Public Perception of Drought and Extreme Rainfall Impacts in a Changing Climate: Aconcagua Valley and Chañaral, Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Sites affected by the mega drought or extreme rainfall events that occurred in the last 10 years.
- Sites presenting vulnerability to drought and flooding or landslides.
- Sites differing geographically and socioeconomically.
- Accessibility to carry out interviews.
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Climate
3.2. Impacts of Extreme Rainfall and Drought
3.2.1. Impacts on the Economy or Employment
Aconcagua Valley
“I started losing many crops. I planted, but there wasn’t water when they were in bloom… a loss… so sometimes the number don’t add up. If you live off this, well…”.(Private Sector, Aconcagua Valley, E7)
“Here, the most affected is the small farmer, (…) and unfortunately, Rinconada is an agricultural area that needs water. I mean, no water, no production, no production, we don’t have work”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E4)
“Of course, it also affects the food… because with less water, umm… they plant less… fewer vegetables… and that raises the price, and with that, the people suffer”.(Private Sector, Aconcagua Valley, E6)
Chañaral
“Well, we were here in the center, obviously we had a smaller business when we started, (…) and the flood passed through there, everything was flooded, and we lost everything”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, EV)
“Yes, here, for example, the same thing happens, rain announcement… no one goes to school (…), and there are many jobs where people don’t go to work”.(Chañaral, Government Organization, EA)
3.2.2. Environmental Impacts
Aconcagua Valley
“… the flora and fauna of the areas have been affected. What was there 10 years ago no longer exists. So, it’s a pretty drastic change if we talk about 10 years. Ten years ago, you could go to a pond, go to a wetland, and now you can’t, it’s a desert”.(Government Organization, Aconcagua Valley, E13)
Chañaral
“There was a total modification of the landscape in the Pan de Azúcar ravine because it was a valley and now, we have a sinkhole”.(Government Organization, Chañaral, EF)
“In fact, with everything that was carried and everything that fell, a wetland was created. We now have a wetland, where wild ducks arrive, and many little animals come that weren’t seen before”.(Civil Society, Chañaral, EB)
“Last year, we had a blooming desert that you can still see to this day. Well, there is almost nothing left, but even so, being January, you can see it, and that is because of what? Because of the constant rains that have occurred”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, EZ)
3.2.3. Conflicts, Weakening of Social Capital, or Quality of Life
Aconcagua Valley
“Everyone else sold their plots (…) because they didn’t have a generational replacement. Why? Because the young people saw that there was no water”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E18)
“And then it started happening that we could only irrigate two days a week, then one day a week, and then the day it was our turn to irrigate, the water wouldn’t come because a neighbor had blocked the canal and was taking the water, and there were arguments and fights, and suddenly a neighbor fighting with another with shovels, like ‘no, I irrigate’, things that had never been seen before”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E21)
“El Asiento was without water for about six months, and they were given water only at night. They had shifts, shifts to be able to turn on the water. They had to shower at five in the morning”.(Government Organization, Aconcagua Valley, E14)
Chañaral
“I have several relatives who were quite affected by the flood. I’m not very materialistic, but it must be hard water taking your house. It’s the house, but it’s also history. By history, ‘I got married here,’ ‘my first children were born here.’ The photos and the personal mementos were gone. In many cases, loved ones were lost”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, EK)
“But the flood, I think, promoted mutual support and solidarity, and these were perceived in the first months, where everyone helped each other. The humanity of all the community members came out, and you didn’t feel alone or helpless because someone came to offer help”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, ES)
“Uh… the ways of living here have already changed, the city was split in two (…) the downtown of Chañaral disappeared completely. Therefore, there was a change in commerce, in people’s habits”.(Public Sector, Chañaral, EW)
3.2.4. Impacts on Health
Aconcagua Valley
“What I’ve seen here is constant anxiety due to not knowing if there will be water or not, and that leads you to make super complex decisions in September or August, (…) and if there’s no water in October, when my plants are blooming, I’ve lost everything, the work, the effort, the time, the energy, the money”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E21)
“And for me, getting up and seeing solar panels instead of fields also affects me. I mean, without falling into any cliché, but it’s painful because the countryside is… well, I moved from the city to live in the countryside. Clearly, living in the countryside has a value for me, seeing everything green around me, this tranquility, this silence, this security. As my surroundings have transformed and my neighbors are no longer the ones I knew, who planted crops, but a company installing panels, and the neighbor who planted is gone, it’s no longer the same tranquility, it’s not the same trust, we’re not the same people anymore”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E21)
“With heat waves of up to 40°, 41°, we’re here in the house, and it’s unbearable. So, I say, gosh, how must it be for the people in the countryside? My husband works in construction, and one day he had to be up on the roof, and I was saying, please…”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E17)
Chañaral
“Well, the rains… first of all, psychologically, any rain affects here in Chañaral. I mean, with a drizzle, people here are already afraid. (…) Any rain means a potential flood for people, and that affects a lot. (…) I think no one from Chañaral has gotten over the flood since 2015. We all live with the flood there, here, here, everywhere”.(Public Sector, Chañaral, EA)
“… people from the community were emotionally affected because their personal mementos were gone, and a large part of the population was left without a home. Two years passed, and another flood came, and some people were affected again. The people who were here in the center were hit by the flood again, and so on. Emotionally, the town’s positivity also decreased”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, EV)
3.2.5. Impacts on Urban Environment
Aconcagua Valley
“… urban area trees that dry out, that look stressed much faster…”.(Government Organization, Aconcagua Valley, E13)
Chañaral
“Chañaral is cut or divided by the Salado River, so we have one part of the city on one side of the river and the other part on the other side. Everything was cut off, and there was no way to communicate”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, EZ)
3.2.6. Impacts on Access to Basic Supplies
Aconcagua Valley
“We had eight sectors that were without water, eight sectors of San Felipe that had to be supplied with tanker trucks because the Rural Water Drinking Committees [APR, in Spanish] didn’t have enough water to distribute. So, it was quite an exhausting year”.(Government Organization, Aconcagua Valley, E13)
“There is a scarcity of products, they are not of the same quality as before. I remember (…), three years ago, I’m good with vegetables and always had my own harvest here at home, but I also bought a lot of cucumbers. (…) And the cucumbers were amazing, but now cucumbers are no longer like before, and the farmer who grows cucumbers said, ‘Well, we don’t have enough water, that’s why the cucumbers are… not good quality’”.(Civil Society, Aconcagua Valley, E11)
Chañaral
“The flood practically divided Chañaral and left it without electricity, water, and almost without food for months”.(Civil Society, Chañaral, ED)
3.2.7. Impacts on People’s Movement or Displacement
Aconcagua Valley
Chañaral
“There was also climate migration. People moved because the climate changed. It started raining more, ravines began to flow, ravines that had never been active before, and it would rain a little, and those ravines would activate. So, people started to find Chañaral dangerous and moved elsewhere. They are climate migrants”.(Private Sector, Chañaral, EK)
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in the Climate
4.2. Perceived Impacts
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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County | Total Inhabitants | % of the Urban Population | Main Sources of Employment (% of Working Force) |
---|---|---|---|
Rinconada de Los Andes | 10,207 | 79 | Agroforestry (31.3) Hotels and Restaurants (17.4) Entertainment activities (16.1) |
San Felipe | 76,844 | 90.6 | Agroforestry (33.0) Public administration (13.9) Commerce (12.5) |
LlayLlay | 24,608 | 73.0 | Agroforestry (38.1) Construction (15.5) Public administration (10.8) |
Chañaral | 12,219 | 90.7 | Construction (46.7) Mining (13) Commerce (12) |
Actor Type 1 | Age Range | Gender | County 2 and Region 3 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of interviewees | CS | GO | PS | 26–35 | 36–45 | 46–55 | +55 | M | F | RA | SF | LL | CH | VR | AR |
19 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 31 | 20 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 23 | 2 | 1 |
Type of Change | Perceived Changes in Chañaral’s Climate | Perceived Changes in Aconcagua’s Climate |
---|---|---|
Change in precipitation | An increase in frequency and intensity of rainfall and extreme rainfall events. Changes in rain cycles in terms of rain events at different times of the year compared to the past. | Continuous decrease in precipitation, with fewer rainfall events and reduced amount of rain. Simultaneously, there is an increase in extreme rainfall events. |
Changes in wind | Increase in wind intensity. Decrease in sandstorms. Change in wind direction. Changes in wind cycles and their duration in terms of wind events occurring at different times of the year and lasting longer compared to the past. | Stronger wind currents. |
Changes in fog/cloudiness | Increased cloudiness and changes in the trajectory of clouds. | No changes were identified. |
Changes in seasons | Changes are identified in the number of seasons, perceiving only two seasons, winter and summer. | Changes are identified in the number of seasons, perceiving only two seasons, winter and summer. |
Change in snowfall | Decrease in the total amount of snow. | Decrease in the total snow amount and frequency of snowfall, along with reduced snow accumulation due to early melting caused by higher temperatures. |
Changes in swells | Increase in swell frequency. Rise in sea level. | Not described, these three study sites are not located near the coast. |
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Aldunce, P.; Haverbeck, F.; Sapiains, R.; Quilaqueo, A.; Castro, C.P. Public Perception of Drought and Extreme Rainfall Impacts in a Changing Climate: Aconcagua Valley and Chañaral, Chile. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187916
Aldunce P, Haverbeck F, Sapiains R, Quilaqueo A, Castro CP. Public Perception of Drought and Extreme Rainfall Impacts in a Changing Climate: Aconcagua Valley and Chañaral, Chile. Sustainability. 2024; 16(18):7916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187916
Chicago/Turabian StyleAldunce, Paulina, Fernanda Haverbeck, Rodolfo Sapiains, Antonio Quilaqueo, and Carmen Paz Castro. 2024. "Public Perception of Drought and Extreme Rainfall Impacts in a Changing Climate: Aconcagua Valley and Chañaral, Chile" Sustainability 16, no. 18: 7916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187916