Measurement and Evaluation of the Modernization Development Level of Higher Education in China: Based on Panel Data Analysis of 31 Provinces from 2012 to 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Connotation
2.1.1. Essence of Higher Education Modernization Is Modernization of Individuals
2.1.2. Prerequisite for Higher Education Modernization Is Ideological Concepts
2.1.3. The Foundation of Higher Education Modernization Is Material Conditions
2.2. Necessity and Feasibility
2.3. Analysis of the Driving Forces
2.4. Interactive Mechanism between Higher Education and Economic Development
3. Construction of an Evaluation Index System
4. Methodology
4.1. Data Sources
4.2. Processing and Calculation Methods
4.3. Weight Determination
4.4. Comprehensive Evaluation Model
4.5. Theil Index
5. Measurement Results
5.1. Overall Comparative Analysis of Levels
5.2. Hierarchical Analysis
5.3. Regional Analysis
5.4. Comparison Analysis
5.4.1. Comparison of “Input–Output” Indicators
5.4.2. Comparison of High-Quality Higher Education Equity Indicators
5.4.3. Comparison of Social Service Indicators
5.4.4. Comparison of Internationalization Indicators
5.4.5. Comparison of Informatization Indicators
6. Discussion
6.1. Comparative Analysis
6.2. Overall Disparity and Regional Disparities Analysis
7. Conclusions
8. Limitations and Future Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Indicator | Secondary Indicator | Tertiary Indicator | Unit | Attribute |
---|---|---|---|---|
“Input–output” Index (A1) | Input Indicator | Number of Schools | Unit | + |
Number of Faculty and Staff | Persons | + | ||
Number of Full-time Teachers | Persons | + | ||
Ratio of Teachers with Doctoral Degrees in Full-time Teaching Staff | % | + | ||
Number of Teachers with Senior Professional Titles in Full-time Teaching Staff | Persons | + | ||
Expenditure on Education | Ten Thousand Yuan | + | ||
General Public Budget for Educational Expenses | Thousand Yuan | + | ||
Area of School Property Buildings | Square Meters | + | ||
Number of Books | Volumes | + | ||
Output Indicator | Undergraduate Enrollment | Persons | + | |
Total Enrollment | Persons | + | ||
Number of Undergraduate Graduates | Persons | + | ||
Number of Graduate (Postgraduate) Graduates | Persons | + | ||
Equity Index (A2) | Equal Opportunity | Gross Enrollment Ratio in Higher Education | % | + |
Procedural Fairness | Student–Teacher Ratio | % | - | |
Per Capita Education Expenditure per Student | Yuan | + | ||
Social Service Index (A3) | Talent Assurance | Average Number of University Students per 100,000 Population | Persons | + |
Research Transformation | Income from Patent Ownership Transfer and Licensing | Ten Thousand Yuan | + | |
R&D Expenditure in Universities | Ten Thousand Yuan | + | ||
Number of R&D Projects in Universities | Item | + | ||
Informatization Index (A4) | Scientific Research | Number of Scientific Papers Published Abroad | Article | + |
Internationalization Index (A5) | Infrastructure | Number of Network Multimedia Classrooms | Unit | + |
Number of Computers (Units)/Digital Terminals | Unit | + | ||
Safety system | Value of Information Technology Equipment Assets | Ten Thousand Yuan | + |
Composite Score | Higher Education Development Level | Corresponding Stage |
---|---|---|
<0.2 | Low Level | Starting Stage |
0.2–0.3 | Intermediate Level | Development Stage |
0.3–0.5 | High Level | Formation Stage |
>0.5 | Very High Level | Maturity Stage |
Year | Total Index | “Input–Output” Index | Equity Index | Social Service Index | Informatization Index | Internationalization Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 0.242 | 0.285 | 0.317 | 0.153 | 0.145 | 0.308 |
2013 | 0.288 | 0.330 | 0.326 | 0.260 | 0.305 | 0.308 |
2014 | 0.279 | 0.361 | 0.296 | 0.143 | 0.209 | 0.319 |
2015 | 0.275 | 0.327 | 0.307 | 0.208 | 0.150 | 0.329 |
2016 | 0.280 | 0.327 | 0.335 | 0.221 | 0.149 | 0.325 |
2017 | 0.275 | 0.328 | 0.340 | 0.199 | 0.142 | 0.325 |
2018 | 0.280 | 0.326 | 0.373 | 0.201 | 0.151 | 0.336 |
2019 | 0.296 | 0.327 | 0.382 | 0.253 | 0.154 | 0.348 |
2020 | 0.320 | 0.371 | 0.397 | 0.241 | 0.210 | 0.348 |
2021 | 0.332 | 0.374 | 0.421 | 0.275 | 0.207 | 0.358 |
2022 | 0.328 | 0.368 | 0.395 | 0.277 | 0.207 | 0.312 |
mean | 0.290 | 0.339 | 0.354 | 0.221 | 0.184 | 0.329 |
Year | Beijing | Tianjin | Hebei | Shanxi | Inner Mongolia | Liaoning | Jilin | Heilongjiang | Shanghai | Jiangsu | Zhejiang |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 0.858 | 0.202 | 0.249 | 0.151 | 0.101 | 0.314 | 0.208 | 0.246 | 0.367 | 0.542 | 0.312 |
2013 | 0.855 | 0.233 | 0.295 | 0.188 | 0.136 | 0.365 | 0.247 | 0.317 | 0.426 | 0.637 | 0.376 |
2014 | 0.878 | 0.231 | 0.294 | 0.166 | 0.117 | 0.356 | 0.215 | 0.281 | 0.449 | 0.664 | 0.373 |
2015 | 0.877 | 0.232 | 0.283 | 0.166 | 0.120 | 0.361 | 0.230 | 0.276 | 0.429 | 0.607 | 0.365 |
2016 | 0.883 | 0.233 | 0.288 | 0.166 | 0.119 | 0.352 | 0.237 | 0.279 | 0.440 | 0.619 | 0.382 |
2017 | 0.864 | 0.213 | 0.286 | 0.166 | 0.122 | 0.329 | 0.227 | 0.265 | 0.428 | 0.614 | 0.364 |
2018 | 0.864 | 0.225 | 0.293 | 0.172 | 0.125 | 0.327 | 0.222 | 0.254 | 0.429 | 0.621 | 0.380 |
2019 | 0.867 | 0.246 | 0.300 | 0.177 | 0.127 | 0.336 | 0.228 | 0.263 | 0.457 | 0.649 | 0.414 |
2020 | 0.779 | 0.247 | 0.332 | 0.191 | 0.141 | 0.347 | 0.239 | 0.277 | 0.481 | 0.745 | 0.456 |
2021 | 0.873 | 0.268 | 0.338 | 0.207 | 0.140 | 0.383 | 0.262 | 0.297 | 0.535 | 0.750 | 0.490 |
2022 | 0.821 | 0.260 | 0.342 | 0.186 | 0.140 | 0.365 | 0.249 | 0.278 | 0.519 | 0.749 | 0.496 |
mean | 0.856 | 0.236 | 0.300 | 0.176 | 0.126 | 0.349 | 0.233 | 0.276 | 0.451 | 0.654 | 0.401 |
Year | Anhui | Fujian | Jiangxi | Shandong | Henan | Hubei | Hunan | Guangdong | Guangxi | Hainan | Chongqing |
2012 | 0.219 | 0.194 | 0.191 | 0.407 | 0.312 | 0.378 | 0.270 | 0.389 | 0.146 | 0.041 | 0.179 |
2013 | 0.270 | 0.235 | 0.247 | 0.525 | 0.373 | 0.440 | 0.344 | 0.490 | 0.201 | 0.047 | 0.231 |
2014 | 0.266 | 0.223 | 0.222 | 0.462 | 0.383 | 0.446 | 0.324 | 0.466 | 0.167 | 0.046 | 0.227 |
2015 | 0.270 | 0.221 | 0.235 | 0.466 | 0.371 | 0.424 | 0.317 | 0.473 | 0.178 | 0.044 | 0.214 |
2016 | 0.280 | 0.239 | 0.231 | 0.470 | 0.369 | 0.430 | 0.310 | 0.501 | 0.184 | 0.048 | 0.215 |
2017 | 0.265 | 0.234 | 0.223 | 0.464 | 0.369 | 0.409 | 0.298 | 0.497 | 0.187 | 0.056 | 0.210 |
2018 | 0.271 | 0.244 | 0.226 | 0.469 | 0.394 | 0.408 | 0.311 | 0.520 | 0.194 | 0.063 | 0.222 |
2019 | 0.283 | 0.266 | 0.242 | 0.503 | 0.417 | 0.438 | 0.336 | 0.582 | 0.211 | 0.070 | 0.234 |
2020 | 0.316 | 0.279 | 0.271 | 0.558 | 0.468 | 0.474 | 0.384 | 0.671 | 0.230 | 0.076 | 0.259 |
2021 | 0.323 | 0.286 | 0.263 | 0.580 | 0.412 | 0.511 | 0.391 | 0.682 | 0.235 | 0.085 | 0.268 |
2022 | 0.325 | 0.287 | 0.269 | 0.598 | 0.420 | 0.500 | 0.390 | 0.717 | 0.229 | 0.084 | 0.266 |
mean | 0.281 | 0.246 | 0.238 | 0.500 | 0.390 | 0.442 | 0.334 | 0.544 | 0.197 | 0.060 | 0.229 |
Year | Sichuan | Guizhou | Yunnan | Tibet | Shaanxi | Gansu | Qinghai | Ningxia | Xinjiang | mean | |
2012 | 0.319 | 0.122 | 0.131 | 0.036 | 0.318 | 0.108 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.093 | 0.242 | |
2013 | 0.374 | 0.110 | 0.199 | 0.043 | 0.355 | 0.152 | 0.046 | 0.064 | 0.123 | 0.288 | |
2014 | 0.391 | 0.113 | 0.151 | 0.050 | 0.379 | 0.130 | 0.039 | 0.050 | 0.091 | 0.279 | |
2015 | 0.381 | 0.127 | 0.149 | 0.052 | 0.359 | 0.123 | 0.037 | 0.055 | 0.092 | 0.275 | |
2016 | 0.382 | 0.132 | 0.155 | 0.048 | 0.357 | 0.139 | 0.044 | 0.057 | 0.098 | 0.280 | |
2017 | 0.361 | 0.141 | 0.153 | 0.056 | 0.351 | 0.143 | 0.056 | 0.065 | 0.100 | 0.275 | |
2018 | 0.379 | 0.160 | 0.159 | 0.043 | 0.361 | 0.142 | 0.049 | 0.061 | 0.095 | 0.280 | |
2019 | 0.406 | 0.163 | 0.163 | 0.045 | 0.382 | 0.146 | 0.053 | 0.061 | 0.098 | 0.296 | |
2020 | 0.443 | 0.175 | 0.188 | 0.060 | 0.427 | 0.154 | 0.053 | 0.072 | 0.113 | 0.320 | |
2021 | 0.462 | 0.159 | 0.168 | 0.060 | 0.485 | 0.152 | 0.052 | 0.068 | 0.103 | 0.332 | |
2022 | 0.453 | 0.161 | 0.169 | 0.051 | 0.463 | 0.147 | 0.055 | 0.065 | 0.099 | 0.328 | |
mean | 0.395 | 0.142 | 0.162 | 0.049 | 0.385 | 0.140 | 0.048 | 0.061 | 0.101 |
Composite Score | Level of Higher Education Development (Number of Provinces) | Provinces |
---|---|---|
<0.2 | Low Level (11 provinces) | Shanxi (0.176), Inner Mongolia (0.126), Guangxi (0.197), Hainan (0.06), Guizhou (0.142), Yunnan (0.162), Tibet (0.049), Gansu (0.140), Qinghai (0.048), Ningxia (0.061), Xinjiang (0.101) |
0.2–0.3 | Medium Level (8 provinces) | Tianjin (0.236), Hebei (0.299), Jilin (0.233), Heilongjiang (0.276), Anhui (0.281), Fujian (0.246), Jiangxi (0.238), Chongqing (0.229) |
0.3–0.5 | High Level (8 provinces) | Liaoning (0.349), Shanghai (0.451), Zhejiang (0.401), Henan (0.390), Hubei (0.442), Hunan (0.334), Sichuan (0.395), Shaanxi (0.385) |
>0.5 | Very High Level (4 provinces) | Beijing (0.856), Jiangsu (0.654), Shandong (0.500), Guangdong (0.544) |
Region | High Level | Relatively High Level | Moderate Level | Low Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern Region (10 provinces) | (4 provinces) Beijing (0.856), Jiangsu (0.654), Shandong (0.500), Guangdong (0.544) | (3 provinces) Shanghai (0.451), Zhejiang (0.401), Fujian (0.246) | (2 provinces) Tianjin (0.236), Hebei (0.299) | (1 province) Hainan (0.07) |
Central Region (6 provinces)) | (3 provinces) Henan (0.390), Hubei (0.442), Hunan (0.334) | (2 provinces) Anhui (0.281), Jiangxi (0.238) | (1 province) Shanxi (0.176) | |
Western Region (12 provinces) | (2 provinces) Sichuan (0.395), Shaanxi (0.385) | (1 province) Chongqing (0.229) | (9 provinces) Guangxi (0.197), Guizhou (0.142), Yunnan (0.162), Tibet (0.049), Gansu (0.140), Qinghai (0.048), Ningxia (0.061), Xinjiang (0.101), Inner Mongolia (0.126) | |
Northeast (3 provinces) | (1 province) Liaoning (0.349) | (2 provinces) Jilin (0.233), Heilongjiang (0.276) |
31 Provinces | “Input–Output” Index | Equity Index | Social Service Index | Informatization Index | Internationalization Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Ranking | Average | Ranking | Average | Ranking | Average | Ranking | Average | Ranking | |
Beijing | 0.755 | 2 | 0.918 | 1 | 0.958 | 1 | 0.994 | 1 | 0.825 | 2 |
Tianjin | 0.217 | 23 | 0.384 | 12 | 0.266 | 9 | 0.151 | 13 | 0.212 | 21 |
Hebei | 0.417 | 11 | 0.375 | 13 | 0.141 | 20 | 0.086 | 19 | 0.367 | 13 |
Shanxi | 0.238 | 21 | 0.204 | 27 | 0.111 | 23 | 0.05 | 23 | 0.194 | 22 |
Inner Mongolia | 0.15 | 26 | 0.23 | 22 | 0.084 | 28 | 0.019 | 27 | 0.156 | 25 |
Liaoning | 0.411 | 12 | 0.403 | 9 | 0.257 | 11 | 0.223 | 10 | 0.398 | 12 |
Jilin | 0.247 | 20 | 0.339 | 14 | 0.219 | 13 | 0.133 | 15 | 0.233 | 20 |
Heilongjiang | 0.302 | 16 | 0.491 | 5 | 0.197 | 14 | 0.166 | 12 | 0.29 | 16 |
Shanghai | 0.385 | 13 | 0.649 | 3 | 0.487 | 2 | 0.439 | 3 | 0.476 | 9 |
Jiangsu | 0.762 | 1 | 0.697 | 2 | 0.421 | 3 | 0.502 | 2 | 0.865 | 1 |
Zhejiang | 0.434 | 9 | 0.569 | 4 | 0.3 | 6 | 0.245 | 8 | 0.516 | 7 |
Anhui | 0.376 | 14 | 0.216 | 25 | 0.184 | 15 | 0.135 | 14 | 0.334 | 14 |
Fujian | 0.284 | 17 | 0.401 | 10 | 0.178 | 16 | 0.092 | 18 | 0.289 | 17 |
Jiangxi | 0.328 | 15 | 0.259 | 21 | 0.132 | 21 | 0.062 | 21 | 0.296 | 15 |
Shandong | 0.661 | 4 | 0.422 | 8 | 0.311 | 5 | 0.252 | 7 | 0.624 | 4 |
Henan | 0.583 | 5 | 0.311 | 17 | 0.149 | 18 | 0.115 | 16 | 0.529 | 5 |
Hubei | 0.556 | 6 | 0.455 | 6 | 0.275 | 8 | 0.28 | 6 | 0.525 | 6 |
Hunan | 0.427 | 10 | 0.313 | 16 | 0.224 | 12 | 0.179 | 11 | 0.399 | 11 |
Guangdong | 0.683 | 3 | 0.454 | 7 | 0.396 | 4 | 0.308 | 4 | 0.662 | 3 |
Guangxi | 0.256 | 19 | 0.208 | 26 | 0.146 | 19 | 0.041 | 24 | 0.237 | 19 |
Hainan | 0.051 | 28 | 0.163 | 29 | 0.073 | 30 | 0.011 | 28 | 0.039 | 29 |
Chongqing | 0.264 | 18 | 0.317 | 15 | 0.173 | 17 | 0.111 | 17 | 0.274 | 18 |
Sichuan | 0.51 | 7 | 0.298 | 20 | 0.265 | 10 | 0.228 | 9 | 0.497 | 8 |
Guizhou | 0.186 | 24 | 0.171 | 28 | 0.099 | 25 | 0.021 | 25 | 0.174 | 24 |
Yunnan | 0.228 | 22 | 0.113 | 31 | 0.112 | 22 | 0.052 | 22 | 0.181 | 23 |
Tibet | 0.001 | 31 | 0.305 | 19 | 0.088 | 26 | 0.001 | 31 | 0 | 31 |
Shaanxi | 0.453 | 8 | 0.399 | 11 | 0.283 | 7 | 0.295 | 5 | 0.431 | 10 |
Gansu | 0.163 | 25 | 0.224 | 23 | 0.11 | 24 | 0.066 | 20 | 0.126 | 26 |
Qinghai | 0.012 | 30 | 0.309 | 18 | 0.054 | 31 | 0.005 | 30 | 0.009 | 30 |
Ningxia | 0.032 | 29 | 0.222 | 24 | 0.084 | 27 | 0.005 | 29 | 0.046 | 28 |
Xinjiang | 0.123 | 27 | 0.144 | 30 | 0.078 | 29 | 0.021 | 26 | 0.113 | 27 |
Year | Eastern | Central | Western | Northeast | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 0.459 | 0.289 | 0.709 | 0.143 | 0.492 |
2013 | 0.461 | 0.286 | 0.703 | 0.142 | 0.49 |
2014 | 0.458 | 0.287 | 0.714 | 0.144 | 0.494 |
2015 | 0.46 | 0.286 | 0.71 | 0.143 | 0.492 |
2016 | 0.457 | 0.287 | 0.707 | 0.144 | 0.491 |
2017 | 0.455 | 0.288 | 0.696 | 0.145 | 0.486 |
2018 | 0.453 | 0.287 | 0.702 | 0.147 | 0.488 |
2019 | 0.451 | 0.287 | 0.704 | 0.148 | 0.488 |
2020 | 0.453 | 0.285 | 0.698 | 0.149 | 0.486 |
2021 | 0.45 | 0.288 | 0.707 | 0.147 | 0.489 |
2022 | 0.448 | 0.288 | 0.709 | 0.149 | 0.489 |
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Liang, Q.; Yin, F. Measurement and Evaluation of the Modernization Development Level of Higher Education in China: Based on Panel Data Analysis of 31 Provinces from 2012 to 2022. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7250. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177250
Liang Q, Yin F. Measurement and Evaluation of the Modernization Development Level of Higher Education in China: Based on Panel Data Analysis of 31 Provinces from 2012 to 2022. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7250. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177250
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Qingqing, and Fang Yin. 2024. "Measurement and Evaluation of the Modernization Development Level of Higher Education in China: Based on Panel Data Analysis of 31 Provinces from 2012 to 2022" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7250. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177250