Analysis of the Impact of Biomass/Water Ratio, Particle Size, Stirring, and Catalysts on the Production of Chemical Platforms and Biochar in the Hydrothermal Valorization of Coffee Cherry Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biomass Characterization
2.2. Hydrothermal Experiments
2.3. Characterization of Fractions
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.5. Homogeneous Catalysts
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass/Water Ratio Influence
3.2. Particle Size Influence
3.3. Stirring Influence
3.4. Catalyst’s Influence
4. Biochar Characterization
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Platform Chemicals | Retention Time (minutes) |
---|---|
Glucose | 16.789 |
Xylose | 17.179 |
Galactose | 17.255 |
Arabinose | 17.916 |
HMF | 35.637 |
Levulinic acid | 22.127 |
Formic acid | 20.415 |
Furfural | 51.349 |
Essay | Coffee Cherry (%) | Pulp (%) | Husk (%) | SCG (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (%) | 95.5 | |||
Hemicellulose | 12.5 | 3.60 | 7 | 12.1 |
Lignin | 13.7 | 20.07 | 9 | 17.8 |
Cellulose | 27.6 | 25.88 | 43 | 23.6 |
C | 45.27 | 44.95 | 68.52 | |
H | 4.862 | 5.34 | 11.04 | |
N | 1.471 | 1.5 | 0.60 | 1.40 |
S | 0.138 | 0.03 | - | |
Moisture (Initial Biomass) | 80.79 | 73.85 | 8.88 | 55.2 |
Moisture (BHP) * | 10.94 | - | - | - |
Ashes | 7.79 | 6.29 | 0.79 | 15.3 |
Volatile matter (Initial biomass) | 10.06 | 9.80 | 75.85 | 83.3 |
Volatile matter (BHP) * | 80.81 | - | - | - |
Fixed carbon | 1.36 | - | 14.48 | 1.5 |
T (°C) | B:W Ratio | WLF (g) | WWSF (g) | WDSF (g) | WGF (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
180 | 1:05 | 37.000 | 57.142 | 11.008 | 5.858 |
180 | 1:10 | 50.944 | 37.985 | 6.256 | 11.071 |
180 | 1:20 | 72.258 | 18.201 | 2.083 | 9.542 |
180 | 1:40 | 83.267 | 7.687 | 1.235 | 9.046 |
220 | 1:05 | 34.504 | 55.402 | 13.621 | 10.094 |
220 | 1:10 | 57.544 | 26.601 | 4.264 | 15.854 |
220 | 1:20 | 78.252 | 14.305 | 1.819 | 7.444 |
220 | 1:40 | 81.072 | 6.115 | 0.792 | 12.814 |
260 | 1:05 | 53.472 | 26.262 | 8.935 | 20.267 |
260 | 1:10 | 69.762 | 14.393 | 3.097 | 15.845 |
260 | 1:20 | 71.382 | 7.151 | 1.258 | 21.468 |
260 | 1:40 | 75.593 | 2.625 | 0.520 | 21.782 |
T (°C) | Particle Size (mm) | WLF (g) | WWSF (g) | WDSF (g) | WGF (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
180 | 0.5 | 70.809 | 9.889 | 1.628 | 19.303 |
180 | 1 | 82.587 | 11.677 | 1.671 | 5.736 |
180 | 2 | 72.258 | 18.201 | 2.083 | 9.542 |
180 | 5 | 67.078 | 10.691 | 1.653 | 22.232 |
220 | 0.5 | 69.026 | 11.213 | 1.570 | 19.761 |
220 | 1 | 71.154 | 12.707 | 1.542 | 16.139 |
220 | 2 | 78.252 | 14.305 | 1.819 | 7.444 |
220 | 5 | 72.141 | 10.631 | 1.986 | 17.228 |
260 | 0.5 | 83.920 | 7.159 | 1.296 | 8.921 |
260 | 1 | 83.827 | 8.314 | 1.242 | 7.859 |
260 | 2 | 71.382 | 7.151 | 1.258 | 21.468 |
260 | 5 | 73.251 | 7.945 | 1.251 | 18.804 |
T (°C) | Stirring (RPM) | WLF (g) | WWSF (g) | WDSF (g) | WGF (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
180 | W/O | 70.809 | 9.889 | 1.628 | 19.303 |
180 | 5000 | 73.099 | 11.426 | 1.657 | 15.476 |
180 | 8000 | 75.818 | 9.989 | 1.610 | 14.194 |
220 | W/O | 69.026 | 11.213 | 1.570 | 19.761 |
220 | 5000 | 76.143 | 9.418 | 1.601 | 14.439 |
220 | 8000 | 80.672 | 8.048 | 1.481 | 11.280 |
260 | W/O | 83.920 | 7.159 | 1.296 | 8.921 |
260 | 5000 | 83.683 | 5.867 | 1.205 | 10.451 |
260 | 8000 | 84.064 | 6.289 | 1.200 | 9.647 |
T (°C) | Catalysts (0.1 M) | WLF (g) | WWSF (g) | WDSF (g) | WGF (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
180 | W/O | 70.809 | 9.889 | 1.628 | 19.303 |
180 | CH3COOH | 84.021 | 8.909 | 1.693 | 7.070 |
180 | NaHCO3 | 68.508 | 16.788 | 1.079 | 14.704 |
220 | W/O | 69.026 | 11.213 | 1.570 | 19.761 |
220 | CH3COOH | 82.192 | 9.857 | 1.624 | 7.951 |
220 | NaHCO3 | 65.052 | 15.536 | 1.398 | 19.413 |
260 | W/O | 83.920 | 7.159 | 1.296 | 8.921 |
260 | CH3COOH | 81.653 | 8.343 | 1.561 | 10.004 |
260 | NaHCO3 | 76.701 | 7.285 | 1.037 | 16.014 |
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Lozano Pérez, A.S.; Romero Mahecha, V.; Guerrero Fajardo, C.A. Analysis of the Impact of Biomass/Water Ratio, Particle Size, Stirring, and Catalysts on the Production of Chemical Platforms and Biochar in the Hydrothermal Valorization of Coffee Cherry Waste. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177415
Lozano Pérez AS, Romero Mahecha V, Guerrero Fajardo CA. Analysis of the Impact of Biomass/Water Ratio, Particle Size, Stirring, and Catalysts on the Production of Chemical Platforms and Biochar in the Hydrothermal Valorization of Coffee Cherry Waste. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177415
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano Pérez, Alejandra Sophia, Valentina Romero Mahecha, and Carlos Alberto Guerrero Fajardo. 2024. "Analysis of the Impact of Biomass/Water Ratio, Particle Size, Stirring, and Catalysts on the Production of Chemical Platforms and Biochar in the Hydrothermal Valorization of Coffee Cherry Waste" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177415