Mechanisms of Charged Particle Motion during Capture by Charged Droplets in Marine Diesel Exhaust
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Model Mechanism
- Ideal steady incompressible viscous flow field;
- Laminar flow field;
- The black carbon particle and droplet are both single solid spherical particles;
- The droplet is static in the flow field, and the movement of the particle in the flow field around the liquid droplet is the main target considered in this study;
- The direction of gas flow and particle movement is vertical upward.
2.1. Particle Motion Equation
2.2. Air Flow Field Distribution
3. Mathematical Results and Discussion
4. Co-Simulation with ANSYS Fluent and MATLAB
4.1. Co-Simulation Mechanisms
4.2. 3-D Numerical Model
4.3. Co-Simulation Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (a)
- The existence of an electrostatic field can improve the particle velocity when it approaches the droplet, making the velocity greater than that of the surrounding flow field. Meanwhile, this effect is much more obvious with the particle approaching the droplet.
- (b)
- Analysis of the effect of electrostatic field strength found that electrostatic force helps increase the particle capturing efficiency by attracting particles to the droplet but that it is not possible to increase the particle velocity significantly by increasing the electrostatic field strength, since the magnitude of the electrical force was far less than that of the drag force. Thus, a proper electrostatic field strength range is supposed to be defined in a follow-up research work.
- (c)
- The investigation of particle size shows that the electrostatic effect is much greater for larger particles. The effect of particle size is different for the range of particle radii. Under the electrostatic field condition (20 kV), for particle sizes beyond 10 μm, when the particle radius decreases by 50%, the particle velocity when reaching the droplet surface decreases by 9.01%. While the particle radius is below 10 μm, the particle velocity when reaching the droplet surface decreases by 30.28% when the particle size decreases by 50%.
- (d)
- Furthermore, the droplet size has a great influence on the particle motion characteristics. The results in this paper show that when the droplet size decreases by 50%, the particle velocity at the droplet surface increases by 7.26% to 13.85%. Thus, decreasing the droplet size can help improve the collection effect.
- (e)
- Simulation results show that the moving particle can affect the surrounding velocity of the gas flow field, which is ignored in the theoretical calculation. This effect becomes more apparent as the particle size increases.
6. Recommendation for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method Applied in Marine Vessels | Reduction of PM Emission | Limitation |
---|---|---|
Fuel-borne additive | 35% | Lowest reduction efficiency among those methods |
Venturi scrubber | Over 90% <70% for submicron particle | High pressure drops |
Wet scrubber | 70–99% for >PM1.0 About 50% for <PM1.0 | Affected by many factors in scrubber |
Electrostatic precipitator | 80–93% | Re-entrainment of particles after a certain time operation |
Electrified water spray | Capture efficiency over 95% (<PM0.4) | Operational characteristics are not yet fully understood |
Droplet radius/ | 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm |
Particle radius/ | 5 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 50 μm |
Density of particle/ | |
Density of gas fluid/ | 1.019 kg/m3 |
Dynamic viscosity of gas fluid/ | |
Inlet velocity of flow field/ | 5 |
Vacuum dielectric constant/ | 8.85 10−12 F/m |
Relative dielectric constant (particle)/ | 30 |
Relative dielectric constant (droplet)/ | 81.5 |
rp (μm) | t (ms) | rc (mm) | t (ms) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In theory | 10 | 1.051 | 2.6% | 0.5 | 1.031 | 1.3% |
In simulation | 1.079 | 1.018 | ||||
In theory | 20 | 1.035 | 0.4% | 1 | 1.051 | 0.9% |
In simulation | 1.031 | 1.052 | ||||
In theory | 50 | 1.028 | 1.8% | 2 | 1.097 | 2.1% |
In simulation | 1.010 | 1.121 |
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Yang, L.; Zhou, P.; Wang, H.; Mei, N.; Yuan, H. Mechanisms of Charged Particle Motion during Capture by Charged Droplets in Marine Diesel Exhaust. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177354
Yang L, Zhou P, Wang H, Mei N, Yuan H. Mechanisms of Charged Particle Motion during Capture by Charged Droplets in Marine Diesel Exhaust. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177354
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Lin, Peilin Zhou, Haibin Wang, Ning Mei, and Han Yuan. 2024. "Mechanisms of Charged Particle Motion during Capture by Charged Droplets in Marine Diesel Exhaust" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177354