Fish Farming Activities in Mbanza-Ngungu: Farmer Socio-Professional Profiles, Production Practices, and Improvement Opportunities for Sustainable Aquaculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Locality and Study Area
2.2. Statistical Analysis of the Data
3. Results
3.1. Repartition of Fish Farmers per Surveyed Administrative Sector
3.2. Socio-Professional Characteristics of the Producers
3.3. Experience, Characterization of Fish Farming Site, and Fish Farming Activities
3.4. Aquaculture General Knowledge
3.5. Constraints and Orientation of Fish Production
4. Discussion
4.1. Socio-Professional Characteristics
4.2. Experience, Site Selection, and Fish Farming Activities
4.3. Feeding, Pond Management, and Rearing Cycle
4.4. General Knowledge
4.5. Constraints and Orientation of Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Surveyed Areas | Frequency (%) | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boko | Gombe Matadi | Gombe Sud | Kivulu | Kwilu Ngongo | Lunzadi | Mbanza-Ngungu | Ntimansi | General Total | |||
Gender | F | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 0.171 |
M | 94 | 94 | 100 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 90 | 97 | 96 | ||
Age | 20–30 years | 0 | 21 | 14 | 17 | 36 | 6 | 10 | 21 | 15 | 0.008 * |
31–40 years | 38 | 34 | 41 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 55 | 40 | 37 | ||
41 years and older | 62 | 45 | 45 | 52 | 35 | 63 | 35 | 39 | 48 | ||
Marital status | Single | 28 | 34 | 32 | 28 | 21 | 19 | 35 | 38 | 31 | 0.554 |
Divorced | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | ||
Married | 61 | 52 | 64 | 54 | 79 | 81 | 60 | 56 | 59 | ||
Widower | 10 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | ||
Education | Certificate of Primary Education | 5 | 45 | 50 | 6 | 36 | 25 | 10 | 39 | 26 | <0.0001 * |
State diploma | 85 | 36 | 41 | 81 | 50 | 56 | 70 | 47 | 59 | ||
Higher Education Diploma | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 13 | 20 | 3 | 7 | ||
Never enrolled in school | 3 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 0 | 11 | 8 | ||
Number of farmers by sector | 72 | 62 | 22 | 54 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 90 | 350 |
Variables | Surveyed Areas | Frequency (%) | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boko | Gombe Matadi | Gombe Sud | Kivulu | Kwilu Ngongo | Lunzadi | Mbanza-Ngungu | Ntimansi | General Total | |||
Activity | Primary | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0.563 |
Secondary | 96 | 100 | 100 | 96 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 96 | 97 | ||
Duration of fish farming production | 1 year | 3 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 33 | 11 | <0.001 * |
2 years | 16 | 10 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 0 | 30 | 11 | 14 | ||
3 years | 21 | 8 | 23 | 19 | 14 | 6 | 25 | 10 | 15 | ||
4 years | 14 | 27 | 32 | 15 | 0 | 19 | 5 | 11 | 16 | ||
5 years or more | 46 | 55 | 18 | 48 | 72 | 56 | 40 | 35 | 44 | ||
Site selection | Accessibility | 14 | 18 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 19 | 0 | 14 | 13 | 0.218 |
Permanent water | 81 | 74 | 68 | 89 | 86 | 75 | 80 | 80 | 80 | ||
Relief | 5 | 8 | 18 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 20 | 6 | 7 | ||
Number of ponds | 1 pond | 42 | 10 | 55 | 46 | 29 | 25 | 75 | 43 | 39 | <0.001 * |
2 ponds | 40 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 71 | 50 | 20 | 9 | 19 | ||
3 ponds | 13 | 18 | 27 | 15 | 0 | 19 | 5 | 5 | 12 | ||
4 ponds | 1 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
5 ponds | 4 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 14 | ||
More than 5 ponds | 0 | 60 | 5 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 13 | ||
Water supply | Derivation | 79 | 95 | 95 | 93 | 36 | 81 | 90 | 98 | 89 | <0.0001 * |
Groundwater | 21 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 64 | 19 | 10 | 2 | 11 | ||
Number of farmers by sector | 72 | 62 | 22 | 54 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 90 | 350 |
Variables | Surveyed Areas | Frequency (%) | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boko | Gombe Matadi | Gombe Sud | Kivulu | Kwilu Ngongo | Lunzadi | Mbanza-Ngungu | Ntimansi | General Total | |||
Livestock farming system | Extensive | 93 | 100 | 91 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 67 | 89 | <0.001 * |
Semi-intensive | 7 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 11 | ||
Raised species | Clarias gariepinus | 25 | 5 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 25 | 20 | 6 | 13 | <0.001 * |
Oreochromis niloticus | 68 | 90 | 91 | 63 | 100 | 75 | 45 | 91 | 79 | ||
Both | 7 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 3 | 8 | ||
Breeding method | Monoculture | 93 | 95 | 91 | 85 | 100 | 100 | 65 | 97 | 92 | 0.000 * |
Polyculture | 7 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 3 | 8 | ||
Average weight/density at loading | No | 83 | 84 | 86 | 89 | 86 | 75 | 85 | 80 | 83 | 0.886 |
Yes | 17 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 25 | 15 | 20 | 17 | ||
Supply of fry | Fish hatchery | 43 | 15 | 5 | 69 | 0 | 31 | 65 | 7 | 29 | <0.001 * |
Producer | 6 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 4 | ||
Restocking | 51 | 85 | 90 | 22 | 100 | 56 | 35 | 91 | 67 | ||
Number of farmers by sector | 72 | 62 | 22 | 54 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 90 | 350 |
Variables | Surveyed Areas | Frequency (%) | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boko | Gombe Matadi | Gombe Sud | Kivulu | Kwilu Ngongo | Lunzadi | Mbanza-Ngungu | Ntimansi | General Total | |||
Feeding mode | Imported artificial foods | 4 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 33 | 10 | <0.001 * |
Agricultural activities debris | 96 | 100 | 91 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95 | 67 | 90 | ||
Pond fertilization | No | 58 | 74 | 86 | 61 | 100 | 50 | 75 | 58 | 65 | 0.004 * |
Yes | 42 | 26 | 14 | 39 | 0 | 50 | 25 | 42 | 35 | ||
Regular maintenance of ponds | No | 53 | 48 | 77 | 63 | 43 | 50 | 70 | 53 | 56 | 0.194 |
Yes | 47 | 52 | 23 | 37 | 57 | 50 | 30 | 47 | 44 | ||
Water quality monitoring | No | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.794 |
Yes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Breeding Cycle | 12 months | 61 | 53 | 32 | 76 | 64 | 75 | 50 | 62 | 61 | <0.001 * |
6 months | 26 | 37 | 14 | 22 | 14 | 25 | 35 | 23 | 26 | ||
>12 months | 13 | 10 | 54 | 2 | 22 | 0 | 15 | 15 | 13 | ||
Number of farmers by sector | 72 | 62 | 22 | 54 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 90 | 350 |
Variables | Surveyed Areas | Frequency (%) | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boko | Gombe Matadi | Gombe Sud | Kivulu | Kwilu Ngongo | Lunzadi | Mbanza-Ngungu | Ntimansi | General Total | |||
Knowledge of production | No | 78 | 82 | 86 | 72 | 64 | 88 | 80 | 71 | 77 | 0.451 |
Yes | 22 | 18 | 14 | 28 | 36 | 12 | 20 | 29 | 23 | ||
Management of pond effluents | No | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | N/A |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Agro-piscicultural integration | No | 85 | 90 | 82 | 83 | 79 | 81 | 90 | 79 | 84 | 0.713 |
Yes | 15 | 10 | 18 | 17 | 21 | 19 | 10 | 21 | 16 | ||
Benefits of agro-piscicultural integration | No | 92 | 94 | 82 | 89 | 86 | 94 | 95 | 84 | 89 | 0.514 |
Yes | 8 | 6 | 18 | 11 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 16 | 11 | ||
Farmers’ organization | No | 74 | 29 | 73 | 35 | 0 | 69 | 90 | 19 | 43 | <0.001 * |
Yes | 26 | 71 | 27 | 65 | 100 | 31 | 10 | 81 | 57 | ||
Technical supervision | No | 86 | 76 | 86 | 74 | 86 | 81 | 95 | 58 | 75 | 0.000 * |
Yes | 14 | 24 | 14 | 26 | 14 | 19 | 5 | 42 | 25 | ||
Number of farmers by sector | 72 | 62 | 22 | 54 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 90 | 350 |
Variables | Surveyed Areas | Frequency (%) | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boko | Gombe Matadi | Gombe Sud | Kivulu | Kwilu Ngongo | Lunzadi | Mbanza-Ngungu | Ntimansi | General Total | |||
Constraints | Limited access to inputs | 13 | 10 | 14 | 5 | 21 | 31 | 15 | 11 | 12 | <0.001 * |
Fish feeding | 15 | 27 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 19 | 15 | 37 | 28 | ||
Formation | 33 | 19 | 18 | 30 | 29 | 25 | 35 | 9 | 23 | ||
Workforce | 10 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | ||
Diseases | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Lack of high-quality seed | 7 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 4 | ||
Financial resources | 12 | 27 | 32 | 24 | 14 | 25 | 20 | 43 | 27 | ||
Purpose of production | Self-consumption | 4 | 3 | 9 | 22 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0.001 * |
More consumption and little sales | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
More sales and less consumption | 96 | 97 | 91 | 76 | 100 | 94 | 100 | 98 | 94 | ||
Product transformation | No | 99 | 97 | 91 | 91 | 100 | 100 | 90 | 94 | 95 | 0.322 |
Yes | 1 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 6 | 5 | ||
Number of farmers by sector | 72 | 62 | 22 | 54 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 90 | 350 |
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Bambi Langa, L.; Wamuini Lunkayilakio, S.; Mafwila Kinkela, P.; Gennotte, V.; Rougeot, C. Fish Farming Activities in Mbanza-Ngungu: Farmer Socio-Professional Profiles, Production Practices, and Improvement Opportunities for Sustainable Aquaculture. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177481
Bambi Langa L, Wamuini Lunkayilakio S, Mafwila Kinkela P, Gennotte V, Rougeot C. Fish Farming Activities in Mbanza-Ngungu: Farmer Socio-Professional Profiles, Production Practices, and Improvement Opportunities for Sustainable Aquaculture. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177481
Chicago/Turabian StyleBambi Langa, Lydie, Soleil Wamuini Lunkayilakio, Patrick Mafwila Kinkela, Vincent Gennotte, and Carole Rougeot. 2024. "Fish Farming Activities in Mbanza-Ngungu: Farmer Socio-Professional Profiles, Production Practices, and Improvement Opportunities for Sustainable Aquaculture" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177481