Integrated Assessment of Health Benefits and Burdens of Urban Greenspace Designs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Scenario Study Approach and Input Data
2.2. UGS Design Scenarios
2.2.1. Scenario ‘No Greenspace’
2.2.2. ‘Current Greenspace’ Scenario
2.2.3. ‘Green Parking Lots and Squares’ Scenario
2.2.4. ‘Optimized Greenspace Locations’ Scenario
2.3. Threshold Values to Assess and Compare UGS Design Scenarios
3. Results
3.1. Greenspace Design Per Scenario
3.2. Health Benefits and Burdens Per Scenario
3.2.1. Detailed Results for the ‘Green Parking Lots and Squares’ Scenario
3.2.2. Detailed Results for the ‘Optimized Greenspace Locations’ Scenario
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Major Findings and Implications for Urban Greenspace Planning
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Overview of the Geo-Processing Method to Create ‘Optimized Greenspace Locations’ Scenario
References
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Health Determinant | Threshold Value | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Unattractive views | 0 | m2/m | A score larger than this threshold value means that unattractive objects are more dominant within the pedestrian’s field of view than attractive objects. |
Heat stress | 46 | °C PET | Physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) at ‘Extreme Heat Stress Level 2’ [29]. It refers to the mean PET between 12:00 and 18:00 local time for the hottest day in 2018 during a national heatwave (July 26). |
Air pollution | 20 | μg/m3 NO2 | This threshold value is twice the WHO guideline value for the annual mean concentration of 10 μg/m3 NO2 [30]. The value is chosen because the WHO guideline value is exceeded for all street segments in all scenarios. (The lowest value per street segment is 15 μg/m3.) |
Perceived unsafety | 50 | - | This threshold value is reached when, for example, the location is over 50% concealed, supervision from the most nearby home is 25 m away, and an area with at least 50 houses per ha is 50 m away. |
Tick-bite risk | 1 | % | This threshold value is reached when, for example, all conditions are optimal for survival and activity of ticks and tick-host animals, but only 1% of the area directly adjacent to footpaths contains shrubs and herbs. |
Scenario | Unattractive Views (m2/m) | Heat Stress (°C PET) | Air Pollution (μg/m3 NO2) | Perceived Unsafety (0–100) | Tick-Bite Risk (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No greenspace | - | 87% | - | 35% | - | 14% | - | 7% | - | 0.0% |
Current greenspace | −49.1 | 24% | −2.2 | 18% | +0.1 | 14% | 6.2 | 11% | +0.04 | 0.5% |
Green parking lots and squares | −75.7 | 8% | −2.7 | 13% | −0.1 | 14% | 7.2 | 11% | +0.07 | 0.5% |
Optimized greenspace locations | −85.6 | 16% | −3.0 | 12% | −0.2 | 13% | 6.6 | 11% | +0.00 | 0.4% |
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Oosterbroek, B.; de Kraker, J.; Huynen, M.M.T.E.; Martens, P. Integrated Assessment of Health Benefits and Burdens of Urban Greenspace Designs. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177534
Oosterbroek B, de Kraker J, Huynen MMTE, Martens P. Integrated Assessment of Health Benefits and Burdens of Urban Greenspace Designs. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177534
Chicago/Turabian StyleOosterbroek, Bram, Joop de Kraker, Maud M. T. E. Huynen, and Pim Martens. 2024. "Integrated Assessment of Health Benefits and Burdens of Urban Greenspace Designs" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177534