study, thus the CPEC initiative. This will provide the authors with an opportunity to talk about CPEC, its effects on the area of interest, how it has contributed to economic sustainability in the area, infrastructural development, and climate change issues. This should be discussed and related to studies elsewhere.

Response:

Climate change amplifies existing social, political, and economic instability, heightens the probability of violent conflict, and compels numerous individuals to move. The occurrence of frequent natural catastrophes, which are ascribed to the process of global warming, leads to the loss of human lives and substantial economic damages. An example of this is the devastating flood that occurred in Pakistan in 2010, which led to numerous fatalities, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and caused billions of dollars worth of destruction. Foreign assistance is crucial in addressing climate-related disasters and promoting sustainable economic growth. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) exemplifies how foreign assistance may foster economic viability, encourage growth infrastructure, and tackle climate change concerns. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has effectively supported and enabled the implementation of substantial infrastructure initiatives. These projects have not only stimulated economic expansion but also generated employment opportunities.

Furthermore, they have contributed to strengthening the ability to withstand and recover from climate-related catastrophes. However, the efficacy of such assistance is contingent upon the quality of government and internal changes. In areas characterized by superior governance, foreign aid has expedited the process of recovery and fostered long-term sustainable development. In regions characterized by inadequate governance, the advantages of foreign help are sometimes diminished due to inefficiencies and corruption. Efficient utilization of foreign aid, along with domestic changes, can bolster resilience and stability in response to climate-related calamities. By prioritizing the long-term viability of projects like CPEC, we can effectively reduce the adverse effects of climate change and foster economic stability.

• Figure 4 is raising questions which actually need answers. What purpose does the figure serve, if the answers are not provided in the figure or elsewhere in the text? This should be indicated.

Response:

We appreciate your input regarding Figure 4. The objective of this image is to emphasize crucial areas of concern that require the attention of higher authorities. The questions presented in the diagram are designed to facilitate policy evaluation and strategic decision-making, acting as central points for identifying and resolving critical concerns. Although the picture does not explicitly reveal the answers, the accompanying text provides detailed explanations of the background and consequences of each point. In order to improve the efficacy of the CPEC project, this strategy seeks to compel decision-makers to do a complete analysis and employ proactive management.

7. Long term research needs

• Many of the identified research needs (disease, biodiversity loss, overexploitation of resources, melting of glaciers, pollution, and agriculture) have been researched before and the authors should provide deficits from what has been done instead of giving general statements. These should also be discussed in relation to the area of interest and compared with other studies.

Response:

We appreciate your insightful feedback. We recognize that numerous research needs, such as disease, biodiversity loss, overexploitation of resources, melting of glaciers, pollution and agriculture, have been thoroughly investigated. Our study seeks to emphasize specific shortcomings in the current body of literature, specifically about Pakistan. Although prior studies have already demonstrated the overall effects of climate change, our particular objective is to uncover any gaps in understanding the local manifestations and socio-economic repercussions of climate change in Pakistan. While biodiversity loss is a worldwide problem, there has been insufficient exploration of the specific species affected and the consequent ecological imbalances in Pakistan. Furthermore, although there has been some research on the overall melting of glaciers, there is a need for a more in-depth examination of the specific hydrological effects on Pakistan's river systems and agriculture. Through a comparative analysis of our findings and existing research, our objective is to develop a comprehensive understanding of these issues and provide customized suggestions for future research and policy interventions that are specifically relevant to Pakistan.

• Are there any policies put in place? Can figure 6 (which actually should be a table with a third column to provide reference) provide answers to the policy frameworks?

Response:

We appreciate your insightful feedback. We have made changes to Figure 6 based on your feedback. It has been transformed into a table format.

This section should come just before the conclusion.

Response:

We appreciate your suggestion. We have made revisions to the work by relocating the section to a position immediately preceding the conclusion, as suggested. We value your guidance and are confident that it improves the overall coherence of the article.

8. Water associated issues

• Same comments as in previous sections.

Response:

We appreciate your insightful suggestions. We acknowledge that a large number of the study requirements that have been identified—disease, loss of biodiversity, overuse of resources, melting of glaciers, pollution, and agriculture—have already been thoroughly researched. As a reply, we have made changes to our section to emphasize particular shortcomings and deficiencies in the current research. For instance, although the environmental consequences of plastic pollution are extensively recorded, there is a requirement for more region-specific investigations that analyze its distinct impacts on areas such as South Asia, specifically Pakistan, where the deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and its role in contaminating the food chain have not been adequately studied. Although the overall effects of melting glaciers are understood, further research is needed to determine the specific ramifications for water management techniques in areas that rely on the Ganges water system, such as India and Bangladesh. In addition, we conduct a comparative analysis of our findings with other research studies to place our results in perspective and enhance our understanding of these challenges within the particular field of interest. This methodology guarantees that our efforts make valuable and original contributions to the current pool of knowledge.

• In line 438, authors talk about their earlier investigations. What were the investigations about and how are they related to the present study?

Response:

Prior studies involved assessing the worldwide rates of production and disposal of novel chemicals and polymers, analyzing the effectiveness of existing regulatory and waste management systems in handling associated concerns, and investigating the environmental and health consequences of these compounds. These studies have emphasized a notable disparity between the rates at which things are produced and the capacity to handle the negative consequences effectively. This indicates that the existing systems are insufficient in preventing damage to the environment and human health, ultimately disrupting the functioning of the Earth system. This study expands on the findings above by quantifying the combined effects, determining crucial limits for sustainable production, and suggesting approaches for improved risk management and reduction. It highlights the pressing requirement for unified global efforts to safeguard the stability of Earth's systems and human welfare.

How is plastic pollution, environmental toxins fertilizers, sewage, etc. related to water issues especially to Pakistan, the area of interest and the issues of concern in the study?

Response:

Prior research has established a significant correlation between water problems in Pakistan and many factors, such as plastic pollution, heavy metals pollutants, fertilizers, and sewage. Plastic garbage frequently enters rivers, leading to obstructions and detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. This could affect human health by contaminating the food chain. Water supplies are contaminated by industrial pollutants, such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, which result in significant health issues. The discharge of fertilizer into water bodies leads to eutrophication, a process that triggers the growth of harmful algae and reduces oxygen levels. This has severe consequences for aquatic ecosystems and has a direct impact on fishing populations in the area. Moreover, insufficient sewage treatment leads to the introduction of pathogen-infested wastewater into rivers, which presents substantial threats to public health. The interconnection of these concerns worsens the problems of water scarcity and quality, highlighting the necessity for holistic management solutions.

9. Infrastructure and its improvement strategies

• These should be discussed in relation to study objectives and area of interest. It should then compare what has happened elsewhere. 10. Agriculture sector

Response:

Prior research indicates that flood protection strategies have transitioned from solely focusing on flood elimination to prioritizing preparedness for different levels of severity. This change emphasizes the implementation of non-structural alternatives such as property-level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA) and government-led land use management. The combination of rising sea levels, more frequent storms, and stronger waves worsen the damage to infrastructure, erosion of coastlines, and contamination of freshwater, posing a hazard to populations near rivers and reducing the value of properties. The floods in Pakistan in 2022 resulted in significant damage to infrastructure, highlighting the dependence on satellite data for mapping the areas that were affected. However, communities frequently choose to settle in flood-prone locations again because of their familiarity and limited alternatives, with wealthier groups gaining more advantages from adaptation measures such as coastline protection and green spaces. These trends are replicated worldwide, where insufficient urban planning, such as constructing buildings over canals without adequate drainage, worsens the effects of flooding. By comparing these findings with international instances, it becomes evident that there is a universal requirement for comprehensive flood risk management and preparation to reduce the impact of future disasters.

• This should be combined and be linked with food security and other related issues associated with food production.
• These issues should be addressed from the perspective of study objectives and area of interest.

Response:

Thank you for the recommendation. We have made revisions in section 4 for food security. Still, these sections just separately discuss the issues related to agriculture, climatic challenges, and flood-related problems in the regions, as per the feedback.

Furthermore, it is now also pertinent to the study's objectives.

• Figure 1 on page 15 indicated as figure 1 should be figure 7 (or rather figure 6 if figure 6 is changed into a table)

Response:

We appreciate you bringing up that significant matter. We have rectified the entire numerical sequence in our manuscript.

Conclusion

The conclusions should just be statements of fact without trying to support them and authors should just state the facts and restrain from repeating reporting or discussing results here.

Response:

Now, the conclusion has been appropriately updated and is now more relevant to our study findings.

Reviewer 4 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Dear Authors,

Your work may be interesting, but I did not fully understand the authors' intentions. If the work is to be good, it should specify what changes are considered, their known effects, and the expected future impacts.

The authors should organize the introduction section and, essentially, the entire paper. Currently, there is no coherent alignment with the objective of the results presented. The information is mixed up. At one point, it discusses problems in Pakistan, then the global situation, followed by GDP from agriculture in Pakistan, and next to it, about Sub-Saharan African countries. I believe the section needs to be better organized. Identify the main observed changes in the environment, then list the effects of such changes on agricultural production (and fisheries?)...

Subsequently, present the issues of food security, then the significance of agriculture in Pakistan and the impact of observed changes on production potential, etc. It is necessary to separate the effects of agricultural expansion into new areas from those that can be attributed to natural phenomena currently occurring with greater intensity. It is very poor practice to interweave completely different data (see the text in lines 80-82, 83-87). At one point, the author writes about the contribution of agriculture to GDP in Pakistan, and in the next sentence about GHG emissions from agriculture worldwide. The text should be redrafted, paying attention to such inconsistencies.

It is thus necessary to point out more severe and frequent weather phenomena, biodiversity loss, energy consumption, GHG emissions, migrations, etc., as generally considered factors. Only then is it worth discussing the situation in Pakistan, along with information on legislative and other actions being taken.
The characteristics of CPEC should be discussed in the context of the areas it realistically affects.

Aim of the Study*

The purpose is described very broadly, with several specific objectives. It raises doubts as to whether CPEC affects climate change at all and, therefore, indirectly affects agriculture. It may have a more significant impact on the economy as a whole. It seems that linking CPEC with climate change, agricultural production, etc., is poorly justified. Did agricultural production in Pakistan increase or decrease after the construction of CPEC? What is the mechanism of changes in agriculture? If it's climate change, what affects the global climate? The construction of one railway line?

Presentation of Results

The description of issues is very inconsistent. What is to result from GHG emissions? What results from food prices rising after the war in Ukraine began and then falling afterward? What does food security gain from mentioning three countries: Pakistan, Germany, and Thailand? The global description (fig. 2) is combined with the description of regions in Pakistan.

Generally, it should be indicated what the authors are aiming for in this work. Currently, something is described in a defining way or with very broadly outlined relationships on a global scale, and based on that, it is concluded that, for example, Punjab uses more water than Sindh. What does this have to do with anything? Is this supposed to be a paper about water conflict or water management?

In section 4, there is talk about floods and their effects in various countries around the world. What does this have to do with the main goal of the paper?

An example of inconsistency in text preparation is the text in lines 232-241. Is it about climate-related factors or not? What does it matter that someone wrote that economic growth increases prosperity? What does it matter that the economy affects the climate, as the authors have been writing about this since the first lines of the work? What is this paragraph about? What information did the authors want to convey to the reader? The whole work requires editing to improve the description.

What are the reasons for considering foreign aid as an effect of climate change? Such aid has been flowing for a long time where such needs were observed. It mainly resulted from various armed conflicts and disasters. What is the reason related to the goal to indicate that foreign aid has been coming to Pakistan since the country's established?
Finally, how should the impact of CPEC on the environment be understood in the context of climate change? This all needs to be explained to the readers. The author himself states (lines 348-349) that global warming does not matter in this perspective. It follows that CPEC is perceived in Pakistan as a threat on par with climate change.
There are many other inconsistencies. Linking human impact on the climate with an earthquake is another unclear suggestion. Then droughts, floods, heatwaves, plastic, toxins, heavy metals, ocean warming, glacier melting, etc. are mentioned. It is about everything, but what are the consequences apart from those commonly known? What is the connection between sections 6 and 7 with the purpose of the work?
In my opinion, the aim of the work should be better addressed in connection with the title. Then present the general background of phenomena, and then indicate what climate change phenomena occur in Pakistan. Based on this, it is possible to describe the effects of observed phenomena and what actions are being taken, including economic and political actions, etc. Currently, the content of the work lacks order, making it difficult to determine what the authors want to convey.

Table 1 is unnecessary unless in the introduction. Here, perhaps comparisons between 2000 and 2020 should be made, and assess whether production is increasing or decreasing. Perhaps numerous difficulties do not hinder the growth of agricultural production.

The work requires establishing a clear vision, a specific purpose, and significant redrafting. The content must be organized according to a narrative line on the researched topic. Currently, it is a list of all problems: environmental, economic, political, and infrastructural. This is important, but problems are everywhere. What is its connection specifically with Pakistan? It is not clear why CPEC is described. Is it just because of infrastructure or the potential impact on the climate?

Author Response

Reviewer 4

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Dear Authors,

Your work may be interesting, but I did not fully understand the authors' intentions. If the work is to be good, it should specify what changes are considered, their known effects, and the expected future impacts.

Response:

Thank you for providing valuable feedback on our study; our study aims to clarify the various impacts of climate change on Pakistan's environment, with a specific focus on water and agriculture. We analyze the impact of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) programs and foreign money on infrastructure and environmental conditions, giving them priority. The report outlines well-documented consequences such as limited availability of water, severe damage to agriculture caused by floods, and pollution resulting from industrial activities. In addition, we investigate the lesser acknowledged hazards, such as the socio-economic consequences of urbanization and the intensification of corruption due to foreign financing. If CPEC projects do not follow tight environmental laws, it is expected that there will be more significant ecological degradation in the future. The paper presents an extensive inventory of essential tasks for CPEC to address these concerns, highlighting the importance of sustainable practices and strong legislative proposals to protect local communities and assure lasting environmental and economic stability.

The authors should organize the introduction section and, essentially, the entire paper. Currently, there is no coherent alignment with the objective of the results presented. The information is mixed up. At one point, it discusses problems in Pakistan, then the global situation, followed by GDP from agriculture in Pakistan, and next to it, about Sub-Saharan African countries. I believe the section needs to be better organized. Identify the main observed changes in the environment, then list the effects of such changes on agricultural production (and fisheries?)...

Response:

We are grateful for the reviewer's comprehensive input. In response, we have made significant modifications in our paper to ensure a clear and consistent alignment with the objectives and results. The introduction portion has been reorganized to establish a coherent and rational progression, first with a comprehensive overview, then delving into particular regional concerns in Pakistan. We have compiled the material to emphasize the primary ecological shifts and their effects on farming and industries, utilizing track adjustments to record all alterations.

Subsequently, present the issues of food security, then the significance of agriculture in Pakistan and the impact of observed changes on production potential, etc. It is necessary to separate the effects of agricultural expansion into new areas from those that can be attributed to natural phenomena currently occurring with greater intensity. It is very poor practice to interweave completely different data (see the text in lines 80-82, 83-87). At one point, the author writes about the contribution of agriculture to GDP in Pakistan, and in the next sentence about GHG emissions from agriculture worldwide. The text should be redrafted, paying attention to such inconsistencies.

Response:

We have made major modifications to our paper based on the reviewer's recommendations. The text has effectively highlighted the topics of food security, the importance of agriculture in Pakistan, and the consequences of observed changes in production capacity. In addition, we have distinguished the impacts of agricultural development from natural occurrences and resolved any discrepancies in the way the data is presented, guaranteeing a clear and logical flow of information in the text.

It is thus necessary to point out more severe and frequent weather phenomena, biodiversity loss, energy consumption, GHG emissions, migrations, etc., as generally considered factors. Only then is it worth discussing the situation in Pakistan, along with information on legislative and other actions being taken.

The characteristics of CPEC should be discussed in the context of the areas it realistically affects.

Response:

Although global factors such as extreme weather, biodiversity loss, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and migrations are important, examining their particular effects on Pakistan offers a more detailed picture of the problem. The success of Pakistan's legislative and policy initiatives in addressing these concerns should be emphasized for evaluation. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has a substantial impact on the interplay of environmental and socio-economic issues. It is crucial to evaluate the impact of CPEC on the local communities, ecosystems, and economic activity in the areas where it operates. This holistic method guarantees a meticulous and situation-specific examination of Pakistan's environmental and developmental obstacles.

Severe weather phenomena, biodiversity decline, energy usage, greenhouse gas emissions, and migrations are pivotal issues on a global scale. Pakistan, which is greatly affected by climate change, encounters difficulties such as floods, droughts, and interruptions in agriculture, resulting in a shortage of water and problems related to public health. Lack, restricted assets, and severe weather phenomena enhance the nation's susceptibility. Legislative measures are being implemented to tackle these difficulties, with a focus on disaster management, strengthening resilience, and improving water resource governance. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has a substantial influence on the growth of the region, affecting energy consumption, emissions, and land use patterns. Comprehending the consequences of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on climate change and sustainable development is vital for ensuring Pakistan's future environmental and economic viability.

Aim of the Study*

The purpose is described very broadly, with several specific objectives. It raises doubts as to whether CPEC affects climate change at all and, therefore, indirectly affects agriculture. It may have a more significant impact on the economy as a whole. It seems that linking CPEC with climate change, agricultural production, etc., is poorly justified. Did agricultural production in Pakistan increase or decrease after the construction of CPEC? What is the mechanism of changes in agriculture? If it's climate change, what affects the global climate? The construction of one railway line?

Response:

We appreciate your well-considered remarks. The objective of our study is to investigate the diverse effects of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on agriculture in the context of climate change. We acknowledge that this initiative involves various infrastructure developments, such as transportation, energy, and industrial projects. CPEC primarily focuses on promoting economic growth, but it also has an indirect impact on agricultural productivity by bringing about changes in land use, resource allocation, and environmental conditions. Following the completion of the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), noticeable changes have occurred in agricultural practices and production in Pakistan. However, a direct link between these changes and CPEC needs to be further examined. The process of change entails the enhancement of infrastructure, resulting in enhanced market accessibility and resource allocation. However, this process also presents environmental obstacles, such as deforestation and heightened greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. This study examines the possible influence of infrastructural changes on agricultural yields by investigating how these changes can modify local climate conditions, such as through increased automobile emissions and industrial activities. Therefore, it is reasonable to connect CPEC with climate change and agricultural output, as these advancements have the potential to worsen future climate-related difficulties. This highlights the need for a comprehensive strategy to reduce negative impacts and promote sustainable farming methods. We made proper modifications to our manuscript; here, we just explained it in detail.

The relationship between the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its effects on agriculture in Pakistan, as well as its correlation with climate change, is a multifaceted matter. The main objective of CPEC is to enhance economic growth; however, it is closely connected to climate change and agriculture. Climate change, driven by variables such as carbon dioxide emissions and global warming, has been demonstrated to have a detrimental impact on agricultural production in Pakistan. Nevertheless, the precise influence of CPEC on agricultural output in Pakistan after completion needs to be clearly stated in the given settings. It is crucial to acknowledge that agricultural productivity can be impacted by other factors apart from CPEC, such as climate change, technological progress, and government policy. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a thorough analysis that takes into account all these elements to ascertain the mechanism behind the changes in agriculture following the building of CPEC.

Presentation of Results

The description of issues is very inconsistent. What is to result from GHG emissions? What results from food prices rising after the war in Ukraine began and then falling afterward? What does food security gain from mentioning three countries: Pakistan, Germany, and Thailand? The global description (fig. 2) is combined with the description of regions in Pakistan.

Response:

We appreciate your valued comments. We recognize the necessity for a more explicit and uniform delineation of the problems. The focus of our work is to analyze the interrelated effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on food security, taking into account both global and regional perspectives. The primary cause of climate change is the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which in turn has a direct impact on agricultural output and subsequently affects food security. The variations in food prices resulting from the conflict in Ukraine exemplify the instability in international food markets and its impact on food security. Our objective is to emphasize the many approaches to addressing food security concerns by examining Pakistan, Germany, and Thailand. This will involve exploring different agricultural methods, policies, and the impact of climate on food security. The objective of integrating global descriptions (Fig. 2) with regional details in Pakistan is to offer a thorough comprehension of the interaction between local and global forces in influencing food security. We will modify our material to provide a more logical and organized exposition of these interconnected matters.

 

The escalation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, intensified by the conflict in Ukraine, has the potential to result in enduring environmental deterioration and climate change consequences, which will influence global food security. The post-war escalation in food costs can provide significant issues for countries heavily dependent on food imports, including Pakistan, Germany, and Thailand, affecting their food security and affordability. Nevertheless, with the decline in food costs after the conflict, there is a possibility of temporary alleviation for these nations, which could enhance their food security status. The worldwide depiction of the consequences of food security, as seen in Figure 2, can be associated with particular places such as Pakistan, emphasizing the diverse effects of the conflict on different countries and regions, including potential obstacles and enhancements in food security.

We appreciate your insightful feedback. We recognize the need to uphold clarity when distinguishing between the global perspective and the detailed examination of specific regions. In the amended paper, we have implemented the following modifications to address your concern specifically:

The worldwide map (Figure 2) offers a comprehensive visualization of vulnerability index scores across various countries. This diagram aims to provide a full comprehension of worldwide vulnerability patterns.

Generally, it should be indicated what the authors are aiming for in this work. Currently, something is described in a defining way or with very broadly outlined relationships on a global scale, and based on that, it is concluded that, for example, Punjab uses more water than Sindh. What does this have to do with anything? Is this supposed to be a paper about water conflict or water management?

Response:

We appreciate your insightful feedback. The objective of our study is to examine regional discrepancies in water consumption in Pakistan, with a specific focus on the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, to gain a deeper understanding of water resource management and potential strategies for resolving conflicts related to water. Water management entails tackling present challenges by enacting appropriate policies, such as adopting efficient irrigation methods in Punjab and enhancing water infrastructure in Sindh. Based on data from government publications and scientific studies, our research indicates that Punjab's elevated water use is mostly influenced by its significant agricultural operations. In contrast, Sindh's reduced usage can be attributed to its arid environment and distinct crop patterns. By placing our discoveries in a worldwide framework, we underscore the comparable difficulties experienced globally, highlighting the necessity for customized approaches to guarantee sustainable water utilization and alleviate potential conflicts. This approach effectively addresses both the management and resolution of disputes in Pakistan's water system.

In section 4, there is talk about floods and their effects in various countries around the world. What does this have to do with the main goal of the paper?

Response:

We appreciate your insightful remark. The inclusion of the discussion in Section 4 regarding floods and their impacts in different nations is crucial to our article as it offers a comparative examination, demonstrating that Pakistan is confronting significant climatic difficulties like those seen elsewhere. Our goal is to provide a broader perspective on the global impact of floods and use this context to emphasize the immediate necessity of addressing Pakistan's mismanagement and insufficient infrastructure, as demonstrated by the catastrophic floods of 2022. This comparison highlights the need to revise existing policies to avoid worsening these problems. It also supports the argument for enhancing water management and infrastructure development in Pakistan to reduce the danger of future floods and increase resilience.

An example of inconsistency in text preparation is the text in lines 232-241. Is it about climate-related factors or not? What does it matter that someone wrote that economic growth increases prosperity? What does it matter that the economy affects the climate, as the authors have been writing about this since the first lines of the work? What is this paragraph about? What information did the authors want to convey to the reader? The whole work requires editing to improve the description.

Response:

We appreciate your valuable feedback. We recognize the need to be clear and logical in our conversation. The paragraph seeks to emphasize the interdependence between economic development, climate change, and human well-being, specifically in the context of Pakistan and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The mention of economic growth is important as it establishes the framework for understanding the substantial influence that economic activities have on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, subsequently, climate change. The interdependent connection between the economy and climate change is crucial, as alterations in economic activity resulting from climatic changes can impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to feedback loops that intensify global warming. We will modify the paragraph to explicitly establish a connection between these aspects, guaranteeing that it corresponds to the manuscript's emphasis on climatic and infrastructure difficulties in Pakistan. This will result in a more understandable comprehension of the intricate relationship between economic development and climate change.

What are the reasons for considering foreign aid as an effect of climate change? Such aid has been flowing for a long time where such needs were observed. It mainly resulted from various armed conflicts and disasters. What is the reason related to the goal to indicate that foreign aid has been coming to Pakistan since the country's established?
Finally, how should the impact of CPEC on the environment be understood in the context of climate change? This all needs to be explained to the readers. The author himself states (lines 348-349) that global warming does not matter in this perspective. It follows that CPEC is perceived in Pakistan as a threat on par with climate change.

Response:

We appreciate your thoughtful observation about how foreign aid should be taken into account in light of climate change. The discourse surrounding foreign aid seeks to emphasize a persistent problem in Pakistan, where external financial assistance has been sought and obtained since the inception of the country, frequently in reaction to diverse crises such as military conflicts and natural calamities. Nevertheless, there needs to be a notable improvement in the appropriate application and supervision of these monies, resulting in inefficiencies and unattended requirements on the field. Although aid has been received, there has yet to be a thorough examination of how this money has been distributed and the effects they have had, specifically in addressing flood and climate-related issues. The purpose of this part is to emphasize the need for CPEC authorities and international climate fund organizations to conduct thorough evaluations and ensure the efficient utilization of funding. Careful inquiry and supervision are crucial to guarantee that the funds fulfil their intended objective and support sustainable development and climate resilience in Pakistan.

There are many other inconsistencies. Linking human impact on the climate with an earthquake is another unclear suggestion. Then droughts, floods, heatwaves, plastic, toxins, heavy metals, ocean warming, glacier melting, etc. are mentioned. It is about everything, but what are the consequences apart from those commonly known? What is the connection between sections 6 and 7 with the purpose of the work?

Response:

We appreciate your feedback on the environmental implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) about climate change. The present construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) presents notable ecological concerns as a result of inadequate policies for safeguarding the environment. The agreements between Pakistan and China have failed to sufficiently address the environmental deterioration caused by industrialization, resulting in significant problems such as the poisoning of soil and water due to heavy metal pollution and plastic waste. The misallocation of finances and inadequate prioritization of sustainable initiatives, such as those related to renewable energy, have additionally impeded advancements in achieving environmental sustainability. The purpose of this part is to emphasize the immediate necessity for thorough environmental policies and strict supervision by higher authorities to assess the existing environmental consequences before going forward with additional industrialization. It is essential to effectively adopt sustainable practices, such as the promotion of recycling businesses in the South Asian region, to reduce the negative impact on the environment and tackle global warming. Sections 6 and 7 highlight these ideas by linking the wider impacts of climate change and industrial activity to the particular circumstances of CPEC. This underscores the need for enhanced environmental management and sustainable progress.

In my opinion, the aim of the work should be better addressed in connection with the title. Then present the general background of phenomena, and then indicate what climate change phenomena occur in Pakistan. Based on this, it is possible to describe the effects of observed phenomena and what actions are being taken, including economic and political actions, etc. Currently, the content of the work lacks order, making it difficult to determine what the authors want to convey.

Response:

We appreciate your thoughtful feedback regarding the connection between the work's goal and its title and content structure. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the recognized and unrecognized difficulties presented by the ongoing industrialization inside the CPEC project, namely the need for more emphasis on renewable energy initiatives. The primary purpose of the general background is to provide a context for comprehending the climate change events taking place in Pakistan, which is then followed by a comprehensive explanation of their impacts. Despite the substantial growth of the industrial sector, there needs to be more adequate measures taken to promote sustainable practices, resulting in serious environmental problems such as the contamination of heavy metals. The work highlights the pressing necessity for thorough environmental policies and effective supervision to alleviate these impacts. The higher authorities of Pakistan and China must reevaluate their tactics and guarantee that industrialization under CPEC advances in an ecologically sustainable manner. The work will undergo revision to enhance the organization of these elements, resulting in a coherent narrative that spans from the background information to the specific implications of climate change and the requisite economic and political measures.

Table 1 is unnecessary unless in the introduction. Here, perhaps comparisons between 2000 and 2020 should be made, and assess whether production is increasing or decreasing. Perhaps numerous difficulties do not hinder the growth of agricultural production.

Response:

We appreciate your feedback. Table 1 is presented in order to provide context by presenting previously published data as a reference. Adding comparative data between 2000 and 2020 to analyze trends in agricultural production and emphasize any growth that has occurred despite constraints will be challenging.

The work requires establishing a clear vision, a specific purpose, and significant redrafting. The content must be organized according to a narrative line on the researched topic. Currently, it is a list of all problems: environmental, economic, political, and infrastructural. This is important, but problems are everywhere. What is its connection specifically with Pakistan? It is not clear why CPEC is described. Is it just because of infrastructure or the potential impact on the climate?

Response:

We appreciate your valued comments. This study aims to conduct a thorough examination of the complex problems presented by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) about Pakistan's environment, economy, and infrastructure. Although the current presentation may appear as a mere enumeration of problems, our objective is to emphasize the interconnectedness of these challenges and their particular relevance to Pakistan. The focus on CPEC is attributed to its substantial contribution to revolutionizing Pakistan's infrastructure and its potential influence on the climate. Although the project shows potential for economic expansion, it also carries environmental hazards such as industrial contamination and insufficient efforts toward renewable energy. Consequently, we will revise the article to create a distinct objective and goal, structuring the information into a coherent storyline that presents the observed phenomena, their effects, and the required measures. By doing so, the explicit connection between CPEC and Pakistan's distinct issues will be ensured, and the discussion will be focused on the thoroughly researched topic.

Round 2

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

It is possible to acknowledge that authors have consistently improved the manuscript, replying to all suggestions and remarks.

Nevertheless a final consistent revision needs to be performed regarding the structure of the manuscript. Paragraph 2 outlines the followed methodology and, still, from paragraph 3 onwards different issues are presented without previous mention to their importance, the classification followed (from most important to least? Or what else?). Paragraph 3 and following paragraph should be preceded by an explanation concerning the cited classification.  Syntax proves to be still poor if authors consider the manuscript to be a scientific paper. As an example, from line 55 onwards five short sentences are present thus making the whole paragraph too fragmented, as the manuscript in general. Therefore, the advice to authors is to revise the structure thoroughly and make longer sentences, more articulated without fragmenting the arguments presented. Comments on the Quality of English Language

Please, refer to the above section.

Author Response

Response:

In all likelihood, we appreciate your genuine evaluation. An article in The Lancet journal used very short sentences, such as "Pollution is costly" reference “The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet”, which is one example of why short sentences are useful in some cases. We made modifications to our text; please let me know whether our sentence arrangement is acceptable now.

 

As you mentioned, the structure of the manuscript changes from section 3 onwards as compared with section 2. We highlighted that in section 2, we used different keywords, and all of them are explained in the below sections, but now we have made some modifications in the Foreign funding section and related it with conferences of all parties.

 

During the first revision, we polished our manuscript English, and now we appreciate that you highlighted this question again, and we have made the necessary changes in our manuscript.

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Please see attached document

Comments for author File: Comments.docx

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Author Response

Response:

We really appreciate that you reviewed our manuscript, which was really helpful for us to improve our manuscript quality. We revised our manuscript as per your suggestions. The changes are highlighted in the manuscript to facilitate your review.

Reviewer 4 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Dear Authors,
The responses to the comments contained in the review are extensive, but changes in the article are not so extensive.
The descriptions in the text have been supplemented and some fragments of the text have been swapped. This is a beneficial change, as it is easier to understand what this study is about.

From reading the text and the responses I received, I understood that the author's intention is to indicate that there is a risk of corruption when expanding infrastructure, which may result in a deterioration of the environment in the vicinity of the constructed infrastructure, and the authors postulate that investors should also be obliged to making investments that secure the natural environment.

The second aspect is information about factors threatening agricultural production. This is not fully shown, but natural factors and factors resulting from industrialization are described. In addition, all negative natural phenomena have been attributed to industrialization, then GHG emissions, etc. Either way, it is bad.
All these threats have also been attributed to CPEC, also indicating real political threats.
The work, despite the corrections, is of average quality, it is difficult to find a directly expressed idea that industrialization is bad, but if it is bad, one must try to limit the negative impact.
This final discussion in conclusions about the responsibility of the political class for the successful development of the country determines the positive conclusion regarding the article.
One can still strive for a simpler presentation of the described dependencies and indicate closer connections between factors.

Author Response

Response:

First, we appreciate you taking the time to review our manuscript. All the changes were highlighted in our revised version as per your suggestions.

 

As you mentioned agriculture, we consider that our manuscript can be linked with agriculture, such as the water issue can be linked to agriculture; infrastructure needs proper management, that’s why we mentioned, which can also impact biodiversity and the agriculture sector, if not properly planned the setup for it. CPEC is a game-changer project for both nations, but unfortunately, in the current stage, no work has been done in the agriculture sector, and industrialization also impacts the ecosystem. Each year, Pakistan faces a devastating flood all over the country and receives a huge amount of foreign aid. However, there are still no proper changes in the water system or flood protection, and the agricultural side has not been monitored in this case. The increasing population needs food and a sustainable environment; both things are linked with agriculture, but the country is not in a position to provide proper food to the citizens, depending on foreign products in most cases. Temperature is also the case; global warming is one of the serious issues for agricultural production in South Asian countries, especially in Pakistan and India.

 

As we know, industrialization and urbanization bring a huge amount of heavy metal pollution into our ecosystem; if we can look at China, in the current stage, China is spending a huge amount of money on environmental protection, especially if we can look to the abandoned smelting sites in central south China, this region has a serious health issue, and current the habitant faces a serious carcinogenic threat from those industrializations, if one can’t be planned properly on time then it will be a more serious case for Pakistan because Pakistan has a lot of environmental issues, and having a serious threat from global warming. Global warming is another serious issue affecting agricultural production in South Asian countries, especially Pakistan and India.

 

The CPEC project has the potential to be transformative, but it must be monitored closely to mitigate negative consequences. Proper oversight is essential to address shortcomings in the project for both nations, especially for Pakistan; it needs a proper monitoring system that can easily cover and recover the shortcomings of this project.

 

Political stability is also crucial. As we mentioned, the global power will be in Chinese or Indian hands; that's very important to establish a proper link with international and national political entities that can bring the nation to the way of development.