Optimization of the Active Layer Thickness for Inverted Ternary Organic Solar Cells Achieves 20% Efficiency with Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Simulation Models and Performance Indicators
2.1. Optical Model
2.2. Electric Model
2.3. Evaluation of Performance Indicators
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Device Performance
3.2. Charge Carrier Generation, Transport, and Recombination
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
q | Elementary charge |
n | The concentration of free electrons |
Nc,v | The effective density of states in the conduction band |
Nt | The number of traps |
P | The concentration of free holes |
Jn,p | The current density of the electron and holes |
vth | The thermal emission velocity of the carriers |
Ec | Conduction band |
Ev | Valence band |
EF,h,e | The energy corresponding to Fermi levels |
Fn,p | The energy level of the Fermi level in the conduction and valence bands |
Dn,p | The diffusion coefficient of electrons and holes |
Rn,p | The recombination rate of electrons and holes |
G | The carrier generation rate |
KB | Boltzmann constant |
T | Temperature |
Greek Symbols | |
ε0 | The permittivity of the free space |
εr | Relative permittivity |
φ | Voltage profile |
µe | Electron mobility |
µh | Hole mobility |
ΔE | The energy offset |
η | The normal surface |
ω | Angular frequency |
λ | Speed of light |
Superscript | |
D | Electron donor |
A | Electron acceptor |
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Layer | Thickness (nm) | Materials | Type | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITO | 130 | Oxides/ITO | Contact | [46] |
SnO2 | 5 | Oxides/SnO2 | Other | |
PM6:D18:L8-BO | 80 | Blends/PM6:D18:L8-BO | Active | |
PEDOT:PSS | 20 | Polymers/PEDOT:PSS | Other | |
Ag | 100 | Metal/Ag | Contact | [46] |
Parameters | Measure | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Effective density of free electron (Nc at 300 K) | 1 × 1026 m−3 | [46] |
Effective density of free hole (Nv at 300 K) | 1 × 1026 m−3 | [46] |
Electron mobility (μe) | 1.49 × 10−7 m−2 V−1 s−1 | [46] |
Hole mobility (μh) | 1.42 × 10−7 m−2 V−1 s−1 | [46] |
n to P recombination rate constant | 1.15 × 10−17 m−3 s−1 | [46] |
Free electron (n) to trapped electron (ntrap) | 1 × 10−15 m−2 | [46] |
Trapped electron (ntrap) to free hole (P) | 1 × 10−20 m−2 | [43] |
Trapped hole (Ptrap) to free electron (n) | 1 × 10−20 m−2 | [46] |
Free hole (P) to trapped hole (Ptrap) | 1 × 10−15 m−2 | [46] |
Free hole (P) to trapped hole (Ptrap) | 5 Trap | |
Energy bandgap (Eg) | 1.29 eV | [46] |
Relative permittivity (εr) | 3.0 a.u. | [46] |
Thickness (nm) | Voc (v) | Jsc (mA/cm2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 0.899 | 25 | 84 | 18.9% |
80 | 0.89 | 27.2 | 82.3 | 20% |
100 | 0.884 | 26.4 | 80.8 | 18.9% |
120 | 0.879 | 25.6 | 79.2 | 17.9% |
150 | 0.873 | 25.7 | 76.3 | 17.1% |
180 | 0.87 | 26.4 | 72.7 | 16.7% |
200 | 0.867 | 26.7 | 69.8 | 16.2% |
250 | 0.86 | 26.3 | 61.8 | 14% |
Reference | Structure | Voc (v) | Jsc (mA/cm2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ram et al. [56] | ITO/WS2/PBDB-T-2F:Y6:PC71BM/PFN-Br/Al | 0.85 | 25.1 | 80 | 17.10% |
Zhu et al. [46] | ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PM6:D18:L8-BO/PNDIT-F3N/Ag | 0.87 | 24.49 | 80.38 | 17.21% |
Rafiq et al. [55] | ITO/MoO3/PDTS-DTTFBT:PC71BM/C60/PC60BM/ZnO/Ag | 0.999 | 20.01 | 88.52 | 17.69% |
Our work | ITO/SnO2/PM6:D18:L8-BO/PEDOT:PSS/Ag | 0.89 | 27.2 | 82.3 | 20% |
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Boudia, M.E.A.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, C. Optimization of the Active Layer Thickness for Inverted Ternary Organic Solar Cells Achieves 20% Efficiency with Simulation. Sustainability 2024, 16, 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146159
Boudia MEA, Wang Q, Zhao C. Optimization of the Active Layer Thickness for Inverted Ternary Organic Solar Cells Achieves 20% Efficiency with Simulation. Sustainability. 2024; 16(14):6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146159
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoudia, Mohamed El Amine, Qiuwang Wang, and Cunlu Zhao. 2024. "Optimization of the Active Layer Thickness for Inverted Ternary Organic Solar Cells Achieves 20% Efficiency with Simulation" Sustainability 16, no. 14: 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146159