Research on Wind Environment Simulation in Five Types of “Gray Spaces” in Traditional Jiangnan Gardens, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Enclosure Interface Forms Shaping “Gray Spaces”
2.1.1. Pavilion Space
2.1.2. Corridor Space
2.1.3. Alley Space
2.1.4. Courtyard Space
2.1.5. Atrium Space
2.2. Simulation of Outdoor Wind Environment in “Gray Space”
2.2.1. Numerical Simulation Technology
2.2.2. Parameter Variables and Simulation Methods
3. Quantitative Simulation Study of Five Types of Gray Spaces
3.1. Pavilion Space
3.1.1. Height-to-Depth Ratio (HDR)
3.1.2. Open Space Ratio (OSR)
3.1.3. Spatial Direction (DIR)
3.2. Corridor Space
3.2.1. Height-to-Depth Ratio (HDR)
3.2.2. Spatial Direction (DIR)
3.3. Alley Space
3.3.1. Height-to-Depth Ratio (HDR)
3.3.2. Spatial Direction (DIR)
3.4. Courtyard Space
3.4.1. Height-to-Depth Ratio (HDR)
3.4.2. Spatial Direction (DIR)
3.5. Atrium Space
3.5.1. Height-to-Depth Ratio (HDR)
3.5.2. Spatial Direction (DIR)
3.6. Validation
- Pavilion Space (Figure 9a)Point Layout: The measurement points were distributed at the four corners inside the pavilion (P1, P2, P3, P4) to reflect the wind speed variations within the space. The measured data show that the wind speed was uniform across the four points. The simulated data were slightly higher than the measured values, but the overall trend was consistent. This result indicates that the numerical simulation can effectively capture the wind speed distribution within the space.
- Corridor Space (Figure 9b)The measurement points were arranged along the corridor length (P1, P2, P3, P4) to capture the variations in wind speed along the corridor direction. The measured data were slightly lower than the simulated data. The simulation results showed a slight increase in wind speed along the direction of the corridor, which was related to the geometric characteristics of the corridor and the simulation method used.
- Alley Space (Figure 9c)The measurement points were arranged along the length of the alleyway (P1, P2, P3, P4) to reflect the wind speed variations within the alleyway. The measured data were very close to the simulated data, and the simulation results accurately captured the wind speed variations within the alleyway, verifying the model’s reliability.
- Courtyard Space (Figure 9d)The measurement points were arranged at the four corners of the courtyard (P1, P2, P3, P4) to reflect the wind speed variations in different corners. The measured data were close to the simulated data, with the simulated values being slightly higher, but the difference was not significant. This result indicates that the simulation method can effectively reflect the wind speed distribution within the courtyard.
- Atrium Space (Figure 9e)The measurement points were set at the four corners of the atrium (P1, P2, P3, P4) to capture the wind speed variations. The simulated data were slightly higher than the measured data, but the trends were consistent, indicating that the simulation results were relatively accurate and suitable for analyzing the wind environment in the atrium.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The most suitable height-to-depth ratio for pavilion spaces is 1.0, at which wind speed is maximized, helping to create a cooler microclimate in summer. Additionally, appropriate open space ratio and spatial direction settings can significantly improve the wind environment and enhance spatial comfort. In winter, pavilion spaces can reduce heat loss from solar radiation through roof shading. During spring and autumn, pavilion spaces have good ventilation, making them suitable for comfortable outdoor activities.
- For single-sided open corridor spaces, a height-to-depth ratio of 1.6 is ideal for ventilation. Wind speed is highest when the corridor is oriented south, highlighting the importance of proper direction selection for improving corridor ventilation. In winter, the corridor spaces can absorb solar radiation through the walls, creating a warm environment. In spring and autumn, these spaces have moderate ventilation and sunshine, providing a comfortable transition area.
- For alley spaces, with a height-to-depth ratio of 0.8, such spaces are suitable for a cool microclimate in summer. Wind speed is highest when facing south, indicating that wind direction significantly influences the alley’s wind environment. With appropriate sheltering, alley areas can reduce the penetration of cold winds in winter. During spring and autumn, alley spaces offer good ventilation, making them comfortable walking passages.
- The height-to-depth ratio primarily impacts heat transfer in courtyard spaces, with minimal effect on wind speed. Proper orientation can greatly enhance the courtyard’s ventilation and temperature conditions. By improving the thermal radiation of hard surfaces and plants, courtyard spaces can be inviting throughout winter. In spring and fall, these areas provide a pleasant microclimate for various outdoor activities.
- Atrium spaces with a height-to-depth ratio of 1.2 have good ventilation in summer. When facing south and north directions, this provides the best ventilation and promotes a favorable microclimate. During winter, atrium spaces provide warmth through the thermal radiation of high walls. Conversely, in spring and autumn, atrium spaces offer moderate ventilation and temperature, providing a comfortable environment as a resting place.
“Gray Space” Types | Optimal HDR | Optimal DIR | Optimal OSR | Seasonal Suitability | Optimization Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pavilion | 1 | Reasonable setting | 1 (totally opened-up) | Cool in summer, comfortable in spring and autumn, and reduces heat loss in winter | Achieving maximum wind speed, creating a cool summer microclimate |
Corridor | 1.6 | Facing south | N/A | Ventilation in summer, moderate spring and autumn, and absorption of solar radiation in winter | Achieving optimal ventilation effect |
Alley | 0.8 | Facing south | N/A | Cool in summer, comfortable in spring and autumn, and less cold wind in winter | Achieving maximum wind speed, creating a cool summer microclimate |
Courtyard | Minimal impact | Reasonable setting | Less affected | Ventilation in summer, moderate spring and autumn, and increased heat radiation in winter | Improving ventilation and thermal environment |
Atrium | 1.2 | Facing south and north | N/A | Ventilation in summer, moderate in spring and autumn, and warmth in winter | Achieving good ventilation effect, forming a favorable microclimate environment. |
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Without One Side Surface | Without Two Side Surface | Without Three Side Surface | Without Four Side Surface | Without the Top Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single-Sided Open Corridor | Double-Sided Open Corridor | Warm Corridor |
---|---|---|
Spatial Types | Parameter Variables |
---|---|
Pavilion space | HDR, OSR, DIR |
Corridor space | HDR, DIR |
Alley space | HDR, DIR |
Courtyard space | HDR, OSR, DIR |
Atrium space | HDR, OSR, DIR |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Schematic Illustration | ||||
OSR | 1 | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
Analysis Diagram | ||||
OSR | 1 | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
Schematic Illustration | ||||
DIR | South | East | North | West |
Analysis Diagram | ||||
DIR | South | East | North | West |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
Schematic Illustration | |||
DIR | Southwest | South | Southeast |
Analysis Diagram | |||
DIR | Southwest | South | Southeast |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Schematic Illustration | ||||
DIR | West | Southwest | South | Southeast |
Analysis Diagram | ||||
DIR | West | Southwest | South | Southeast |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 0.8 | 1 | 1.2 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 0.8 | 1 | 1.2 |
Schematic Illustration | ||||
DIR | North | West | South | East |
Analysis Diagram | ||||
DIR | North | West | South | East |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 0.8 | 1 | 1.2 |
Schematic Illustration | |||
HDR | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
Analysis Diagram | |||
HDR | 0.8 | 1 | 1.2 |
Schematic Illustration | ||||
DIR | South | North | West | East |
Analysis Diagram | ||||
DIR | South | North | West | East |
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Chen, H.; Tan, Z.; Sun, P. Research on Wind Environment Simulation in Five Types of “Gray Spaces” in Traditional Jiangnan Gardens, China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177765
Chen H, Tan Z, Sun P. Research on Wind Environment Simulation in Five Types of “Gray Spaces” in Traditional Jiangnan Gardens, China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177765
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Huishu, Zheng Tan, and Piman Sun. 2024. "Research on Wind Environment Simulation in Five Types of “Gray Spaces” in Traditional Jiangnan Gardens, China" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177765