Balancing Technological Innovation and Environmental Sustainability: A Lifecycle Analysis of 6G Wireless Communication Technology

Abstract

Wireless communication has revolutionized the evolution of humankind. The rapid growth and development of mobile communication has created an ecosystem better than what has been before. However, issues such as ample energy consumption and resulting carbon emissions, a lack of proper disposal mechanisms for large amounts of electronic waste, and the recycling of electronic materials interrupt growth. When the world is waiting for the implementation of 6G mobile communication technology, it is mandatory to resolve these issues for the sustainability of 6G technology. In this review, we present the superiority of 6G over previous generations accompanied by issues that cause extensive damage to the environment. To mitigate this adverse effect, we present a lifecycle analysis of 6G wireless communication technology from production to disposal, focusing on issues surrounding electronic waste, energy consumption, and environmental impact. This study explains the intricacies of electronic parts, toxic compounds, and the dangers of incorrect disposal techniques. It also investigates energy consumption issues specific to 6G technology, such as manufacturing processes and network infrastructures that require considerable energy. We also present a quantitative evaluation of the 6G lifecycle in detail. In addition, we present a comprehensive strategy and insights to make 6G sustainable. Furthermore, we suggest an ecological policy for all stakeholders for the sustainability of 6G. We also present political and commercial implications for 6G. As the process of 6G development continues, we show the impact of network fragmentation on standardization, which helps improve sustainability. Finally, we conclude that while the existing research has made significant advances in 6G, there is a need for correct disposal techniques to refine the key government policies for managing e-waste. New cooling technologies and renewable energy sources must be adopted to reduce the current greenhouse emission of 200 g of CO₂ and energy consumption of 2.5 kWh per GB for 6G networks.

1. Introduction

Communication is the most important element in the evolution of humankind. Wireless communication has played a revolutionary role in the development and growth of people across the globe. The way we connect, communicate, and engage with the world around us has completely changed as a result of the advancement of wireless communication technologies.

Table 1. Evolution of wireless technologies [1].

Generation	Year of Introduction	Data Speed	Network Capacity	Latency
0G	1945 s	Handover	NA	NA
1G	1980 s	Analog/2.4 Kbps	Low	High
2G	1990 s	Up to 384 Kbps	Moderate	High
3G	Early 2000 s	Up to 2 Mbps	High	Moderate
4G	Late 2000 s	Up to 1 Gbps	High	Low
5G	2010 s	Up to 10 Gbps	Very High	Low
6G	Expected 2030 s	Up to 100 Gbps	Extremely High	Ultra-Low

shows the evolution of wireless technologies in terms of data speed, network capacity, and latency, and

Table 2. Wireless standard technology and services.

Generation	Technology	Services
0G	Push to Talk	Mobile telephone service based on Handover
	Mobile Telephone System
	Improved Mobile Telephone System
1G	Advanced Mobile Phone System	Voice Call
2G	Global System for Mobile Communication	Voice calls and packet data access, web browsing, and electronic mail
	Code Division Multiple Access
2.5G	General Packet Radio Service
2.75G	Enhanced Data for GSM Evaluation
3G	Wideband CDMA	Features include voice call, video calling and conferencing, 3D gaming, mobile TV, and large electronics mail
	Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standard
	CDMA 2000
3.5G	High Speed Downlink Packet Access
	High Speed Uplink Packet Access
	1 × Evolution Data Optimized REV—A, B, C
4G	Long Term Evolution	Video conferencing with improved QoS, online gaming, mobile multimedia, and integrated wireless solutions.
	Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
5G	Wireless World Wide Web	These technologies include 3D Internet, virtual reality, VoIP, and telepresence
6G	Wideband CDMA	Ultra-broadband internet service
	Ultra-wideband
	Long Term Evolution
	3rd Generation Partnership Project
	Enhanced—Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
	Enhanced EDGE

shows the generation of wireless standards with various applicable services. The generation of technology, starting with 1G in the 1980s and ending with 5G recently [1], has resulted in previously unheard improvements in connectivity, speed, and dependability. Currently, the world is waiting for the arrival of the 6G era which will bring, with its ubiquitous connectivity [2], extremely fast data transfer rates and paradigm-shifting applications such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), unmanned aerial vehicles, and terahertz communication [3].

With its promise of previously unheard-of speed, capacity, and dependability, the adoption of 6G technology signals the beginning of a new age in connectivity and creativity. Networks that are 6G anticipate tens of terabits of data transfer per second [4], potentially completely transforming a variety of sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and entertainment [5,6]. The low latency and excellent reliability of 6G technology enable real-time communication and control, paving the way for revolutionary applications such as remote surgery, augmented reality, and driverless cars. Furthermore, the smooth integration of 6G networks with cutting-edge technologies such as edge computing, blockchain, and artificial intelligence (AI) promises to open new avenues and spur digital transformation in a variety of economic sectors [7].

However, the allure of 6G technology is accompanied by various adverse effects. It is critical to acknowledge the environmental risks associated with its advancement and implementation. The construction of a 6G infrastructure [8], which includes base stations, antennas, and network equipment, requires an enormous amount of energy and raw materials. This contributes to carbon emissions [9,10], resource depletion, and environmental deterioration. The ample amount of energy consumption has resulted in global warming, which has led to variations in the atmospheric pattern, the scarcity of food, water and clean air, and increases in natural calamities such as floods, heavy storms, and tsunami. The contribution of energy consumption in telecommunication is significant to total energy consumption on Earth. Furthermore, the growth of linked devices, data-intensive apps, and intricate network topologies has contributed to the massive energy consumption of 6G network operations [11]. The exponential growth in data traffic and the expansion of IoT devices, which further increase the energy demands of 6G technology, have raised concerns over long-term sustainability and environmental impact [12]. The quick turnover of electronic equipment and technological obsolescence severely hampered the management of electronic trash, or “e-waste”. We predict that as users transition to 6G-enabled smartphones, the number of abandoned smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices will soar, increasing the production of e-waste. If not handled appropriately, many hazardous materials found in electronic equipment, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants, can seriously endanger human health and the environment [13]. Furthermore, inappropriate incineration or landfilling of e-waste exacerbates environmental deterioration and climate change by contributing to air and soil pollution [14]. Recycling [15], refurbishment, and proper disposal of e-waste are all sustainable e-waste management strategies that help reduce environmental concerns and encourage resource conservation [16].

Energy use during the production and operation of 6G networks poses yet another significant environmental risk. Semiconductor chips, antennas, and other electronic components require energy-intensive procedures such as extraction, refining, and manufacturing [17,18]. These procedures contribute to carbon emissions and resource depletion [19]. In addition, the operation of 6G networks uses enormous amounts of electricity, increasing their carbon footprint and energy expenses because of their high data traffic and intricate network structures [20,21]. The implementation of energy-efficient technologies and sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can help reduce the environmental effects and carbon footprint of 6G technology [1]. Major environmental dangers associated with mining raw materials in 6G technology adoption [22], including minerals, fossil fuels, and rare earth metals, pose major environmental risks. Deforestation, habitat destruction, and water pollution are examples of mining-related activities that can significantly impact ecosystem health and biodiversity. Furthermore, raw material extraction and processing increase green house gas (GHG) emissions, which aggravate global warming and climate change [23]. Thus, 6G is able to fulfill not only today’s requirements but also tomorrow’s demand. However, the consumption of energy and its adverse effects on the environment generate a very large issue for its sustainability in the long run. In this paper, we set out to investigate the relationship between technological advancement and environmental sustainability as 6G wireless communication technology has developed. We explore the environmental issues raised by the development, implementation, and use of 6G networks, as well as possible approaches to mitigate these issues and promote a more sustainable future. Furthermore, reducing the environmental impact of 6G technology and promoting resource conservation require sustainable resource management techniques such as ethical sourcing, recycling, and circular economy concepts [24].

Addressing the environmental challenges of 6G technology requires a multifaceted approach that integrates technological innovation [25], policy interventions, and stakeholder collaboration. Sustainable design principles, such as eco-design and product longevity, can minimize the environmental impact of 6G infrastructure and devices, promoting energy efficiency and resource conservation [26]. Moreover, the deployment of energy-efficient technologies, such as advanced power management systems and low-power consumption devices [27], can reduce the energy demands of 6G networks and mitigate their carbon footprint. Additionally, the adoption of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, can help decarbonize the energy supply chain and reduce reliance on fossil fuels [28]. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks such as carbon pricing mechanisms, emission standards, and environmental regulations can incentivize companies to adopt sustainable practices and reduce their environmental impact.

We show five critical performance indicators that have a substantial impact on the environment in Figure 1. The five impact categories include GHG and other emissions, energy, recycling and waste, water usage, and land and biodiversity. Regulatory frameworks such as carbon price mechanisms, emission standards, and environmental legislation can also encourage organizations to adopt sustainable practices and reduce their environmental impact.

Thus, there are possibilities and difficulties for environmental sustainability associated with the development of 6G wireless communication technology. Rapid improvements in connectivity and data transmission rates promise more creativity and productivity, but they also worsen problems such as energy consumption and electronic waste production. We need a multifaceted strategy to address these issues, which includes promoting a circular economy, implementing eco-friendly manufacturing practices, and adopting renewable energy sources. Furthermore, throughout the lifecycle of 6G technology, governmental initiatives and regulatory frameworks are critical to promoting environmentally responsible activities. Through the adoption of creative solutions and a focus on environmental sustainability, stakeholders can mitigate the environmental effects of 6G technology and clear the path for a more sustainable future.

Working towards sustainable 6G wireless communications is not just about enhancing connectivity; it is also about shaping a future where technological advancement aligns with environmental responsibility. The following are the reasons for the motivation for 6G sustainability.

1.1. Environmental Impact

Traditional wireless networks consume significant energy, contributing to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. Sustainable 6G aims to minimize this impact by optimizing energy usage, reducing waste, and employing renewable energy sources.

1.2. Resource Efficiency

With the exponential growth in data consumption, there is a pressing need for more efficient use of resources. Sustainable 6G seeks to maximize spectral efficiency, minimize latency, and optimize the use of the available spectrum, leading to smarter and more sustainable networks.

1.3. Global Connectivity

Access to reliable and affordable communication is essential for global socioeconomic development. By focusing on sustainability, 6G technologies can bridge the digital divide while minimizing their ecological footprint, ensuring that everyone benefits from technological progress.

1.4. Innovation and Opportunity

Building sustainable 6G networks requires innovative solutions across various domains, from hardware design to network architecture and software optimization. This presents fertile ground for researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs to develop groundbreaking technologies that not only advance connectivity, but also contribute to a greener future.

1.5. Resilience and Adaptability

Climate change and natural disasters pose significant challenges to communication infrastructures. Sustainable 6G aims to build resilient networks that can withstand environmental pressures, ensuring uninterrupted connectivity even under adverse conditions.

1.6. Policy and Governance

Addressing sustainability in wireless communications requires collaboration among governments, regulatory bodies, industry stakeholders, and civil society. By advocating for policies that incentivize eco-friendly practices and promote innovation, we can create an enabling environment for sustainable 6G deployment.

1.7. Long-Term Vision

Investing in sustainable 6G is not only about meeting the current demand for connectivity but also about laying the foundation for future generations. By prioritizing sustainability, we can build a legacy of responsible technological development that benefits society and the planet for years to come.

In summary, the pursuit of sustainable 6G wireless communications offers a compelling vision for the future, where technology serves both human needs and environmental stewardship. It is a journey worth embarking on, driven by the desire to build a better, more connected, and more sustainable world.

The key innovations, observations, and findings of the article are as follows:

Innovations: (1) This article examines the lifecycle of 6G wireless communication technology, focusing on issues related to electronic waste, energy consumption, and environmental impact. (2) New ideas and strategies to reduce these challenges, including the use of renewable energy sources and recyclable materials, are discussed. (3) The review examines industry standards, legislative initiatives, and policy frameworks that support environmentally friendly practices in the creation and application of 6G wireless communication technologies.

Observations: (1) This study explains the intricacies of electronic parts, toxic compounds, and the dangers of improper disposal techniques involved in 6G technology. (2) This article investigates energy consumption issues specific to 6G, such as manufacturing processes and network infrastructures that require significant energy. (3) The wider environmental impact includes the extraction of raw materials, emissions during manufacturing, and carbon footprints related to 6G deployment and operation.

Findings: (1) The key findings highlight the need to balance technological innovation in 6G with environmental sustainability considerations throughout the product lifecycle. (2) The article emphasizes the importance of a circular economy approach and the need for recycling, refurbishing, and reusing electronic components. (3) This review suggests that addressing these environmental challenges is crucial for the successful and sustainable development of 6G wireless communication technology.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents potential and challenges for the sustainability of 6G. Section 3 describes different stages of 6G lifecycle analysis (LCA), and Section 4 presents various parameters for the quantitative evaluation of LCA. In Section 5, we present strategies to develop a sustainable 6G network. Section 6 presents some insights to secure an environmentally friendly future for 6G networks. In Section 7, we propose several ecological policies for 6G development. Section 8 and Section 9 present the political and commercial implications of 6G technology and the impact of network fragmentation on standardization. Finally, Section 10 concludes the paper.

2. 6G Sustainability: Potential and Challenges

The introduction of 6G wireless technology for communication reflects the complex interplay between environmental responsibility and technical innovation [29], offering both enormous sustainability promises and substantial obstacles. On the one hand, 6G can provide significant sustainability advantages.

Table 3. Envisioning the ground-breaking potentials of 6G technology, transcending the current capabilities of 5G.

Major Factor	5G	6G
Peak Data Rate	10 UL [20 DL] Gb/s	>100 Gb/s
User Experience Data Rate	1 Gb/s	>10 Gb/s
Traffic Density	10 Tb/s/${\mathrm{km}}^2$	100 Tb/s/${\mathrm{km}}^2$
Connection Density	>1 million/${\mathrm{km}}^2$	>10 million/${\mathrm{km}}^2$
Delay	ms level	<1 ms
Mobility	350 km/h	>1000 km/h
Spectrum Efficiency	3∼5× relative to 4G	>3× relative to 5G
Energy Efficiency	1000× relative to 4G	>10× relative to 5G
Coverage Percent	About 70%	>99%
Reliability	About 99.9%	>99.999%
Positioning Precision	Meter level	Centimeter level
Receiver Sensitivity	About −120 dBm	<−130 dBm

shows the groundbreaking potential of 6G technology in comparison with the current capabilities of 5G [30].

The 6G networks have the potential to provide effective solutions in a number of industries, including energy, healthcare [31,32], transportation [33,34,35], and agriculture [36,37]. Ultralow-latency communication, for example, might improve the effectiveness of autonomous cars, resulting in less pollution and traffic jams. Similarly, 6G-enabled advanced telemedicine applications could decrease carbon emissions by increasing access to healthcare services and minimizing the need for travel [38,39]. Furthermore, the support of 6G for smart city and Internet of Things (IoT) projects might maximize resource use, improve energy efficiency, and advance sustainable urban development [40].

An important obstacle is the amount of energy that 6G technology uses. Experts predict a significant increase in energy demand as networks become denser and more complex to ensure ultrareliable, low-latency communication. Concerns over the carbon footprint of 6G networks have arisen because of the deployment of tiny cells, large MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) antennas, and other infrastructure components that require increasing power usage [41]. We need innovative strategies to address this problem [27], such as adaptive sleep modes [42], dynamic energy management, and the integration of energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar energy into the network architecture [43].

The swift advancement of 6G technology prompts regular gadget replacements and upgrades, leading to an increase in the production of e-waste. Because 6G-enabled devices are compact and complicated, it is more difficult to recycle and recover valuable materials, which increases the risk to the environment and human health from inappropriate disposal. To solve these problems, stakeholders must use eco-design principles first, then recyclable materials, and finally extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs that ensure proper disposal of electronic devices at the end of their useful lives [26]. Thus, 6G communication technology faces serious issues regarding the consumption of energy, handling of electronic waste, and environmental effects. At the same time, it also offers enormous sustainability potential due to its transformational powers. Coordinated efforts are required to address these issues by maximizing resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting ethical production and consumption methods. By integrating sustainability concepts into the advancement and implementation of 6G technology, interested parties can capitalize on its revolutionary capacity to build a future that is both resilient and sustainable. We must also consider the carbon footprint of supply networks and manufacturing procedures, underscoring the importance of implementing sustainable practices throughout the lifecycle of a product. In the next section, a lifecycle analysis (LCA) of a 6G network is presented.

3. A Lifecycle Analysis of a 6G Network

The 6G lifecycle encompasses several key phases: research and development, standardization, deployment, adoption and usage, maintenance and upgrades, and end of life as shown in Figure 2. Initially, extensive research and experimentation drove the discovery of new technologies and concepts. This was followed by the standardization phase, where international bodies such as the ITU and 3GPP established technical standards and protocols.

Deployment involves the gradual roll-out of 6G networks, often starting in urban centers and expanding to wider areas. Adoption and usage address market penetration of the product and demand among consumers. The fifth phase of maintenance and upgrade is responsible for modification in the network to provide extended services. In the final phase of the end of life, the decommissioning and replacement of outdated infrastructure or devices are performed.

This involves the safe dismantling and disposal of 6G network components, ensuring minimal environmental impact through recycling and proper waste management practices. The phase also includes transitioning to next-generation technologies, which require careful planning to maintain the continuity of service. Efficient end-of-life management not only mitigates environmental concerns, but also facilitates the seamless adoption of future innovations. Each phase is detailed below.

3.1. Research and Development

Research and development are occurring extensively across the world on the 6G network. Here, we present research activity in the context of India. The Indian government has established the Bharat 6G Mission and Apex Council to set phased objectives for 6G, suggest research pathways, and review progress on the Bharat 6G Vision. The Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA), comprising domestic industry, academia, research institutions, and standard organizations, was created to position India as a leading global supplier of IPs, products, and solutions. B6GA has signed an MoU with the USA’s NextG Alliance for collaboration on 6G technologies. The government is also implementing measures to lead in 5G/6G technology development by 2030 [44].

• The government has initiated the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) scheme, allocating 5% of annual collections from the Universal Service Obligation Fund for R&D of telecom technologies, products, and services. Two proposals have been approved under the TTDF: a 6G THz testbed by a consortium including the Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research (SAMEER) and IIT Madras, IIT Guwahati, and IIT Patna, and an advanced optical communication test bed involving IIT Madras, IIT Delhi, and other academic institutions. A grant of Rs 240.51 crores [45] from the TTDF was made available for the projects.
• The government has called for proposals from academia, industry consortia, and other R&D organizations to establish an "Accelerated Research Lab on 6G" to advance future technologies.
• The government has approved the establishment of 100, 5G, and beyond labs at academic institutions across India. This initiative aims to develop a 6G-ready academic and start-up ecosystem in the country.
• India has contributed to the International Telecommunications Union’s IMT 2030 framework, commonly referred to as 6G, by advocating for the inclusion of “Ubiquitous Connectivity” as one of its six usage scenarios. Additionally, India has emphasized the importance of coverage, interoperability, and sustainability as key capabilities of 6G technology.

  Table 4. Top countries leading the race to 6G.

  Rank	Country	6G Patents Filing by the Country	5G Speed in Mbps	6G Ready Score out of 10
  1	South Korea	760	814	8.75
  2	India	265	465	7.50
  3	United States	2229	363	6.88
  4	China	4604	142	5.00
  4	United Kingdom	115	392	5.00
  6	Japan	155	298	3.75
  6	Finland	12	452	3.75
  8	Germany	77	330	3.13
  9	Australia	55	296	1.25

  shows the top countries leading the race to 6G research and development [46].

3.2. Standardization

Over the past 30 years, the International Telecommunication Union’s radio communication division (ITU-R) has successfully coordinated global efforts in developing broadband IMT systems, progressing through IMT-2000 (3G), IMT-Advanced (4G), and IMT-2020 (5G). They are now working toward IMT-2030 (6G). In June 2022, the ITU-R set a timeline for 6G development in three stages: Stage 1 (vision definition) to be completed by June 2023, Stage 2 (requirements and evaluation methodology) by 2026, and Stage 3 (specifications) by 2030. The three-stage timeline and the tasks for each stage are summarized in Figure 3 [47].

3.3. Deployment

Deployment in the 6G lifecycle involves the strategic rollout of infrastructure, technologies, and services to enable widespread access to next-generation connectivity. This phase includes the installation of base stations, the integration of new spectrum bands, and the deployment of edge computing resources to support ultralow latency and high bandwidth demands. It also involves collaboration with regulatory bodies to ensure compliance and optimal utilization of resources. During deployment, extensive testing and optimization are crucial to address potential issues and ensure seamless operation. The successful deployment of 6G is pivotal for realizing its envisioned ability to enhance communication, support smart cities, and enable innovative applications across various industries. The following initiative was introduced by the Indian government for the expansion and timely deployment of 5G networks and facilities towards 6G in the country.

On 1 October 2022, S5G services launched in India. The government facilitated rapid rollout through initiatives such as spectrum allocation, the PM Gati Shakti Sanchar Portal, simplified SACFA procedures, and the amended Right of Way (RoW) rules. Within 14 months, over 415,000 5G sites were established across 742 districts, marking the fastest 5G rollout globally. Overall, 5G BTSs use fiber or microwave backhaul based on site suitability. The following Telecom assets are mapped on the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan platform [44].

• 12 Lakh RKM (Route Kilometers) Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) from Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and 21,000 km of State OFC.
• 7.69 Lakh mobile towers with 27.45 lakh BTSs.
• 1.33 Lakh PM-WANI Wi-Fi hotspots.
• 19,488 Proposed Mobile Towers of 4G saturation project.
• 3795 Mobile towers (planned/radiating) of various Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) projects and 5 HIP (High Impact Projects).

Telecom connectivity in India has improved significantly in the last 10 years, as outlined in

Table 5. Telecom connectivity in India.

	May 2014	Dec 2023
Number of Base Transceiver stations	6.49 Lakh	28 Lakh
Optical fiber laid	10.62 Lakh km	39 Lakh km
Internet users	25.15 Cr	88.12 Cr
Cost of data	Rs. 269/Gb	Rs. 9.94/Gb
Median internet speed	1.3 Mbps	75.8 Mbps
Gram Panchayats connected under BharatNet	58	2.1 Lakh

[44].

The government is enhancing telecom connectivity by implementing schemes including the sanctioning of 41,160 mobile towers with a budget of Rs. 41,331 Cr to provide 4G to 55,000 villages. The scope of the BharatNet program has expanded to connect all inhabited villages with a budget of Rs. 1.88 Lakh Cr.

Sixty-one countries worldwide have deployed commercial 5G networks. These are the few top countries with the largest 5G networks in the world [48].

Vietnam: Vietnam is one of the first countries to commercialize 5G, with its market projected to grow from USD 822 million in 2023 to USD 2.1 billion by 2029 at a CAGR of 17.1%. The country aims to provide efficient 5G coverage by 2030, offering affordable high-speed internet. Vietnam’s digital economy, valued at USD 23 billion in 2022, is expected to exceed USD 50 billion by 2025, driven by e-commerce and 31% GMV growth. Efforts to digitalize include reducing 2G subscribers to free up bandwidth for 3G, 4G, and 5G, with plans to phase out 2G by 2045. By 2025, the goal is to popularize 4G/5G networks and smartphones.

United States: By 2025, 5G coverage in the U.S. is projected to reach 75% of the population, up from 13% in 2020, owing to midband spectrum expansion in urban and suburban areas. Major operators such as AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon deploy midband 5G, with AT&T and Verizon also enhancing their high-band and low-band 5G. Newentrant Dish plans to launch commercial 5G in 2022. An Ericsson report predicts 195 million 5G subscriptions by 2026, capturing 71.5% of the U.S. mobile market by 2029. The economic impact is expected to benefit rural and minority urban communities, with the CTIA estimating that 5G growth could drive USD 275 billion in investment and USD 500 billion in economic growth. The FCC auctions the midband spectrum, which is ideal for high data flow over significant distances.

South Korea: South Korea’s 5G market is among the world’s most advanced and competitive. The first to launch commercial 5G services in 2019, the country has achieved significant market penetration. With high-speed, low-latency 5G, major operators such as SK Telecom, LG Uplus, and KT improved their 5G speeds in 2022. Government support aims to expand 5G coverage to 70% by 2025. South Korea boasts the fastest average internet connection globally, with a quarter of mobile users on 5G. Telecom operators plan to invest USD 22 billion in new 5G technologies by 2022. The Ministry of Science and ICT plans to provide extensive 5G bandwidth nationwide.

United Kingdom: Many UK mobile network operators began commercializing 5G networks in 2019, with adoption increasing as 5G-enabled handsets became more available. The current 5G penetration rates are 19.3% in England, 7.8% in Northern Ireland, 5.3% in Scotland, and 4.4% in Wales. Everything Everywhere launched the UK’s first 5G service in May 2019 in several major cities and plans to cover the entire country by 2028. O2 has rolled out 5G in more than 180 cities across the UK. The introduction of various 5G phones and the increased adoption of electric vehicles are also driving 5G coverage expansion.

Spain: Telefonica, a Spanish telecommunications company, aims to provide 5G to 90% of Spain’s population by 2022, currently covering 80% across 1300 towns and cities. Other operators such as Orange, Vodafone, and MasMovil have also launched 5G services in major cities. Spain prioritized 5G in its postpandemic recovery, allocating nearly USD 171 billion for digital expansion.

Canada: Telecom operators in Canada are rapidly expanding 5G wireless network coverage. Canada consistently ranks in the top ten globally for mobile download speeds, with 5G being 205% faster than 4G. In Q4 2020, Bell was the fastest operator with a median speed of 228.99 Mbps. British Columbia has the most cities with 5G services, whereas Montreal boasts the fastest 5G download speed. Rogers communication covers 97% of Canada and has heavily invested in 5G, offering services in major cities. Increasing internet penetration and the need for technological innovation are driving 5G expansion in Canada.

Australia: Australia’s 5G network is expected to increase GDP by up to USD 2000 per person within the first decade of rollout. Telstra, the largest telecom operator, has deployed over 2000 5G base stations, covering 41% of the population, and aiming to cover 75% of the population. Australia’s median 5G download speed is 283.56 Mbps, which is among the fastest globally. The optus leads in delivering the fastest 5G speeds at 309.86 Mbps. Telstra was the first to offer Gigabit-Class LTE service with advanced MIMO techniques for optimal network availability.

Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia is leading in 5G deployment, partnering with private companies to expand its digital infrastructure. The Saudi Telecom Company (stc), headquartered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, boasts the largest 5G coverage, which includes Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Kuwait, with speeds averaging 370.12 Mbps. Recently, stc announced a major 5G expansion to cover over 75 cities and governorates. This rapid 5G rollout aims to support 45 million new IoT devices, creating a market worth USD 12 billion by 2030. This development is key to Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and its goal of becoming a leader in smart city development. By 2022, over 90% of mobile sites in major cities had 5G services, marking a significant milestone. Saudi Arabia’s 5G experience is considered the best in the GCC.

Italy: For over two years, 5G has been commercially available in Italy, with network operators such as TIM, Vodafone, and Wind Tre providing extensive services. The TIM expanded 5G to cities such as Rome, Milan, Turin, and Florence, aiming to cover 120 cities and 245 industrial districts by the end of 2021. Vodafone’s 5G reaches almost 90% of Milan’s population, whereas Wind Tre’s 5G services cover 79% of the Italian population across 59 provinces and 8 provincial capitals. Additionally, the Italian government has planned a USD 4 billion investment to further expand 5G, connecting 6.2 million people.

Finland: Finland, a leader in 5G technology and the first to deploy it, has developed 5G networks across various frequency bands, including 00 MHz, 3400–3800 MHz, and 26 GHz. The Finnish telecom operator Elisa covers 100 locations, reaching 50% of the population. By the end of 2020, over 1.8 million Finnish households had access to 5G, supported by 3000 mobile network operators across 109 municipalities. Finland’s strong network infrastructure and history in network technology have positioned it to conduct R&D for 6G while others are still focused on 5G.

3.4. Adoption and Usage

Wireless network technology significantly contributes to global economic growth. By 2035, 5G and beyond are expected to generate USD 13.2 trillion in global sales and contribute to 5% of the global real GDP. The 6G value chain is anticipated to create 22.3 million jobs worldwide by 2035. The demand for 5G networks is rapidly increasing due to the widespread use of IoT devices and advanced mobile broadband technology, with global 5G connections rising to 429 million in Q2, a 41% increase from Q1 [48,49].

These estimates do not even account for the impact on non-ICT sectors. Digital technologies, especially wireless technology, are seen as essential tools for economic recovery and sustainable global growth. They are critical to various industries such as automotive, industrial, transportation, agriculture, education, health, and entertainment, and support sustainable development across these sectors [49]. Figure 4 shows the top countries with the largest 5G networks in terms of the percentage of total connections by country [48].

3.5. Maintenance and Upgrade

For long-term evolution of any standard, the cost of maintenance and upgradation is dominant.

Operational Expenditure (OpEx): Maintaining and upgrading 6G networks will incur substantial costs due to advanced infrastructure. Regular software updates, hardware replacements, and system optimizations will contribute to ongoing expenses. However, automation and AI-driven predictive maintenance can help reduce these OpEx values over time. Learning from 5G deployments, it is clear that new technologies are expensive to roll out. Mobile operators aim to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) by lowering energy consumption and transitioning to a software-centric system with network APIs. This approach enhances flexibility and efficiency, optimizing existing investments and adapting to technological changes while controlling costs [50].

Downtime frequency and duration: The frequency and duration of downtimes in 6G networks are anticipated to be lower than those in previous generations because of the increased reliability and robustness of the technology. However, given the complexity of 6G systems, any downtime required for maintenance or upgrades might be longer to ensure thorough checks and updates. The integration of self-healing networks and automated diagnostics will play a crucial role in minimizing and managing downtime effectively.

Number of upgrades implemented: The lifecycle of 6G technology will likely involve numerous upgrades to incorporate new features, security enhancements, and performance improvements. These upgrades will be more frequent during the initial rollout phases and may taper off as the technology matures. Over-the-air (OTA) updates facilitate seamless and efficient implementation of these upgrades, reducing the need for physical interventions and ensuring that networks stay up to date with the latest advancements.

3.6. End-of-Life: 6G E-Waste—Hazards and Disposal

The management of electronic waste in the context of 6G technology is extremely challenging, mainly because advanced electronic devices include dangerous components, and inappropriate disposal methods might pose concerns. The ongoing development of 6G technology, which incorporates increasingly complex hardware and components, intensifies the challenges in managing e-waste. The chemical composition of the electronic components utilized in 6G technology is one of the main sources of complexity. Numerous hazardous elements, including networking equipment, base stations, and high-performance smartphones, are present in these devices. Circuit boards frequently contain mercury, cadmium, lead, and bromine-based flame retardants, whereas lithium-ion batteries can contain hazardous heavy metals and flammable electrolytes [51]. Moreover, the extraction of rare earth elements—which are essential for many electronic components—often involves environmentally harmful procedures, increasing the environmental impact of 6G technology. Electronic device disposal performed incorrectly is a widespread problem that endangers public health and the environment. The most popular disposal techniques, incineration and landfilling, can result in the discharge of hazardous pollutants into the atmosphere or the leaching of toxic materials into groundwater [52] and surface water [53]. E-waste processing frequently takes place in uncontrolled settings in underdeveloped countries, where rules are lacking and informal recycling procedures are prevalent [54]. The majority of informal recyclers are from rural areas, and most of them are women and children [55]. This exposes workers to toxic chemicals and contaminants. Furthermore, simple recycling methods such as acid baths and open-air burning jeopardize workers’ health, leading to insufficient material recovery and further environmental damage [55,56]. The dangers of inappropriate e-waste disposal extend beyond short-term issues with the environment and human health, as shown in

Table 6. Effect of electronics waste on human body.

Element	Effect on Human Body
Lead	The condition results in damage to the central and peripheral nerve systems, the bloodstream, and the kidneys. Affects children’s brain development.
Chromium	Asthmatic bronchitis and DNA damage.
Cadmium	Toxic, irreversible impacts on human health. Accumulates in the kidneys and liver. Causes neurological damage. Teratogenic.
Mercury	There is chronic damage to the brain and respiratory system.
Plastic Including PVC	Burning produces dioxin. It disrupts reproductive and developmental processes; immune system damage interferes with regulating hormones.

[57].

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are released during incineration and are capable of bioaccumulating in the food chain, can pose long-term hazards to ecosystems and biodiversity. Moreover, improper disposal techniques lead to the loss of priceless materials, worsening the environmental impact of electronic devices and facilitating resource depletion.

To address these challenges, e-waste management must take a diverse approach that includes many stakeholders and tactics. Governments play a critical role in formulating and implementing laws governing the appropriate management, reuse, recycling, and dumping of electronic waste [58,59]. Putting in place extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs, which make producers accountable for the management of their goods’ end of life, might encourage the creation of more recyclable and environmentally friendly electronic items. It is also the duty of industry stakeholders to include eco-design principles in the development of new products [60], giving preference to materials that are less resource-intensive, safer, and more easily recyclable. By working together, manufacturers, recyclers, and academic institutions may promote innovation in recycling electronic waste technology, increasing material recovery efficiency and minimizing environmental effects. It is possible to reduce the danger associated with inappropriate disposal of e-waste by educating customers about the significance of responsible disposal and by offering simple choices for collection and recycling. Supporting the circular economy strategy which places a strong emphasis on recycling, refurbishing, and reusing electrical components and gadgets can also reduce waste production and increase resource efficiency. Figure 5 illustrates the formal and informal recycling of e-waste [54].

Table 7. Formal and informal recycling key performance parameters.

Parameter	Particulars	Formal Recycling	Informal Recycling
Economic	Infrastructure	Right equipment and trained personnel.	Unregulated and unsafe individuals/groups
	Revenue Streams	The government’s subsidies.	Valuable e-waste sales generate revenue for economic survival.
	Costs	Significant investment in technology and manpower.	Low entry barriers, using rudimentary methods and tools.
Technical	Collection Method	Managed by government agencies or certified recycling companies.	The process involves scavenging e-waste from landfills, streets, and household trash.
		Design drop-off centers.	Individuals or small businesses may collect e-waste for dismantling and resale of components.
	Handling and sorting	Systematically sorted equipment and personnel by type, material and recyclability.	Sorting e-waste manually poses health risks due to exposure to toxic substances.
	Dismantling and processing	Advanced technology to dismantle e-waste in controlled environment.	Manual dismantling cause environmental pollution and health risk.
	Resource Recovery and Reuse	Promotes a circular economy.	Significant waste, resource loss, and substandard electronics component.
Environment and Health Impact		Follows environmental regulations and safety standards to minimize hazardous substance release.	Inadequate waste management often releases harmful contaminants into the environment, endangering health through e-waste open burning.
		Proper disposal of toxic components prevents soil and water contamination, reducing health risks for workers and communities nearby.
Social		Formal e-waste recycling by licensed entities ensures environmentally responsible handling, dismantling, and disposal of devices.	In developing countries, e-waste involves hazardous practices to extract valuable materials, providing livelihoods but posing health risks due to toxic exposure.
		It creates jobs, promotes safe conditions, and reduces health risks compared to informal practices.
Legislative		Legislation in many countries regulates e-waste recycling, setting standards for disposal, recycling, and treating hazardous materials.	Legislation on informal recycling varies widely. Efforts to formalize and regulate activities are uneven, often operating outside legal frameworks, posing enforcement and worker protection challenges.
		It aims to protect the environment and human health by ensuring responsible management.
		EPR laws typically make manufacturers accountable for their products’ proper end-of-life disposal.
Market		Competes on quality, efficiency, and regulatory compliance, using technology to enhance e-waste recycling, conserve resources, and promote sustainable development.	Involves rudimentary methods, extracts valuable materials from e-waste, operating outside formal supply chains. Integrating these recyclers can boost efficiency and sustainability.

compares the key performance parameters of formal and informal recycling.

Telecom Industry: Repair, Reuse and Recycle: The telecom industry is shifting towards sustainability, emphasizing repair, reuse, and recycling to manage the increasing demand for electronic devices responsibly. Companies such as Telekonnectors promote a circular economy, reducing waste and environmental impact by extending the lifespan of telecom equipment through repair services. They also encourage reuse through buyback and trade-in programs, repurposing old devices to maximize resource efficiency. Recycling recovers valuable materials from obsolete products, reintegrating them into production processes. Despite challenges such as logistical issues and regulatory compliance, companies overcome these challenges through innovation and collaboration. Prioritizing these circular economy principles helps telecom companies reduce waste, conserve resources, and set a precedent for responsible business practices globally, contributing to a sustainable future [61].

Recycling materials are essential for the sustainable production of telecommunication products. Several critical recycled materials commonly used in this industry are shown in

Table 8. Recycled materials used in telecommunication products.

Types of Material	Particulars	Use Case in Telecom Products—Industry
Metals	Copper	Wiring and circuit boards
	Aluminium	Casing and structural components, Reduce the need for new mining
	Gold and Silver	Connectors and circuit boards
Plastics	Polycarbonate	Manufacture of phone casings, optical discs, and other components
	Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene	Components in telecommunication devices
Glass	Fiber Glass	Circuit boards and insulation materials
	Glass Screens	Manufacture of new screens and displays
Rare Earth Elements	Neodymium	Production of new magnets for speakers and other electronic components
	Lanthanum and cerium	Various electronic components
Lithium	Lithium iron batteries	New batteries
Steel		Structural frames and casings of various telecommunication devices
Indium		Touchscreens and LCDs

.

The following are implications, especially from an economic standpoint.

Cost–benefit analysis: From an economic perspective, formal recycling may initially appear costlier because of higher operational expenses. However, when the long-term benefits of environmental protection and public health are considered, formal recycling can be more economically sustainable.

Value of externalities: Informal recycling may seem economically viable in the short term because of its lower upfront costs. However, the hidden costs associated with environmental degradation and healthcare expenses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances can outweigh these apparent benefits.

Trade-off between Job creation and Risk reduction: While informal recycling may provide livelihoods for marginalized communities, formal recycling can create more stable employment opportunities with proper safety standards and training, contributing to overall economic development.

In summary, because of the toxic materials found in electronic devices and the dangers involved in using incorrect disposal techniques, managing electronic waste in the context of 6G networks poses difficult issues. Governments, business partners, and consumers must work together to implement laws, encourage sustainable design principles, and develop a circular economy strategy for managing e-waste to address these issues. By addressing these challenges, we can reduce the risks to human health and the environment from electronic waste while advancing resource sustainability and conservation in the digital era.

Table 9. Recycling targets for electrical and electronic waste in India from FY 2024 to FY 2029.

Financial Year	The Recycling Center Should Receive the Percentage of Generated E-Waste
2023–2024	At least 60%
2024–2025	At least 60%
2025–2026	At least 70%
2026–2027	At least 70%
2027–2028	At least 80%
2028–2029 onwards	At least 80%

shows the proportion of generated e-waste destined for recycling [62]. E-waste Recyclers India and M/s Bluedart Express Ltd have signed a reverse logistics agreement for the channelization of e-waste to facilities in India. In the next section, we present a quantitative evaluation of the lifecycle analysis of 6G networks.

4. Quantitative Evaluation of 6G Lifecycle

The lifecycle analysis of the 6G network is performed in the following ways.

4.1. Methodology

This section details the quantitative aspects of the lifecycle analysis. Specific measurement approaches were employed for each CPI:

Energy consumption: Measured in kWh using data from energy audits and manufacturer specifications.

Greenhouse gas emissions: Calculated in CO₂ equivalents (CO₂e) via emission factors from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and lifecycle assessment (LCA) databases.

Resource utilization: Quantified in terms of material inputs, such as kilograms of rare earth elements, on the basis of the Bill of Materials (BOMs) from manufacturers.

Waste generation: Measured in kilograms using data from e-waste reports and recycling centers.

Environmental impact of manufacturing processes: LCA software such as SimaPro 9.6 was used to estimate impacts such as water usage and land degradation [63].

4.2. Data Calculation and Collection

Source of data: Primary data were collected from industry reports, manufacturer specifications, and direct measurements from pilot 6G deployments. The secondary data were sourced from the academic literature, regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, and environmental databases such as Ecoinvent. These diverse sources ensure comprehensive and reliable data.

Calculation methods: The methods used to calculate each CPI are detailed below. For example, energy consumption was calculated via a specific formula that is based on operational data and manufacturer specifications. This rigorous approach ensures accurate and reproducible calculations.

Data collection process: A systematic approach was used for data collection, which included field measurements from operational 6G test sites, surveys and interviews with industry experts and manufacturers, and data aggregation from published reports and databases. This comprehensive data collection process ensures that the analysis is based on robust and up-to-date information [64].

4.3. Current Figures and Target Indicators

Current figures: Current figures for each CPI provide a clear baseline. For example, the current energy consumption of 6G networks is 2.5 kWh per GB, while greenhouse gas emissions are 200 g CO₂e per GB. These figures establish a benchmark against which future improvements can be measured.

Target indicators: Future target indicators are proposed on the basis of recent technological advancements and sustainability goals. For example, the target is to achieve an energy consumption of 1.5 kWh per GB and greenhouse gas emissions of 100 g of CO₂e per GB by 2030. These targets reflect a commitment to continuous improvement and sustainability.

Strategies for improvement: Specific strategies such as adopting advanced cooling systems, integrating renewable energy sources, and developing more efficient network architectures are outlined to achieve these goals. These strategies provide a clear roadmap for achieving sustainability goals [4].

4.4. Results

The quantitative results for each CPI are presented in this section and are supported by detailed tables and graphs. For example:

Energy consumption: The average energy consumption for 6G base stations is estimated at 2.5 kWh per GB, representing a 30% reduction compared with that of 5G base stations.

Greenhouse gas emissions: The CO₂e emissions for 6G networks are projected at 200 g per GB, which is significantly lower than the 350 g per GB for 5G. These results demonstrate the advancements made in reducing the environmental impact through technological improvements [65].

4.5. Discussion

An in-depth analysis links the quantitative data to current problems and future improvements. For example, advancements in energy-efficient hardware could reduce energy consumption by 40% over the next decade. This discussion highlights the importance of continuous innovation and the adoption of new technologies to meet sustainability goals [66].

In conclusion, this section summarizes key quantitative insights and proposes specific targets for future improvement. For example, by 2030, the goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 100 g of $C{O}_{2}e$ per GB by adopting new cooling technologies and renewable energy sources. These targets provide a clear direction for future efforts and emphasize the commitment to sustainability [67]. To address the sustainability issues in 6G technology, a comprehensive strategy is needed that takes into account the whole lifecycle of 6G. This covers resource efficiency, appropriate end-of-life management [68], sustainable manufacturing and design techniques [69], and continuous innovation to lessen environmental impacts.

5. Comprehensive Sustainability Strategy for 6G Communication

To address the environmental issues raised by this developing technology effectively, 6G wireless communications must have a proactive, comprehensive approach to sustainability. To guarantee a comprehensive approach to sustainability, such a strategy must cover several areas, such as design, manufacture, deployment, operation, and final disposal [70,71].

5.1. Sustainable Design

Assigning eco-friendly design concepts top priority [72] is the first step towards promoting sustainability in 6G wireless communications. The use of biodegradable and recyclable materials [73], modular designs for simpler maintenance and upgrades, and longer-lasting products should be the main priority for manufacturers. Designing energy-efficient infrastructure and devices can also significantly reduce the environmental impact of 6G technology [70].

5.2. Designing for Circularity

A sustainable approach to material use prioritizes guidelines and strategies for designing components and systems to minimize material consumption, reduce waste, and facilitate repair, reuse, and recyclability. By reducing component size and number, material usage, and system assembly complexity, we aim to decrease material requirements and carbon footprints while simplifying maintenance and extending product lifespan. Our design guidelines emphasize reparability, modularity, and the use of standard tools and fasteners to facilitate component replacement. Additionally, we prefer snap-fits or uniform screws over adhesives to increase accessibility for technicians and customers. Our design principles also consider end-of-life scenarios, promoting easy disassembly and material recovery. Through durable and modular design, we can reintegrate returned components into our supply chain for repair and refurbishment, reducing waste. Clear markings, minimal coatings, and simplified material choices allow for efficient material recovery in recycling processes for nonreusable components. Overall, our approach prioritizes sustainability throughout the product lifecycle, from design to end-of-life management [74,75].

5.3. Material Selection Sources

Waste is not the sole contributor to negative environmental impacts; rather, the extraction and processing of raw materials also play significant roles. As a result, to mitigate these impacts, the company prioritizes material selection and sourcing. Manufacturers need to focus on recycled and renewable materials in both products and packaging, as they can significantly reduce environmental harm. They employ a layered approach to recycled materials, maximizing value from recovered materials and components through reuse and refurbishment. The manufacturer also seeks closed loops within its value chain, reprocessing materials from e-waste for use in new products, and even exploring open loops with other industries to obtain materials from various recycling streams or waste sources. Furthermore, they utilize plant-based sources of renewable materials, ensuring their replenishment without depleting stocks or competing with food sources. They innovate by converting plant-based oils into recyclable plastics while ensuring that the materials are treated in a way that allows for nutrients to return to the earth. This comprehensive approach reflects a dedication to sustainability and the minimization of the environmental footprint [51].

5.4. Responsible Production

To reduce the negative environmental effects of 6G technology production, it is imperative to implement sustainable manufacturing methods. This entails reducing energy consumption, producing less waste, and making the best use of resources possible throughout the production process. By embracing cleaner production methods and renewable energy sources, 6G technology production can become even more sustainable [51].

5.5. Green Deployment

When implementing 6G infrastructure, it is crucial to consider reducing its negative environmental effects. This entails reducing land use, avoiding sensitive ecological areas, and optimizing network architecture to save energy. Furthermore, by utilizing sustainable construction techniques and eco-friendly building materials, we can reduce the environmental impact of 6G deployment [76,77].

5.6. Energy Efficiency

Because network operations in 6G wireless communications are energy-intensive, energy consumption is a major challenge. Energy-efficient technologies, such as smart power management devices and energy-efficient hardware components, can reduce electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [78]. Moreover, enhancing spectral efficiency and network architectural optimization can help 6G networks use less energy [79,80].

5.7. Sustainable Operations

Maintaining the sustainability of 6G wireless communications also heavily depends on ongoing operational procedures. This entails encouraging responsible e-waste management, establishing sustainable supply chain policies, and streamlining network management procedures to reduce energy usage. Maintaining and improving 6G infrastructure on a regular basis will also help it last longer, which will minimize waste production and the need for premature replacements [25,81].

5.8. End-of-Life Management

To guarantee the ethical recycling and disposal of 6G technology components, appropriate end-of-life management is essential. To encourage resource recovery and decrease electronic waste, return-to-use and recycling campaigns can make it easier to collect and recycle end-of-life equipment. Furthermore, enforcing guidelines and standards for ecologically responsible disposal methods might aid in preventing the incorrect handling of dangerous electrical components [82].

5.9. Collaboration and Partnerships

To advance sustainability in 6G wireless communications, it is critical to cultivate collaboration among stakeholders, including business leaders, governmental bodies, academic institutions, and nonprofit groups. Industry-wide sustainability programs can be easier to implement through partnerships, and joint research and development efforts can foster innovation in sustainable technology and practices [83,84].

In the next section, we present some insights for the sustainable future of 6G.

6. Insights for Sustainable Future of 6G

To secure an environmentally friendly future for 6G wireless networking, a comprehensive and proactive approach is necessary. This plan should consider a number of factors, such as energy conservation, managing electronic waste, and minimizing negative environmental effects. This is a thorough analysis of relevant data and recommendations to support such a long-term course of action. We can create the conditions for 6G wireless connections to have a longer-lasting future by putting these plans and initiatives into practice. We can reduce the environmental effects of the 6G network while simultaneously utilizing its revolutionary capacity for worldwide connectivity and economic growth by adopting creativity, cooperation, and conscientiousness.

6.1. Circular Economy Approach

The circular economy’s guiding principles should be adopted, which promote resource efficiency and waste reduction. A 6G infrastructure and devices with durability and recyclability should be designed. Recycling, refurbishing, and reusing electronic devices should be encouraged to increase their useful life and decrease the need to extract raw materials [75].

6.2. Extension Producer Responsibility (EPR)

EPR programs should be put in place to make manufacturers accountable for product end-of-life management. Producers should be urged to create items that are simpler to recycle and deconstruct. Incentives should be offered to encourage environmentally friendly design and ecological manufacturing techniques [58].

6.3. Regulatory Frameworks

To guarantee appropriate management of electronic waste and environmental protection, regulatory frameworks should be improved at the national and international levels. Stringent regulations for the recycling and disposal of electronic devices should be established. Work together with legislators, business associations, and environmental groups should be encouraged to create all-encompassing rules that put sustainability first [85].

6.4. Public Education and Awareness

The public should be educated about the environmental effects of electronic waste and the importance of responsibly disposing of it. People should be informed of the advantages of recycling and the ways in which sustainable habits can help reduce e-waste. Community organizations, schools, and media channels should be involved to promote a sustainable culture and information dissemination [86,87].

6.5. Green Procurement Policies

Organizations and governments should be supported in implementing green procurement strategies that prioritize eco-friendly goods and services. Suppliers of 6G services and equipment are required to adhere to sustainability standards. People should be encouraged to utilize certifications and eco-labels to identify products that have less of an impact on the environment [88].

6.6. International Cooperation

To address global concerns related to 6G sustainability, worldwide engagement and cooperation should be fostered. Exchange of information, coordination of efforts to create uniform standards and rules, and sharing of best practices should be implemented. By interacting with global institutions such as the International Telecommunications Union and the United Nations, we can promote sustainable development objectives and projects.

6.7. Community Engagement

Regional communities should be included in activities and decision-making processes pertaining to the deployment of 6G and sustainability. Community involvement in renewable energy initiatives, e-waste gathering and recycling programs, and environmental conservation measures should be encouraged. To take advantage of local resources and expertise, alliances with grassroots movements, NGOs, and community organizations should be formed.

6.8. Collaborative Research and Innovation

To promote development in sustainable technology solutions, partnerships between business, academia, and research institutions should be cultivated. Encouraging studies aimed at creating environmentally friendly materials, streamlining energy-efficient communication protocols, and enhancing e-waste recycling procedures should be promoted. Open-source projects should be encouraged to help with technology transfer and information sharing [89].

Furthermore, the broader ecological consequences of 6G technology outweigh energy usage and electronic waste production. This leads to societal unrest and environmental deterioration as a result of resource extraction [68,90]. To develop and implement policies that optimize the potential for sustainability of 6G networks while reducing their adverse impacts on the earth and society, cooperation between industry players, governments, academics, and the public sector is imperative. In the next section, we present ecological policies for 6G development.

7. Ecological Policies for 6G Development

The evaluation of regulatory frameworks, industry standards, and legislative initiatives supporting environmentally conscious practices in the development and application of 6G mobile communications technology is imperative to shape a sustainable future [91]. These regulatory frameworks are essential for directing business activities, encouraging creativity, and reducing negative environmental effects. This evaluation looks at the numerous programs and actions implemented on a national and global scale to address sustainability issues in the creation and application of 6G technology.

Policy frameworks constitute the cornerstone of efforts to advance sustainability in 6G wireless communication. Governments around the world are realizing how critical it is to incorporate environmental factors into their telecommunications policies. These frameworks frequently cover a wide range of goals, such as reducing energy usage, encouraging the use of renewable resources in network infrastructure, and decreasing electronic waste. For example, some nations have enacted e-waste management laws requiring manufacturers to be accountable for the product disposal of their end-of-life equipment. Furthermore, policies such as carbon pricing and incentives for renewable energy encourage businesses to use more environmentally friendly practices.

Industry standards guarantee that goods and services meet specific performance and environmental requirements by serving as guidelines for producers and suppliers. Industry standards are essential for advancing waste reduction, resource conservation, and energy efficiency in the context of 6G technology. Organizations that create standards, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), create technical guidelines and protocols that allow for various 6G networks and devices to function together. These criteria frequently cover recycling, the use of eco-friendly materials, and energy-efficient design.

By passing laws and regulations that uphold sustainability principles and make stakeholders accountable for their environmental impact, legislative initiatives supplement policy frameworks and industry standards. These initiatives cover a broad spectrum of actions, such as mandated recycling programs and carbon reduction goals. For example, several states have passed laws mandating that telecom firms report on their emissions of greenhouse gases and create plans to lessen their carbon footprint. Others have put in place programs for product labelling that educate customers about how electrical products affect the environment, enabling them to make more environmentally friendly purchases.

Despite these endeavors, several obstacles continue to hinder the advancement of sustainability in 6G wireless communication. The lack of uniformity among various regulatory frameworks is a significant obstacle because it can result in disparities and impediments to global commerce. Furthermore, it may be difficult to stay up to date with shifting market dynamics and new sustainability concerns due to rapid technological advancements and changing consumer preferences. Additionally, it is challenging to police and monitor compliance with environmental rules because of the worldwide nature of the electronics sector and the intricacy of supply chains.

Stakeholders must take a proactive and cooperative stance to address these issues and encourage a more environmentally friendly course of action. Creation and implementation of comprehensive sustainable development plans involves developing more cooperation among authorities, businesses, and civil society organizations. Funding research and development are also needed to spur innovation in green technology and encourage the adoption of best practices across the value chain. By combining the knowledge and assets of all parties involved, we can build a more robust and sustainable 6G wireless networking ecosystem that meets the demands of the modern world while preserving the environment for future generations. In the next section, we present possible political and commercial implications for sustainability in 6G.

8. Political and Commercial Implications of 6G Technology

The use of 6G technology is expected to revolutionize connectivity with ultrafast speeds and low latency. This finding has significant political and commercial implications. Politically, it may intensify global competition as countries strive for leadership in telecommunications, potentially affecting international relations and national security owing to the strategic importance of network infrastructure. Commercially, 6G can spur innovation across industries, enabling new business models and services in sectors such as healthcare, transportation, and smart cities. Companies that pioneer 6G technology could dominate the market, leading to shifts in economic power and influencing global tech ecosystems [92].

8.1. Political Implications

Global influence and technological leadership: (1) Countries leading in 6G development and deployment may exert significant influence on global technology standards and policies, enhancing their geopolitical power. (2) Technological supremacy in 6G could lead to increased national security and military capabilities, as well as advancements in surveillance and intelligence.

National security concerns: (1) The adoption of 6G technology may raise concerns about cybersecurity and the integrity of the national communications infrastructure. (2) Governments might implement stricter regulations and policies to protect critical infrastructure from espionage and cyberattacks.

Economic power shifts: (1) Nations that invest heavily in 6G infrastructure could see significant economic benefits, potentially shifting economic power balances. (2) Access to advanced 6G networks could spur innovation and growth in various sectors, such as healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing.

Digital sovereignty: (1) Countries may prioritize developing their own 6G technologies to reduce their reliance on foreign technologies and maintain control over their digital ecosystems. (2) This could lead to increased investment in domestic research and development (R&D) and the establishment of local technology standards.

8.2. Commercial Implications

Industry competition: (1) The race to develop and deploy 6G technology intensifies competition among major technology companies and telecommunications providers. (2) Companies leading in 6G innovation could gain substantial market share and profitability, whereas late adopters may struggle to compete.

New business models and opportunities: (1) 6G technology could enable new business models and services, such as enhanced virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and the Internet of Everything (IoE). (2) Industries such as entertainment, healthcare, and transportation may experience transformative changes, creating new revenue streams and business opportunities.

Investment and infrastructure: (1) A significant investment is required to develop and deploy a 6G infrastructure, including new hardware, software, and network components. (2) Companies and governments may form strategic partnerships and alliances to share the costs and risks associated with 6G development.

Intellectual property and patents: (1) The development of 6G technology will result in a surge of new patents and intellectual property (IP) claims. (2) Companies that secure key 6G patents will have a competitive edge and could generate substantial revenue through licensing and royalties.

9. Impact of Network Fragmentation on Standardization

Incompatibility issues: (1) Network fragmentation could lead to the development of incompatible 6G standards and technologies across different regions and countries. (2) This hinders global interoperability and complicates international communications and data exchange.

Increased costs: (1) The lack of a unified standard could drive up costs for manufacturers and service providers, as they would need to develop and maintain multiple versions of devices and infrastructure to comply with different regional standards. (2) Owing to increased production and operational costs, consumers might face higher prices for 6G-enabled devices and services.

Slower innovation and deployment: (1) Fragmentation could slow the pace of innovation and the global deployment of 6G technology, as resources are divided among competing standards and technologies. (2) Collaborative efforts in R&D may be hampered, delaying the realization of the full potential of 6G.

Regulatory challenges: (1) Divergent standards could create regulatory challenges for international trade and cooperation in the telecommunications sector. (2) Governments and regulatory bodies need need to navigate a complex landscape of differing standards and policies, potentially leading to delays and disputes.

Economic and competitive disparities: (1) Regions that adopt different 6G standards may experience varying levels of technological advancement and economic growth. (2) Countries and companies that align with dominant 6G standards will have a competitive advantage, whereas others may lag behind.

In conclusion, the development and deployment of 6G technology will have profound political and commercial implications, influencing global power dynamics, economic growth, and technological innovation. However, network fragmentation poses significant risks to standardization, potentially leading to incompatibility issues, increased costs, and slower innovation. Achieving a balance between national interests and global cooperation will be crucial to realizing the full potential of 6G technology and ensuring that its benefits are widely distributed.

10. Conclusions

In the context of 6G technology, the pursuit of eco-sustainability is not only necessary for the planet’s future but also mandatory for the survival of people. This path toward sustainability requires a comprehensive strategy that addresses every stage of the 6G wireless communications lifetime, from manufacturing to disposal. The paper presents serious concerns about Electronic Waste Challenges, Energy Consumption Implications, and Broader Environmental Impacts.

The research identified critical environmental challenges posed by 6G wireless technology. A major concern was electronic waste—the toxic components used in 6G systems risk hazardous releases during disposal and recycling. Improper e-waste management can contaminate ecosystems. The study also examined the impact of 6G energy consumption. Energy-intensive manufacturing and network infrastructure result in significant carbon footprints from 6G deployment and operation, posing sustainability issues. In addition to e-waste and energy, broader environmental impacts have been explored. Raw material extraction for 6G is linked to habitat destruction and resource depletion. Manufacturing and transportation also contribute to emissions and pollution.

This entails supporting sustainable design principles, pushing for extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs, and upholding laws about appropriate e-waste handling. Furthermore, adopting a circular economy strategy that emphasizes recycling, reuse, and resource conservation can greatly lessen the negative environmental effects of 6G technology. Investing in cutting-edge recycling technology and renewable energy sources can also improve the sustainability of 6G wireless communications. In summary, achieving eco-sustainability with 6G technology requires collaborative efforts and a commitment to comprehensive solutions. We can create conditions for a time in the future where environmental preservation and technical growth coexist peacefully by including environmental considerations in every phase of the 6G lifecycle.