Public Urban Agriculture Equipment: A Tool for Fair and Sustainable Food Policies? Potager du Roi and Cité Maraîchère, Two French Case Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Framework and Definitions
2.1.1. The Sustainable Business Models
2.1.2. Urban Farms
2.2. Case Studies of Two Different Urban Farms
2.2.1. The Potager du Roi
2.2.2. The Cité Maraîchère
2.2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Sustainability Strategy for the Potager du Roi and the Cité Maraîchère
3.1. Economic Strategy for the Two Urban Farms
3.1.1. Key Activities of the TLBM Economic Canvas
3.1.2. Key Resources of PDR and CM
3.1.3. Key Partners in PDR and CM
3.1.4. The Two Urban Farms Activities Propose Diverse Values to the Custumors
3.1.5. Commercializing the Products and Services of These Two Urban Farms
3.1.6. Financing Data of the Two Urban Farms
3.2. Environmental Strategy of the Two Urban Farms
3.2.1. Production and Functional Values of the TLBM Environmental Canvas
3.2.2. Resources and Suppliers
3.2.3. Distribution, Use Phase, and End of Life
3.2.4. Environemental Impacts and Benefits of the Two Urban Farms
3.3. Social Strategy of the Two Urban Farms
3.3.1. The Social Value of the Two Urban Farms
3.3.2. Human Resources and Management
3.3.3. Territorial Anchoring
3.3.4. Evaluation of the Social Impacts and Bénéfits of the Two Urban Farms
4. Discussion: Public Policy Implications in Urban Agriculture
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Brand, C.; Bricas, N.; Conaré, D.; Daviron, B.; Debru, J.; Michel, L.; Soulard, C.-T. Construire des Politiques Alimentaires Urbaines; Editions Quae: Versailles, France, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE). Unité Urbaine/Agglomération/Agglomération Multicommunale/Agglomération Urbaine. 2020. Available online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1501 (accessed on 28 April 2023).
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rikolto; RUAF Global Partnership on Sustainable Urban Agriculture and Food Systems. Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture Sourcebook. From Production to Food Systems; FAO: Rome, Italy; Rikolto: Rome, Italy, 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aubry, C.; Giacchè, G.; Maxime, F.; Soulard, C.-T. Les Agriculture Urbaines en France. Comprendre les Dynamiques, Accompagner les Acteurs; Editions Quae: Versailles, France, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Duchemin, E.; Wegmuller, F.; Legault, A.-M. Urban agriculture: A multidimensional tool for neighbourhood development. Vertigo 2010, 10, 4–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reisch, L.; Eberle, U.; Lorek, S. Sustainable food consumption: An overview of contemporary issues and policies. Sustainability 2013, 9, 7–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, L.; de Zeeuw, H. Urban food policies and programmes: An overview. In Cities and Agriculture: Developing Resilient Urban Food Systems; de Zeeuw, H., Drechsel, P., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2015; pp. 26–55. [Google Scholar]
- Halliday, J. Objectifs et leviers des villes pour une alimentation durable. In Construire des Politiques Alimentaires Urbaines; Brand, C., Bricas, N., Conaré, D., Daviron, B., Debru, J., Michel, L., Soulard, C.-T., Eds.; Editions Quae: Versailles, France, 2017; pp. 67–87. [Google Scholar]
- FOODE (Food Systems in European Cities). Factsheets with Overview on EU and National Regulatory Framework Conditions and Policies and the Related Constraints and Challenges. 2022. Available online: https://foode.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/FoodE_WP6_D6.1_Report_and_Annex_ILS.pdf (accessed on 1 July 2020).
- Pahun, J. Gouverner l’agriculture localement ? La capacité politique des collectivités territoriales sur la régulation du secteur agricole. Géocarrefour 2022, 96, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michel, L.; Soulard, C.-T. Constructing local food policies in France: Responding to crisis or making use of crisis. Pôle Sud 2021, 55, 7–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonnefoy, S.; Brand, C. Régulation politique et territorialisation du fait alimentaire de l’agriculture à l’agri-alimentaire. Geocarrefour 2014, 89, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banque des Territoires. Démonstrateurs Territoriaux des Transitions Agricoles et Alimentaires Sept Projets Lauréats et un AMI Ouvert Jusqu’à Mi-2023. Available online: https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/demonstrateurs-territoriaux-des-transitions-agricoles-et-alimentaires-sept-projets-laureats-et-un (accessed on 28 April 2023).
- Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sovereignty. Qu’est-ce qu’un Projet Alimentaire Territorial. Available online: https://agriculture.gouv.fr/quest-ce-quun-projet-alimentaire-territorial (accessed on 9 May 2023).
- Sanyé-Mengual, E.; Specht, K.; Vávra, J.; Artmann, M.; Orsini, F.; Gianquinto, G. Ecosystem Services of Urban Agriculture: Perceptions of Project Leaders, Stakeholders and the General Public. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joyce, A.; Paquin, R.L. The triple layered business model canvas: A tool to design more sustainable business models. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 135, 1474–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pieroni, M.P.P.; McAloone, T.C.; Pigosso, D.C.A. Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 215, 198–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arlotto, J.; Sahut, J.-M.; Teulon, F. Le concept de Business Model au travers de la littérature. Manag. Prospect. 2011, 28, 33–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zott, C.; Amit, R.; Massa, L. The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research. J. Manag. 2011, 37, 1019–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verstraete, T.; Kremer, F.; Jouison-Laffitte, E. The Business Model: A Practice-Oriented theory. Entrep. Innover 2012, 13, 7–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osterwalder, A.; Pigneur, Y. Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Pölling, B.; Mergenthaler, M.; Lorleberg, W. Professional urban agriculture and its characteristic business models in Metropolis Ruhr, Germany. Land Use Policy 2016, 58, 366–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clerino, P.; Fargue-Lelièvre, A. Formalizing Objectives and Criteria for Urban Agriculture Sustainability with a Participatory Approach. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dorr, E.; Goldstein, B.; Aubry, C.; Gabrielle, B.; Horvath, A. Life cycle assessment of eight urban farms and community gardens in France and California. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2023, 192, 106921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saint-Ges, V. Business models for market and production organisations in urban agriculture. Innovations 2021, 64, 91–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morel-Chevillet, G. Agriculteurs Urbains. Du Balcon à la Profession, Découverte des Pionniers de la Production Agricole en Ville; Editions France Agricole: Paris, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- ADEME; Villatte, M. L’Agriculture Urbaine, Quels Enjeux de Durabilité? 2017. Available online: https://www.nature-en-ville.com/sites/nature-en-ville/files/document/2020-02/agriculture_urbaine%255B1%255D.pdf (accessed on 15 March 2024).
- Lohrberg, F.; Licka, L.; Scazzosi, L.; Timpe, A. Urban agriculture Europe; Jovis Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2017; ISBN 978-3-86859-371-6. [Google Scholar]
- Association Française d’Agriculture Urbaine Professionnelle (AFAUP). Agriculture Urbaine C’est Quoi. 2023. Available online: https://www.afaup.org/lagriculture-urbaine-cest-quoi/ (accessed on 23 October 2023).
- Giacchè, G.; Consalès, J.-N.; Grard, B.J.-P.; Daniel, A.-C.; Chenu, C. Toward an Evaluation of Cultural Ecosystem Services Delivered by Urban Micro-Farms. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE). Dossier Complet, Commune de Versailles. Available online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=COM-78646 (accessed on 26 May 2023).
- Observatoire des Villes Vertes. Les Villes les plus Vertes de France, Palmarès 2020. Available online: https://www.observatoirevillesvertes.fr/le-palmares-des-villes-vertes-en-2020/ (accessed on 26 May 2023).
- Jacobsohn, A. La Quintinie today. In Instruction pour les Jardins Fruitiers et Potagers; La Quintinie, J.-B.d., Ed.; Actes Sud: Arles, France, 2016; pp. i–vii. [Google Scholar]
- Cirone, F.; Petruzzelli, M.; De Menna, F.; Samoggia, A.; Buscaroli, E.; Durante, E.; Orsini, F.; Rufí-Salís, M.; Tonini, P.; Durany, X.G.; et al. A sustainability scoring system to assess food initiatives in city regions. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 36, 88–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grard, B.; Chenu, C.; Boulanger-Joimel, S.; Vieublé Gonod, L.; Haudin, C.S. Evaluation des Services Écosystémiques Rendus par les Micro-Fermes Urbaines et leurs sols—Bilan du Projet de Recherche SEMOIRS 2018–2021. Research Report INRAE; AgroParisTech; Université de Lorraine; Aix-Marseille Université; Institut d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Région d’Ile-de-France. 2022; 22p. Available online: https://hal.science/hal-03624235/document (accessed on 15 October 2023).
- Ilieva, R.T.; Cohen, N.; Israel, M.; Specht, K.; Fox-Kämper, R.; Fargue-Lelièvre, A.; Ponizy, L.; Schoen, V.; Caputo, S.; Kirby, C.; et al. The Socio-Cultural Benefits of Urban Agriculture: A Review of the Literature. Land 2022, 11, 622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindemann, J. Black Urban Growers and the Land Question in Cleveland: Externalities of Gentrification. In A Recipe for Gentrification: Food, Power, and Resistance in the City; Alkon, A.H., Kato, Y., Sbicca, J., Eds.; NYU Press: New York, NY, USA, 2020; pp. 284–304. Available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1sjwp6b.16 (accessed on 14 June 2024).
- Lherminier, C. Équipements Publics et Participations d’Urbanisme. Les Cahiers Juridiques de La Gazette 2015. Available online: https://www.seban-associes.avocat.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Equipements-publics-et-participations-d%E2%80%99urbanisme-CL-Les-Cahiers-Juridiques-de-La-Gazette-aout-septembre-2015.pdf (accessed on 22 April 2024).
- Cocquière, A.; O’hanna, J. Financement des Équipements Publics. Quels Outils pour Accompagner l’Effort de Construction. Institut Paris Région. 2018. Available online: https://www.institutparisregion.fr/fileadmin/NewEtudes/Etude_1467/Etude_Financement_EqP_VFin2.pdf (accessed on 14 May 2024).
- Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE). Définition Équipement 2022. Available online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c2187#:~:text=Un%20%C3%A9quipement%20est%20un%20service,%2C%20tribunal%2C%20etc.) (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Fiole, B. Les Équipements Publics et la Ville: Problématique du Dialogue Entre le Projet de l’Équipement et le Projet Urbain. Centre d’Études sur les Réseaux, les Transports, l’Urbanisme et les Constructions Publiques, CERTU. 2002; 135p. Available online: https://hal-lara.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02150556 (accessed on 21 February 2024).
- Callède, J.-P. Sports facilities networks, cultural innovation and urban functionality. Hist. Écon. Soc. 2007, 26, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Besse, L. The action of youth and cultural centers. Inf. Soc. 2015, 4, 26–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodiguel, L.; Bréger, T.; Maréchal, G.; Rochard, C. L’action Publique en Matière d’Alimentation Locale. Les Compétences Accordées par la loi et les Règlements aux Collectivités Locales (Régions, Départements, Communes) dans le Domaine de la Production, la Transformation et la Consommation d’Aliments Locaux. CNRS UMR 6297. 2021. Available online: https://hal.science/hal-01842263v3 (accessed on 6 March 2024).
- Agreste FRANCE. MEMENTO 2022, Mai 2023. Available online: https://agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/agreste-web/download/publication/publie/MemSta2022/MementoFrance2022.pdf (accessed on 27 June 2024).
- Opitz, I.; Specht, K.; Berges, R.; Siebert, R.; Piorr, A. Toward Sustainability: Novelties, Areas of Learning and Innovation in Urban Agriculture. Sustainability 2016, 8, 356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, K.; Sonnino, R. The urban foodscape: World cities and the new food equation. Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc. 2010, 3, 209–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohly, H.; Gentry, S.; Wigglesworth, R.; Bethel, A.; Lovell, R.; Garside, R. A systematic review of the health and well-being impacts of school gardening: Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vigneau, F.E. Les équipements sportifs: Enjeux et impensés d’une politique publique. Inf. Soc. 2015, 187, 35–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fédération Nationale des SAFER. Les Prix des Terres 2022. Analyses des Marchés Fonciers Ruraux. Paris, France. 2023. Available online: https://www.safer.fr/app/uploads/2023/06/2023-PDT2022-72p-BD.pdf (accessed on 27 June 2024).
- García-Muiña, F.E.; Medina-Salgado, M.S.; Ferrari, A.M.; Cucchi, M. Sustainability Transition in Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing with the Triple-Layered Business Model Canvas. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pennisi, G.; Magrefi, F.; Michelon, N.; Bazzocchi, G.; Maia, L.; Orsini, F.; Sanyé-Mengual, E.; Gianquinto, G. Promoting education and training in urban agriculture building on international projects at the Research Centre on Urban Environment for Agriculture and Biodiversity. Acta Hortic. 2020, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raze, J.-F. La localisation des équipements publiques: Renouveau des coûts de la croissance urbaine et élément de réponse au problème des quartiers sensibles? Rev. d’Écon. Reg. Urbaine 2004, 2, 195–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perrin, C.; Soulard, C.T. Towards a local food governance linking city and agriculture. Le cas de Perpignan. Géocarrefour 2014, 89, 125–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davidson, D.J. Is Urban Agriculture a Game Changer or Window Dressing? A Critical Analysis of Its Potential to Disrupt Conventional Agri-food Systems. Int. J. Sociol. Agric. Food 2017, 23, 63–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jarrige, F.; Perrin, C. L’agriparc: Une innovation pour l’agriculture des territoires urbains? Rev. d’Écon. Reg. Urbaine 2017, 3, 537–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Saint-Ges, V.; Warin, B.; Jacobsohn, A. Public Urban Agriculture Equipment: A Tool for Fair and Sustainable Food Policies? Potager du Roi and Cité Maraîchère, Two French Case Studies. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177399
Saint-Ges V, Warin B, Jacobsohn A. Public Urban Agriculture Equipment: A Tool for Fair and Sustainable Food Policies? Potager du Roi and Cité Maraîchère, Two French Case Studies. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177399
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaint-Ges, Véronique, Bethsabee Warin, and Antoine Jacobsohn. 2024. "Public Urban Agriculture Equipment: A Tool for Fair and Sustainable Food Policies? Potager du Roi and Cité Maraîchère, Two French Case Studies" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177399