Characteristics of Overburden Damage and Rainfall-Induced Disaster Mechanisms in Shallowly Buried Coal Seam Mining: A Case Study in a Gully Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Engineering Background
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Site Investigation and Distinct Element Method
3.2. Similar Simulation Experiment
3.3. Rainfall Runoff and Infiltration Simulation Method
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of Surface Subsidence and Crack Development
4.2. Rainfall-Runoff Inundation of Study Area
4.2.1. Characteristics of the Fanshigou Basin
4.2.2. Rainfall-Runoff Simulation Based on HEC-RAS
4.2.3. Analysis of Rainfall Flooding Results
4.3. Rainfall Infiltration Characteristics of Mining Areas
4.3.1. Control Equation for Unsaturated Seepage in Porous Media
4.3.2. Geometric Models and Parameters
4.3.3. Simulation Results of Rainfall Infiltration
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- After shallow coal seam mining, the overlying strata are divided vertically into two zones: caved and fractured zones. The fractured zone is further divided horizontally into compression and shear subsidence zones. These zones are influenced by factors such as the thickness and strength of the key strata (KS) and the gully slope. The shear subsidence zone, which generates both compression and shear deformation, intercepts rainfall runoff and is a critical area for crack landfill treatment.
- (2)
- The HEC-RAS program efficiently calculates hydrological and hydrodynamic features, such as the water level of the barrier lake (ranging from 4.0 to 8.6 m after rainfall), the maximum flow velocity of the river channel (0.17 m/s), and the inundation range in the study area. By integrating annual maximum daily rainfall data under different frequencies, this program can develop a dynamic risk assessment method for mining-induced geohazards, such as landslides and barrier lakes in gully regions. The combination of LSM and rainfall-runoff simulation shows promise for assessing surface water-related geohazards in mining areas.
- (3)
- Infiltration and seepage analysis in the gully area shows that under a rainfall intensity of 3.67 mm/h, saturation increases more in low-lying areas, with the infiltration line descending. Seepage prevention measures should be implemented in riverbeds affected by mining-induced subsidence to ensure the sustainability of coal extraction and surface water resources. Matric suction is a critical factor in large-scale numerical modeling. Rainfall infiltration reduces matric suction in unsaturated zones, decreasing the effective stress of rock strata, which in turn reduces their shear strength—a key factor in rainfall-induced landslides.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lithology | Bulk Modulus (GPa) | Shear Modulus (GPa) | Density (kg·m−3) | Cohesion (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Internal Friction Angle (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandstone | 16.7 | 7.7 | 2700 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 29 |
Sand-mudstone interbed | 13.4 | 6.62 | 2600 | 4.95 | 3.25 | 31 |
Sandy mudstone | 14.2 | 6.5 | 2520 | 4.36 | 3.2 | 34 |
Coal | 5.2 | 2.78 | 1460 | 2.4 | 1.28 | 25 |
Limestone | 16.57 | 4.53 | 2750 | 5.9 | 3.9 | 38 |
Joint Material | Joint Normal Stiffness (GPa) | Joint Shear Stiffness (GPa) | Joint Cohesion (MPa) | Joint Friction Angle (°) | Joint Tensile Strength (MPa) | Joint Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 140 | 14 | 2 | 28 | 1 | Bedding joint |
2 | 100 | 10 | 4 | 35 | 2 | Vertical joint |
Thickness (m) | Lithology | Strata Classification after Coal Mining | Hydraulic Conductivity (m/s) | Porosity |
---|---|---|---|---|
70 | Sand-mudstone interbed | Repeated disturbance zone | 1.704 × 10−5 | 0.24 |
9 | Sandy mudstone | |||
17 | Sand-mudstone interbed | |||
4 | Nos. 2 + 3 coal seam | |||
15 | Sand-mudstone interbed | Fractured zone | 2.336 × 10−5 | 0.22 |
3 | No.4 coal seam | |||
5 | Sandy mudstone | |||
9 | Sand-mudstone interbed | |||
20 | Sandstone | |||
2 | Limestone | Caved zone | 5.247 × 10−5 | 0.32 |
7 | Sandstone | |||
3 | Limestone | |||
7 | Sandstone | |||
4 | Limestone | |||
4 | No. 8 coal seam | No. 8 coal seam | 7.018 × 10−7 | 0.15 |
12 | Sand-mudstone interbed | Floor failure zone | 2.036 × 10−5 | 0.20 |
2 | No. 9 coal seam | Bedrock zone | 4.522 × 10−7 | 0.12 |
11 | Sand-mudstone interbed |
Coal Mine | Overview of Mining Panels | Height of Caved Zone/m | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mining Panel | Length/m | Mining Thickness/m | Burial Depth/m | Coal Seam Inclination Angle/° | Coal Seam | The Roof of the Coal Seam | ||
Dongqu | No. 28806 | 226 | 4.83 | 333 | 4 | No. 8 | Limestone | 20.98 |
No. 28206 | 170 | 4.79 | 255 | 4 | No. 8 | Limestone | 18.32 | |
No. 18311 | 179 | 3.77 | 231 | 4 | No. 8 | Mudstone | 19.28 | |
Malan | No. 10702 | 216 | 2.08 | 402 | 4 | Nos. 2 + 3 | Sandy mudstone | 21.00 |
No. 12511 | 196 | 2.47 | 359 | 3 | Nos. 2 + 3 | Sandy mudstone | 22.00 | |
No. 18301 | 225 | 4.03 | 470 | 4 | No. 8 | Limestone | 19.00 | |
Tunlan | No. 28120 | 235 | 3.33 | 431 | 4 | No. 8 | Limestone | 27.58 |
Guandi | No. 22611 | 220 | 2.99 | 679 | 6 | Nos. 2 + 3 | Sandy mudstone | 20.70 |
Xiqu * | No. 28306 | 220 | 4.00 | 147 | 4 | No. 8 | Sandy mudstone, limestone | 23.00 |
Type | Area (m2) | Proportion (%) | Manning’s Roughness Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|
Arable land | 1,034,953.85 | 19.02 | 0.03 |
Woodland | 2,365,485.31 | 43.47 | 0.15 |
Grassland | 1,209,895.56 | 22.23 | 0.04 |
Shrubland | 208,735.47 | 3.84 | 0.07 |
Wetland | 785.90 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Water | 550.13 | 0.01 | 0.025 |
Artificial surface | 78,432.98 | 1.44 | 0.035 |
Bare land | 543,293.80 | 9.98 | 0.025 |
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Liu, Y.; Yang, T.; Deng, W.; Liu, H.; Gao, Y.; Ma, K.; Zhao, Y.; Sun, D. Characteristics of Overburden Damage and Rainfall-Induced Disaster Mechanisms in Shallowly Buried Coal Seam Mining: A Case Study in a Gully Region. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177538
Liu Y, Yang T, Deng W, Liu H, Gao Y, Ma K, Zhao Y, Sun D. Characteristics of Overburden Damage and Rainfall-Induced Disaster Mechanisms in Shallowly Buried Coal Seam Mining: A Case Study in a Gully Region. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177538
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yilong, Tianhong Yang, Wenxue Deng, Honglei Liu, Yuan Gao, Kai Ma, Yong Zhao, and Dongdong Sun. 2024. "Characteristics of Overburden Damage and Rainfall-Induced Disaster Mechanisms in Shallowly Buried Coal Seam Mining: A Case Study in a Gully Region" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177538