Post-Pandemic Shifts in Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in a Marine Protected Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. NEP Scale Surveys
2.2. Cover Participant Ethnography
3. Results
3.1. Surveys
- The endorsement of elements related to the rejection of the exceptionalism dimension changed in different directions, and a decrease in the case of human ingenuity ensures that we do not make Earth unlivable.
- Most relevant increases in pro-ecological orientation correspond to the fragility of the natural balance (items 3 and 8).
- In addition, item 1 with respect to the reality of the limits to growth has gained adherents even though it is the dimension that demonstrates lower pro-ecological beliefs.
3.2. Ethnography
3.2.1. Increasing Discrepancy between Attitudes and Actual Behavior
“No doubt; we scubas are environment oriented. All my friends call me the eco-sustainable-happy guy. It is a whole lifestyle, a way of living.”(A3)
“Now, seriously, I want to come back to my previous life, whatever it is, I just want to escape with my buddy… let’s talk about the rest in a few years.”(B1)
“For the sea and the fishes and their protection, of course!!”
“Ok, ok, just let me finally recover my life and disappear, those fishes have had enough time to be alone, let’s play with them a little bit.”
“Guys, remember, we are proud of our positive impact in these islands…”(A4)
“Really what I would like nowadays is simply a liveaboard… I prefer to live with divers, eat with them…. enough being worried about the others, and others… now we need an eternal dive with no call.”(B2)
“Buff…. Now no more societal sunlight please, we suffered enough…”
“Guys, it looks like we are downsizing...closer, cheaper, faster, no more paradises… even no fly time!”(B1)
“Too late, buddy, too late, today we know we just enjoy.”
3.2.2. Reasons for Returning to the Destination
“What a long list, we have to keep mixing both the Costa Brava with these international destinations.”
“That was the past, let’s face it, things change, let’s enjoy what we have now… a back roll is a back roll.”
“We have adapted...short trips, under control, known places, long weekends… let’s see what happens in the future.”(B1)
3.2.3. Divergent Behavior on Vacation
“You would never do that at home, right?”
“Come on, let’s try the Yamaha DPV…I know, I know, I said I’d never use one… this will a one in my life pure pleasure seeking...”(B2)
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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In Percentages | Gender | Age | Nationality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | 18–29 | 30–39 | >40 | Spanish | French | Other | |
pre-COVID | 61 | 39 | 22 | 47 | 31 | 58 | 33 | 9 |
post-COVID | 59 | 41 | 31 | 40 | 29 | 65 | 25 | 10 |
Operator | Group Code | Date | Period | Number of Scuba Divers in the Group | Nationality (in Decreasing Ordered of Presence in the Group) | Scuba Divers with Previous Experience in Medes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US-1 | A1 | 25 May 2018 | Pre-COVID | 34 | France, Spain, The Netherlands, Italy | 6 |
US-2 | A2 | 31 May 2018 | 23 | France, Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, Portugal | 11 | |
LI-1 | A3 | 8 June 2018 | 31 | Spain, UK, France, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Russia | 9 | |
RM-1 | A4 | 14 June 2018 | 21 | Spain, France, UK, Portugal, Italy | 5 | |
US-3 | B1 | 21 May 2022 | Post-COVID | 29 | France, Spain, The Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Italy | 11 |
US-4 | B2 | 27 May 2022 | 27 | Spain, Germany, France, The Netherlands, Italy | 9 | |
LI-2 | B3 | 11 June 2022 | 39 | France, Spain, The Netherlands, Italy | 12 | |
RM-2 | B4 | 17 June 2022 | 29 | Spain, France, UK, Germany, Poland | 11 |
Item Description | Item Number | Pro Ecological | |
---|---|---|---|
Pre-COVID | Post-COVID | ||
Limits of growth | |||
We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support | 1 | 76.7 | 84.1 |
The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them | 6 | 12.1 | 13.4 |
The earth is like a spaceship with very limited room and resources | 11 | 61.2 | 63.4 |
Anti anthropocentrism | |||
Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs | 2 | 64.7 | 70.7 |
Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist | 7 | 93.1 | 90.2 |
Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature | 12 | 63.8 | 67.1 |
Fragility of nature balance | |||
When humans interfere with nature to often produces disastrous consequences | 3 | 75.9 | 85.4 |
The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations | 8 | 76.7 | 86.6 |
The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset | 13 | 95.7 | 96.3 |
Rejection of exceptionalism | |||
Human ingenuity will ensure that we do NOT make the earth unlivable | 4 | 70.7 | 64.6 |
Despite our special abilities humans are still subject to the laws of nature | 9 | 54.3 | 62.2 |
Humans will eventually learn enough about how to be able to control it | 14 | 60.3 | 70.7 |
Possible ecocrisis | |||
Humans are severely abusing the environment | 5 | 93.1 | 93.9 |
The so called “ecological crisis” facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated | 10 | 89.7 | 82.9 |
If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe | 15 | 78.4 | 81.7 |
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Vila, M.; Costa, G. Post-Pandemic Shifts in Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in a Marine Protected Area. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7410. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177410
Vila M, Costa G. Post-Pandemic Shifts in Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in a Marine Protected Area. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7410. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177410
Chicago/Turabian StyleVila, Mar, and Gerard Costa. 2024. "Post-Pandemic Shifts in Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in a Marine Protected Area" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7410. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177410