Sustainable Development of Digital Cultural Heritage: A Hybrid Analysis of Crowdsourcing Projects Using fsQCA and System Dynamics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Problem Description and Research Framework
2.1. Defining Digital Humanities Cultural Heritage Crowdsourcing Projects and Their Sustainability Implications
- (1)
- Resource Sustainability: This entails stable and sufficient resource input, including the continuous supply of key resources such as funding, technology, equipment, and talent, providing solid support for project operations [24]. It also includes shared and open data resources and digital content, serving as “raw materials” for knowledge production.
- (2)
- Participation Sustainability: This involves continuously attracting and maintaining broad participation from diverse actors, achieving growth in the scale of participating groups, and optimizing their structure, while maintaining community activity and contribution levels [25].
- (3)
- Collaboration Sustainability: This refers to establishing an open, trusting, and mutually beneficial collaborative network, achieving ongoing synergy among multiple actors in terms of goals, actions, and interests [26], forming a positive ecosystem of mutual support and complementary progress.
- (4)
- Innovation Sustainability: This involves continuously generating digital outcomes and innovative contributions, achieving ongoing breakthroughs in knowledge discovery, methodological innovation, and application expansion [27], and injecting new momentum into cultural heritage research and digital humanities development.
- (5)
- Impact Sustainability: This entails achieving widespread dissemination and in-depth application of project outputs, continuously exerting influence in areas such as cultural inheritance, academic research, social education, and creative industries [28], driving the sustainable development of cultural heritage endeavors.
2.2. “Resource Synergy–Subject Interaction–Value Co-Creation” Analytical Framework
2.3. Integrated Research Paradigm Based on fsQCA-SD
3. Research Process and Results
3.1. Configuration Analysis of Digital Humanities Cultural Heritage Crowdsourcing Projects’ Sustainable Development Based on fsQCA
3.1.1. Case Selection and Data Collection
- (1)
- Richness of resource synergy, selecting projects with distinctive features in platform support, digital resources, knowledge capital, and social networks (e.g., By the People, MicroPasts);
- (2)
- Diversity of subject interaction, covering different levels of interaction types, such as between crowdsourcing participants and project platforms (Smithsonian Digital Volunteers), among participants (Field Expedition: Mongolia), between participants and audiences (Wikidata), and between platforms and the general public (Europeana 1914–1918);
- (3)
- Typicality of value co-creation, encompassing projects with outstanding achievements in cultural heritage digitization (Yad Vashem), knowledge innovation (Transcribe Bentham), and social impact (Old Weather).
- (1)
- Whether the project provided detailed process records and rich unstructured data, offering sufficient raw material for analyzing resource input, subject behavior, and value output;
- (2)
- Whether the project demonstrated unique resource synergy mechanisms, subject interaction patterns, or value creation pathways that could provide insightful analytical dimensions for the theoretical framework;
- (3)
- Whether the project had a certain demonstration effect and influence, attracting industry attention and academic research, facilitating data collection and verification [45].
3.1.2. Measurement of Condition Variables and Outcome Variable
- (1)
- Condition Variables in the Resource Synergy Dimension
- (2)
- Condition Variables in the Subject Interaction Dimension
- (3)
- Condition Variables in the Value Co-creation Dimension
- (4)
- Outcome Variable: Project Sustainable Development (SUS)
3.1.3. Data Analysis and Configuration Analysis
3.2. Development of System Dynamics Simulation Model
3.2.1. Model Boundary Determination and Key Variable Definition
3.2.2. Causal Loop Diagrams of Subsystems and Their System Dynamics Modeling Simulation
- (1)
- Multiple positive feedback relationships exist among internal elements of the resource synergy, subject interaction, and value co-creation subsystems, collectively shaping the endogenous growth mechanism for the sustainable development of cultural heritage crowdsourcing projects.
- (2)
- Cross-subsystem causal chains and feedback loops reveal the dynamic interactive influences among the three subsystems. For example, resource synergy affects subject behavior through task design optimization and knowledge capital accumulation, subsequently influencing value creation performance.
- (3)
- The presence of cross-cycle positive feedback loops (e.g., R3, R5) indicates path dependence and positive promotion effects of later-stage resource accumulation, experience sedimentation, and reputation building on future development.
- Configuration elements are not static combinations in project operation but engage in dynamic interactions.
- The impact of various configuration elements on project development involves a combination of immediate and cumulative effects.
- The effects of element combinations exhibit path dependence and positive feedback self-reinforcing effects.
3.2.3. Analysis of Simulation Results
3.2.4. Theoretical Correspondence between Simulation Results and fsQCA Findings
4. Discussion
4.1. Research Summary
4.2. Theoretical Contributions
- (1)
- Addressing research question ①, the fsQCA analysis reveals that platform support, data resources, knowledge capital, and digitalization performance constitute necessary conditions for project sustainability. In contrast, factors such as social capital, participant motivation, innovation drive, and social impact form multiple sufficient pathways to sustainability through differentiated combinations, exhibiting patterns such as “resource-driven” and “innovation-driven”. These findings challenge the linear, single-path assumptions in traditional explanatory models of crowdsourcing phenomena, highlighting the importance of a configurational perspective in understanding the sustainable development of crowdsourcing projects.
- (2)
- Regarding research question ②, system dynamics modeling uncovers the non-linear feedback mechanisms and emergent behaviors in the dynamic evolution of crowdsourcing systems. The self-reinforcing effects in key links, such as participation incentives–task completion and innovation accumulation–social impact, drive project sustainability. This indicates that as a complex adaptive system, the intrinsic development logic of crowdsourcing projects needs to be understood from a dynamic, process-oriented perspective, with resource endowments, action strategies, and value returns intertwined in shaping the emergent evolution of the system.
- (3)
- Concerning research question ③, the “Resource Synergy–Stakeholder Interaction–Value Co-creation” analytical framework integrates resource-based view, stakeholder theory, and value co-creation theory, providing a comprehensive theoretical lens for examining the complex factors driving crowdsourcing project sustainability. By combining fsQCA and SD methods, this study systematically interprets the generative mechanisms between condition configurations and outcomes from both static comparison and dynamic simulation dimensions, demonstrating the framework’s theoretical explanatory power in deciphering the underlying logic of crowdsourcing project sustainability. This has important implications for expanding research horizons and enriching methodological tools in the digital humanities field.
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary of Research Findings
- (1)
- The sustainable development of digital humanities cultural heritage crowdsourcing projects is influenced by multiple heterogeneous factors interacting with each other. The “Resource Synergy–Subject Interaction–Value Co-creation” analytical framework, constructed based on resource-based theory, stakeholder theory, and value co-creation theory, provides a comprehensive theoretical perspective for explaining these influencing factors. This framework incorporates multiple analytical dimensions such as resources, actions, and performance, extending and complementing traditional theoretical models that focus on single aspects. Under different configurations of resource endowments, action strategies, and value demands, differentiated successful pathways such as “resource-driven” and “innovation-driven” emerge, highlighting the non-homogeneous, multi-causal, and non-linear characteristics of crowdsourcing project success.
- (2)
- Core elements driving project sustainable development, such as platform support, data resources, knowledge capital, and participation willingness, exhibit significant non-linear feedback effects. Through mechanisms like self-reinforcement and dynamic adaptation, they collectively shape the project’s emergent evolution. The fsQCA analysis reveals that different factor configurations can achieve the same successful results through differentiated paths (“equifinality”), while seemingly similar factor combinations may produce divergent evolutions due to dynamic changes and external contextual influences. This implies that explaining and predicting project success or failure cannot simply rely on finding “success factors” but should examine system development from a more dynamic and integrated perspective.
- (3)
- The intrinsic mechanism of project sustainable development manifests as a multi-level, dynamic complex system. It involves the intertwined interaction of various factors including individual micro-behaviors (e.g., participation motivation), group emergent effects (e.g., task performance), organizational resource regulation (e.g., platform governance), and cross-domain value feedback (e.g., reputation enhancement), requiring comprehension from a holistic perspective. The system dynamics analysis reveals that the resource–action–performance causal chain driving project sustainable development has characteristics such as dynamic adaptability, non-linearity, and emergence. Project success depends not only on initial conditions and static resource allocation but also on the dynamic synergy of resources, behaviors, and goals in changing environments.
- (4)
- Promoting the sustainable development of cultural heritage crowdsourcing projects requires systematic design of key influencing factors. This involves emphasizing foundational capabilities such as resource supply and platform construction, focusing on developmental drivers like participation incentives and innovation mechanisms, and coordinating diverse stakeholders to foster a positive ecosystem. Simultaneously, adaptive adjustments at key nodes are necessary to guide the system toward healthy evolution. The feedback, cumulative, and lag effects of causal mechanisms, and the adaptive and emergent nature of subject behavior, result in complexities such as path dependence, equilibrium evolution, and critical transitions under different conditions. These insights enrich the understanding of crowdsourcing projects as complex adaptive systems, providing important supplements to traditional research approaches based on static assumptions.
5.2. Practical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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No. | Case Name | Initiating Organization | Academic Field | Task Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ancient Lives | University of Oxford | History | Transcription and Translation of Papyri |
2 | By the People | Library of Congress | History | Transcription and Tagging of Historical Documents |
3 | Smithsonian Digital Volunteers | Smithsonian Institution | Multidisciplinary | Enhancing Accessibility of Digital Collections |
4 | MicroPasts | UK Cultural Heritage Institutions | Archaeology and History | Crowdsourcing Tasks for Archaeology and Historical Documents |
5 | Zooniverse | International Crowdsourcing Platform | Multidisciplinary | Various Fields Including Humanities and Natural Sciences |
6 | Old Weather | Zooniverse Project | Meteorology | Transcription of Ship’s Logs |
7 | Europeana 1914–1918 | Europeana | History | Collection and Digitization of WWI-Related Items |
8 | Prokudin-Gorskii | Crowdsourcing Project | Photography | Restoration of Color Photos |
9 | Transcribe Bentham | University College London | Philosophy | Transcription of Philosopher’s Manuscripts |
10 | What’s on the Menu? | New York Public Library | Food Culture | Transcription of Historical Menus |
11 | Wikidata | Sister Project of Wikipedia | Multidisciplinary | Construction of a Knowledge Graph |
12 | Papers of the War Department | US War Department Archives Project | History | Transcription and Annotation of War Department Documents |
13 | Cultural Heritage Imaging | Non-profit Organization | Cultural Heritage | Digitization and Crowdsourcing Projects |
14 | Yad Vashem | Yad Vashem Memorial | History | Entry and Annotation of Holocaust Victim Information |
15 | Library of Congress Flickr Commons | Library of Congress | Photo Annotation | Tagging and Commenting on Historical Photos |
16 | The Great War Archive | University of Oxford | History | Collection and Digitization of WWI-Related Items and Letters |
17 | Field Expedition: Mongolia | National Geographic and Mongolian Academy of Sciences | Archaeology | Marking Potential Archaeological Sites on Satellite Images |
18 | Measuring the ANZACs | New Zealand National Archives and University of Waikato | History | Transcription and Annotation of Soldiers’ Records |
Condition | SUS_High | SUS_ Low | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cons_High | Cov_High | Cons_Low | Cov_Low | |
PLA | 0.891892 | 0.871795 | 0.727273 | 0.173913 |
~PLA | 0.310811 | 0.469565 | 0.454545 | 0.168067 |
DAT | 0.891892 | 0.871795 | 0.727273 | 0.173913 |
~DAT | 0.310811 | 0.469565 | 0.454545 | 0.168067 |
KNO | 0.905405 | 0.870370 | 0.727273 | 0.170732 |
~KNO | 0.297297 | 0.458333 | 0.454545 | 0.171429 |
SOC | 0.878378 | 0.872727 | 0.772727 | 0.188406 |
~SOC | 0.324324 | 0.480000 | 0.409091 | 0.148148 |
MOT | 0.891892 | 0.868421 | 0.727273 | 0.173913 |
~MOT | 0.310811 | 0.469565 | 0.454545 | 0.168067 |
INT | 0.864865 | 0.888889 | 0.772727 | 0.194444 |
~INT | 0.337838 | 0.480769 | 0.409091 | 0.142857 |
DIG | 0.905405 | 0.859649 | 0.681818 | 0.158537 |
~DIG | 0.297297 | 0.458333 | 0.500000 | 0.188679 |
CRO | 0.878378 | 0.872727 | 0.727273 | 0.177215 |
~CRO | 0.324324 | 0.480000 | 0.454545 | 0.164179 |
SOI | 0.878378 | 0.875000 | 0.727273 | 0.177215 |
~SOI | 0.324324 | 0.480000 | 0.454545 | 0.164179 |
Condition | SUS_High | SUS_Low | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High_1 | High_2 | High_3 | Low_1 | Low_2 | |
PLA | ● | ● | ● | ⊗ | ⊗ |
DAT | ● | ● | ● | ⊗ | ⊗ |
KNO | ● | ● | ● | ⊗ | |
SOC | ○ | ⊗ | |||
MOT | ○ | ○ | ⊗ | ||
INT | ○ | ⊗ | |||
DIG | ● | ● | ● | ⊗ | |
CRO | ○ | ⊗ | |||
SOI | ○ | ⊗ | |||
Consistency | 0.963 | 0.958 | 0.955 | 0.912 | 0.895 |
Raw Coverage | 0.718 | 0.701 | 0.729 | 0.632 | 0.587 |
Unique Coverage | 0.031 | 0.014 | 0.042 | 0.165 | 0.120 |
Solution Consistency | 0.951 | 0.903 | |||
Solution Coverage | 0.785 | 0.752 |
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Zhang, Y.; Dong, C. Sustainable Development of Digital Cultural Heritage: A Hybrid Analysis of Crowdsourcing Projects Using fsQCA and System Dynamics. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177577
Zhang Y, Dong C. Sustainable Development of Digital Cultural Heritage: A Hybrid Analysis of Crowdsourcing Projects Using fsQCA and System Dynamics. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177577
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yang, and Changqi Dong. 2024. "Sustainable Development of Digital Cultural Heritage: A Hybrid Analysis of Crowdsourcing Projects Using fsQCA and System Dynamics" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177577