The Integration of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria, Eisenia fetida and Phosphorus Rock Improves the Availability of Assimilable Phosphorus in the Vermicompost
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Preparation
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Physicochemical Analysis
2.5. E. fetida Egg and Worm Count
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Vermicompost Physicochemical Characteristics
3.1.1. pH
3.1.2. Electric Conductivity (EC)
3.1.3. Total Nitrogen, NO3− and NH4+
3.1.4. Total Phosphorus and Assimilable Soluble Phosphorus
3.1.5. E. fetida Earthworm Biomass and Number of Eggs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | FACTOR 1. Phosphorus Rock (PR) | FACTOR 2. Biomass E. fetida | FACTOR 3. Cell Density of Bacterial Consortia |
---|---|---|---|
(%) | g Worms per kg−1 Manure | CFU mL−1 | |
T1 | 2 | 25 | 1 × 108 |
T2 | 2 | 25 | 0 |
T3 | 0 | 25 | 1 × 108 |
T4 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
T5 | 2 | 50 | 1 × 108 |
T6 | 2 | 50 | 0 |
T7 | 0 | 50 | 1 × 108 |
T8 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
pH | EC | TN | NO3− | NH4+ | TP | SP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(dS m−1) | % | ppm | ppm | % | ppm | ||
Initial Manure Values | 10 | 2.8 | 0.65 | Nd | Nd | 0.31 | Nd |
T1 (2% + 25 g + 1 × 108) | 9.10 ± 0.04 a | 4.2 ± 0.06 c | 1.22 ± 0.08 a | 481.66 ± 53.30 a | 112.12 ± 25.41 ba | 1.59 ± 0.08 a | 350.26 ± 28.37 b |
T2 (2% + 25 g) | 8.83 ± 0.04 a | 4.8 ± 0.69 b | 1.43 ± 0.08 a | 427.33 ± 48.78 a | 148.61 ± 47.76 ba | 1.95 ± 0.08 a | 329.99 ± 35.34 cb |
T3 (25 g + 1 × 108) | 9.00 ± 0.19 a | 8.3 ± 0.80 a | 1.34 ± 0.05 a | 390.33 ± 38.37 a | 82.39 ± 15.85 b | 0.51 ± 0.01 b | 252.31 ± 11.66 d |
T4 (25 g) | 9.03 ± 0.22 a | 8.0 ± 0.60 a | 1.32 ± 0.14 a | 397.00 ± 110.26 a | 108.28 ± 15.01 ba | 0.53 ± 0.04 b | 269.12 ± 28.37 cd |
T5 (2% + 50 g + 1 × 108) | 9.14 ± 0.04 a | 6.6 ± 1.02 bc | 1.21 ± 0.07 a | 472.66 ± 75.19 a | 160.27 ± 30.29 a | 1.62 ± 0.09 a | 442.44 ± 17.29 a |
T6 (2% + 50 g) | 9.15 ± 0.03 a | 4.1 ± 0.76 c | 1.22 ± 0.07 a | 481.00 ± 79.68 a | 108.87 ± 31.73 ba | 1.47 ± 0.06 a | 325.70 ± 20.27 cb |
T7 (50 g + 1 × 108) | 9.00 ± 0.21 a | 7.1 ± 0.65 a | 1.19 ± 0.18 a | 435.33 ± 115.31 a | 101.51 ± 16.35 ba | 0.55 ± 0.07 b | 346.21 ± 24.32 b |
T8 (50 g) | 8.87 ± 0.04 a | 7.5 ± 0.00 a | 1.21 ± 0.13 a | 368.33 ± 112.26 a | 112.69 ± 13.96 ba | 0.56 ± 0.04 b | 236.73 ± 28.38 d |
Factor | pH | EC | TN | NO3− | NH4+ | TP | SP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(dS m−1) | % | ppm | ppm | % | ppm | |||||||||
Worm grams (WG) | ||||||||||||||
30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | |
25 g | 9.72 ± 0.04 a | 9.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.09 ± 0.04 b | 6.3 ± 0.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.05 a | 1.3 ± 0.05 a | 381 ± 26 b | 439 ± 7.5 a | 77 ± 11 b | 121 ± 4.0 a | 0.84 ± 0.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 a | 190 ± 33 b | 300 ± 15 b |
50 g | 9.64 ± 2.96 a | 9.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.16 ± 0.09 a | 6.3 ± 0.0 a | 1.1 ± 0.05 a | 1.2 ± 0.00 b | 434 ± 27 a | 424 ± 7.5 a | 99 ± 11 a | 113 ± 4.0 a | 0.81 ± 0.0 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 255 ± 33 a | 308 ± 16 a |
Phosphorus rock (PR) | ||||||||||||||
30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | |
0% | 9.58 ± 0.0 b | 8.9 ± 0.0 a | 5.15 ± 0.0 a | 5.9 ± 0.4 a | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 1.3 ± 0.0 a | 386 ± 22 b | 397 ± 34 a | 106 ± 18 a | 101 ± 15 b | 0.46 ± 0.4 b | 0.5 ± 0.6 b | 232 ± 9.5 a | 276 ± 43 b |
2% | 9.79 ± 0.0 a | 9.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.02 ± 0.0 a | 6.7 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.0 a | 1.3 ± 0.0 a | 430 ± 22 a | 465 ± 34 a | 70 ± 18 b | 132 ± 15 a | 1.19 ± 0.4 a | 1.7 ± 0.6 a | 213 ± 9.5 a | 362 ± 43 a |
Bacterial consortia (BC) | ||||||||||||||
30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | 30 days | 60 days | |
0 CFU | 9.62 ± 0.0 b | 8.9 ± 0.0 a | 4.71 ± 0.3 b | 6.1 ± 0.2 a | 1.2 ±0.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.0 a | 391 ± 17 b | 418 ± 13 a | 74 ± 14 b | 114 ± 2.5 a | 0.83 ± 0.0 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 203 ± 19 b | 290 ± 28 b |
1 × 108 CFU | 9.70 ± 0.0 a | 9.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.46 ± 0.3 a | 6.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 1.3 ± 0.0 a | 425 ± 17 a | 445 ± 13 a | 102 ±14 a | 119 ± 2.5 a | 0.81 ± 0.0 a | 1.1 ± 0.1 a | 242 ± 19 a | 348 ± 29 a |
WG × PR × BC | ||||||||||||||
ns | * | * | ns | * | ns | * | ns | ns | * | * | * | * | ns |
Worm Biomass H-Value = 18.05 p = 0.012 | Egg Capsules H-Value = 21.26 p = 0.003 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Mean (g) | Median | Mean Rank | Z-Value | Mean | Median | Mean Rank | Z-Value |
T1 (2% + 25 g + 1 × 108) | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.23529 | 2.0 | −2.75 | 160 ± 37.70 | 156 | 14.5 | −1.87 |
T2 (2% + 25 g) | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.83333 | 20.3 | 2.05 | 216 ± 53.70 | 216 | 27.2 | 0.5 |
T3 (25 g + 1 × 108) | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.58333 | 10.3 | −0.57 | 168 ± 77.40 | 144 | 16.5 | −1.5 |
T4 (25 g) | 0.51 ± 0.12 | 0.43750 | 10.7 | −0.48 | 221.33 ± 26.85 | 220 | 27.8 | 0.62 |
T5 (2% + 50 g + 1 × 108) | 0.47 ± 0.13 | 0.38462 | 8.8 | −0.96 | 180 ± 103.51 | 132 | 17.2 | −1.37 |
T6 (2% + 50 g) | 1.03 ± 0.3 * | 1.00000 | 22.7 * | 2.66 | 192 ± 42.93 | 192 | 20.8 | −0.69 |
T7 (50 g + 1 × 108) | 0.54 ± 0.13 | 0.54000 | 11.2 | −0.35 | 214 ± 43.04 | 210 | 26.5 | 0.37 |
T8 (50 g) | 0.62 ± 0.08 | 0.58974 | 14.0 | 0.39 | 384 ± 65.29 | 348 | 45.5 * | 3.93 |
Overall | 12.5 | 24.5 |
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Andrade-Sifuentes, A.; Peña-Uribe, G.d.J.; Sáenz-Mata, J.; Quezada-Rivera, J.J.; Palacio-Rodríguez, R.; Muro-Pérez, G. The Integration of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria, Eisenia fetida and Phosphorus Rock Improves the Availability of Assimilable Phosphorus in the Vermicompost. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177576
Andrade-Sifuentes A, Peña-Uribe GdJ, Sáenz-Mata J, Quezada-Rivera JJ, Palacio-Rodríguez R, Muro-Pérez G. The Integration of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria, Eisenia fetida and Phosphorus Rock Improves the Availability of Assimilable Phosphorus in the Vermicompost. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177576
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrade-Sifuentes, Alfonso, Gabriel de Jesús Peña-Uribe, Jorge Sáenz-Mata, Jesús Josafath Quezada-Rivera, Rubén Palacio-Rodríguez, and Gisela Muro-Pérez. 2024. "The Integration of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria, Eisenia fetida and Phosphorus Rock Improves the Availability of Assimilable Phosphorus in the Vermicompost" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7576. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177576