The Seasonal Characterization and Temporal Evolution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Surface and Groundwater of an Agricultural Hydrographic Basin in the Midwestern Brazilian Savanna
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analytical Methods
2.3. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Groundwater Samples
3.2. Surface Water Samples
Country | Sample | Sampling | Range of Values (Mean), mg L−1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO3−_N | NO2−_N | NH4+_N | TP | PO4³− | K+ | |||
This study Brazil (HU-35) | Groundwater N = 207 | 2014, 2015 2019, 2020 | <LOD–0.857 (0.048) | 0.076, 0.054 | <LOD–0.776 (0.119) | <LOD–0.675 (0.033) | <LOD–0.280 (0.011) | 0.002–2.178 (0.448) |
Surface N = 23 | 2019, 2020 | 0.008–0.093 (0.040) | 0.040 | 0.002–0.72 (0.055) | 0.002–0.020 (0.009) | 0.001, 0.002 | 0.048–1.077 (0.573) | |
Brazil (HU-35) [35] a | Surface N = 36 | 2012, 2013 | 0.0002 0.081 | na | na | na | na | 0.001–0.660 |
Brazil (HU-35) [34] a,b | Surface N = 36 | 2016, 2017 | 0.018–0.413 | <LOD | 1.316–2.379 | 0.002–0.018 | 0.090 | 0.320–0.580 |
India [42] | Groundwater | 2005 | 0.01–4.56 (0.67) | na | na | na | na | na |
Surface | 0.57–3.12 (1.13) | na | na | na | na | na | ||
India [44] a | Groundwater N = 100 | 2015 | 0.009–132.2, (0.255) | na | na | na | na | 1–118 (6.20) |
China [44] a | Reservoir, Surface | 2004 to 2018 | na | na | 0.039–0.155 | na | na | na |
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Type | Season | Sampling Date | Number of Samples |
---|---|---|---|
Groundwater | Dry | September 2014 | 27 |
Groundwater | Dry | June 2015 | 26 |
Groundwater | Dry | September 2019 | 25 |
Groundwater | Dry | September 2019 | 25 |
Groundwater | Rain | December 2014 | 26 |
Groundwater | Rain | February 2015 | 26 |
Groundwater | Rain | December 2019 | 26 |
Groundwater | Rain | February 2020 | 26 |
Surface water | Dry | September 2019 | 6 |
Surface water | Rain | December 2019 | 6 |
Surface water | Rain | February 2020 | 5 |
Surface water | Dry | June 2020 | 6 |
Total groundwater samples | 207 | ||
Total surface water samples | 23 |
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Pires, N.L.; Muniz, D.H.d.F.; Araújo, L.S.d.; Lima, J.E.F.W.; Gomes, R.A.T.; Caldas, E.D.; Oliveira-Filho, E.C. The Seasonal Characterization and Temporal Evolution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Surface and Groundwater of an Agricultural Hydrographic Basin in the Midwestern Brazilian Savanna. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177659
Pires NL, Muniz DHdF, Araújo LSd, Lima JEFW, Gomes RAT, Caldas ED, Oliveira-Filho EC. The Seasonal Characterization and Temporal Evolution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Surface and Groundwater of an Agricultural Hydrographic Basin in the Midwestern Brazilian Savanna. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177659
Chicago/Turabian StylePires, Nayara Luiz, Daphne Heloisa de Freitas Muniz, Luane Souza de Araújo, Jorge Enoch Furquim Werneck Lima, Roberto Arnaldo Trancoso Gomes, Eloisa Dutra Caldas, and Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho. 2024. "The Seasonal Characterization and Temporal Evolution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Surface and Groundwater of an Agricultural Hydrographic Basin in the Midwestern Brazilian Savanna" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177659