Impacts of Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Sustainable Development: Insights from Latin America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: Perspectives on Sustainable Development in Latin America
3. Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Data and Measures
- Social dimension: Focuses on sustainable development through equity, welfare, and community well-being. Social dimensions are in two subcategories: (1) social development, encompassing sustainable communities, peace, justice, and global partnerships; and (2) equity in education, employment, and gender, among other factors.
- Environmental dimension: Emphasizes environmental preservation and the sustainable management of key resources. Environmental dimensions are also in two subcategories: (1) resource management, which includes water, clean energy, responsible consumption, and production; and (2) protection of natural ecosystems, addressing climate, land, and marine environments.
- Economic dimension: Targets sustainable economic development, with a focus on individual prosperity and societal well-being. This dimension includes two subcategories, as well: (1) life essentials, such as poverty alleviation, food security, and healthcare; and (2) economic and technological development, which includes growth, sustainable industrialization, and innovation.
3.3. Model Specifications
3.3.1. Regression Model Specifications
3.3.2. Configurational Model Specification
4. Results
4.1. Regression Models
4.2. fsQCA Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Managerial Implications
6.2. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Descriptive Statistics
95% CI Variance | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Variance | Upper | Lower | S.W. | p Value | Min | Max | |
DAC | 2.031 | 0.396 | 0.156 | 0.221 | 0.109 | 0.843 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.480 |
DAD | 1.495 | 0.772 | 0.597 | 0.700 | 0.490 | 0.927 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.970 |
DFI | 1.325 | 0.622 | 0.387 | 0.446 | 0.320 | 0.866 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.190 |
DFR | 1.926 | 0.519 | 0.270 | 0.378 | 0.170 | 0.689 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.330 |
DLI | 1.870 | 0.368 | 0.135 | 0.188 | 0.095 | 0.881 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.290 |
DOP | 1.808 | 0.535 | 0.286 | 0.384 | 0.186 | 0.841 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.430 |
DPR | 1.952 | 0.287 | 0.083 | 0.095 | 0.070 | 0.871 | <0.001 | 1.080 | 2.340 |
DRI | 1.475 | 0.492 | 0.242 | 0.281 | 0.200 | 0.879 | <0.001 | 0.410 | 2.030 |
DTA | 1.399 | 0.592 | 0.351 | 0.407 | 0.291 | 0.918 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.330 |
DTT | 1.444 | 0.415 | 0.173 | 0.223 | 0.122 | 0.837 | <0.001 | 0.310 | 1.880 |
NET | 2.055 | 0.672 | 0.452 | 0.587 | 0.321 | 0.837 | <0.001 | 0.300 | 2.960 |
ECO | 2.203 | 0.301 | 0.090 | 0.095 | 0.082 | 0.727 | <0.001 | 1.770 | 2.510 |
ENV | 2.279 | 0.345 | 0.119 | 0.126 | 0.107 | 0.711 | <0.001 | 1.770 | 2.610 |
SOC | 2.369 | 0.444 | 0.197 | 0.208 | 0.178 | 0.713 | <0.001 | 1.720 | 2.800 |
Appendix B. Bootstrapping
DEECs | PCR | PLRS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Original | Bias | SE | Mean | SD | Original | Bias | SE | |
DAC | 0.056 | 0.016 | 0.054 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.118 | 0.036 | 0.115 | 0.003 | 0.036 |
DAD | −0.030 | 0.032 | −0.034 | 0.004 | 0.032 | −0.108 | 0.028 | −0.108 | −0.000 | 0.028 |
DFI | 0.157 | 0.031 | 0.160 | −0.002 | 0.031 | 0.089 | 0.030 | 0.092 | −0.002 | 0.030 |
DFR | 0.159 | 0.024 | 01.68 | −0.009 | 0.024 | 0.168 | 0.021 | 0.169 | −0.001 | 0.020 |
DLI | 0.094 | 0.013 | 0.097 | −0.002 | 0.013 | 0.132 | 0.013 | 0.132 | 0.004 | 0.013 |
DOP | 0.105 | 0.022 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.022 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.030 | 0.002 | 0.032 |
DPR | 0.070 | 0.011 | 0.071 | −0.000 | 0.011 | 0.148 | 0.016 | 0.147 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
DRI | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.064 | 0.019 | 0.061 | 0.003 | 0.019 |
DTA | 0.064 | 0.027 | 0.057 | 0.006 | 0.027 | 0.060 | 0.023 | 0.058 | 0.002 | 0.023 |
DTT | 0.006 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.022 | −0.015 | 0.021 | −0.017 | 0.001 | 0.021 |
DNE | 0.172 | 0.034 | 0.182 | −0.009 | 0.034 | 0.203 | 0.025 | 0.204 | −0.001 | 0.025 |
DEECs | PCR | PLRS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Original | Bias | SE | Mean | SD | Original | Bias | SE | |
DAC | 4.27 × 101 | 0.013 | 0.041 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.107 | 0.028 | 0.105 | 0.002 | 0.028 |
DAD | 3.40 × 104 | 0.026 | −0.038 | 0.004 | 0.026 | −0.092 | 0.022 | −0.093 | 0.000 | 0.022 |
DFI | 1.24 × 105 | 0.024 | 0.127 | −0.003 | 0.240 | 0.062 | 0.244 | 0.063 | −0.001 | 0.024 |
DFR | 1.28 × 105 | 0.021 | 0.135 | −0.007 | 0.021 | 0.140 | 0.017 | 0.141 | −0.001 | 0.017 |
DLI | 7.40 × 104 | 0.011 | 0.076 | −0.022 | 0.011 | 0.106 | 0.011 | 0.106 | 0.000 | 0.011 |
DOP | 3.81 × 103 | 0.018 | −0.001 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.002 | 0.026 |
DPR | 5.50 × 104 | 0.008 | 0.055 | −0.001 | 0.008 | 0.111 | 0.013 | 0.111 | 0.000 | 0.012 |
DRI | 3.08 × 104 | 0.015 | 0.026 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.040 | 0.015 | 0.037 | 0.002 | 0.015 |
DTA | 4.50 × 104 | 0.023 | 0.040 | 0.004 | 0.023 | 0.033 | 0.018 | 0.031 | 0.002 | 0.018 |
DTT | 4.27 × 101 | 0.019 | −0.004 | 0.004 | 0.019 | −0.026 | 0.019 | −0.027 | 0.001 | 0.019 |
DNE | 1.36 × 105 | 0.028 | 0.143 | −0.007 | 0.028 | 0.166 | 0.021 | 0.167 | −0.001 | 0.021 |
DEECs | PCR | PLRS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Original | Bias | S.E. | Mean | SD | Original | Bias | S.E. | |
DAC | 0.383 | 0.010 | 0.0373 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.087 | 0.024 | 0.085 | 0.002 | 0.024 |
DAD | −0.022 | 0.022 | −0.025 | 0.003 | 0.021 | −0.070 | 0.018 | −0.070 | 0.000 | 0.018 |
DFI | 0.108 | 0.021 | 0.110 | −0.002 | 0.021 | 0.061 | 0.020 | 0.063 | −0.001 | 0.020 |
DFR | 0.110 | 0.017 | 0.116 | −0.006 | 0.017 | 0.115 | 0.014 | 0.116 | −0.001 | 0.014 |
DLI | 0.064 | 0.009 | 0.066 | −0.001 | 0.009 | 0.090 | 0.009 | 0.089 | 0.000 | 0.009 |
DOP | 0.006 | 0.157 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.021 |
DPR | 0.048 | 0.007 | 0.049 | −0.000 | 0.007 | 0.098 | 0.011 | 0.097 | 0.000 | 0.010 |
DRI | 0.030 | 0.012 | 0.267 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.038 | 0.012 | 0.036 | 0.002 | 0.012 |
DTA | 0.042 | 0.019 | 0.038 | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.034 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
DTT | 0.003 | 0.159 | −0.000 | 0.004 | 0.015 | −0.015 | 0.015 | −0.016 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
DNE | 0.118 | 0.022 | 0.125 | −0.006 | 0.022 | 0.141 | 0.017 | 0.142 | −0.001 | 0.017 |
Appendix C. Elastic Net Regression
DCCs | Coefficients | ||
---|---|---|---|
SOC | ENV | ECO | |
Digital Access | 0.069 | 0.141 | 0.099 |
Digital Adoption | −0.083 | −0.072 | −0.052 |
Digital Finance | −0.136 | −0.097 | −0.075 |
Digital Freedom | 0.104 | 0.092 | 0.057 |
Digital Literacy | 0.001 | ||
Digital Openness | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.030 |
Digital Protection | 1.383 | 1.004 | 0.897 |
Digital Rights | 0.234 | 0.213 | 0.162 |
Digital Tech Absorption | −0.058 | −0.030 | |
Digital Tech Transfer | −0.249 | −0.226 | −0.183 |
Networking | 0.002 | 0.016 | |
Lambda | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Performance Metrics | |||
MAE | 0.111 | 0.097 | 0.076 |
MSE | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.010 |
RMSE | 0.144 | 0.124 | 0.101 |
R-Square | 0.895 | 0.871 | 0.887 |
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Countries | SDG | Spillover | DPE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Score | Rank | Score | Score | |
Argentina | 47 | 74.40 | 13 | 96.83 | 30.36 |
Bolivia | 90 | 68.08 | 15 | 96.76 | 34.00 |
Brazil | 52 | 73.78 | 22 | 96.05 | 31.24 |
Chile | 32 | 77.82 | - | - | 40.60 |
Colombia | 74 | 70.30 | - | - | 28.01 |
Costa Rica | 59 | 72.88 | - | - | - |
Ecuador | 75 | 70.14 | 43 | 94.94 | 21.31 |
Guatemala | 128 | 59.41 | 102 | 87.33 | 14.99 |
Mexico | 80 | 69.28 | - | - | 29.43 |
Panama | 84 | 69.09 | 126 | 72.98 | 27.97 |
Paraguay | 91 | 68.02 | 51 | 94.57 | 15.60 |
Peru | 64 | 71.88 | 49 | 94.68 | 23.63 |
Uruguay | 34 | 77.09 | 68 | 92.72 | 36.34 |
Venezuela, RB | 122 | 62.46 | 80 | 90.66 | - |
DEE Pillars | Components | Descriptions |
---|---|---|
Digital Technology Infrastructure | Digital Access | It refers to the availability of digital infrastructure such as computers and the Internet for citizens. |
Digital Freedom | It reflects the extent to which a government and its institutions allow the development of digital infrastructure. | |
Digital Protection | It encompasses the extent to which laws and regulations safeguard users from piracy and cybercrime. | |
Digital Multi-sided Platform | Digital Finance | It refers to different facets of finance that depend on digital technologies to facilitate online financial transactions and services. |
Networking | It is an externality where the value of a product or service increases with the number of users. | |
Digital Technology Entrepreneurship | Digital Adoption | It reflects the fundamental ability of entrepreneurial agents to utilize digital technologies. |
Digital Tech Absorption | It assesses how well entrepreneurial agents are able to integrate and utilize existing digital technologies. | |
Digital Tech Transfer | It highlights the capacity to disseminate digital technologies. | |
Digital UserCitizenship | Digital Literacy | It refers to the ability of entrepreneurs to use computers, digital infrastructure, and digital platforms effectively. |
Digital Openness | It refers to how effectively a country’s institutions promote access to and utilization of digital infrastructure. | |
Digital Rights | It pertains to the human and legal rights that enable citizens to use digital infrastructure to ensure privacy protection. |
DEE Components | Indicators | Source |
---|---|---|
Digital Access (DAC) | 1. Active mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop 2. Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop 3. ICT * access 4. Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network (%) | International Telecommunication Union World Bank Group |
Digital Adoption (DAD) | 5. Computer software spending 6. Creating electronic presentations with software 7. Making calls using VoIP or messaging app | International Telecommunication Union World Bank Group |
Digital Finance (DFI) | 8. Credit card penetration (% of adults) 9. Debit card penetration (% of adults) 10. Online banking penetration (% of population) | Statista (from Internation Monetary Fund, World Bank, United Nations, and Eurostat) |
Digital Freedom (DFR) | 11. Language accessibility of top ranked apps 12. Obstacles to access 13. Top-level domains (TLDs) per person 14. Violations of user rights | Freedom House GSMA |
Digital Protection (DPR) | 15. Corruption perception index 16. Mobile connectivity index—cybersecurity index 17. Software piracy rate | GSMA Statista Transparency International |
Digital Literacy (DLI) | 18. Basic skills 19. Individuals using Internet 20. Knowledge creation | GSMA International Telecom Union World Bank Group |
Digital Openness (DOP) | 21. Households with a computer at home (%) 22. Households with Internet access at home (%) 23. ICT * regulatory tracker 24. Limits on content | Freedom House International Telecom Union |
Digital Rights (DRI) | 25. Freedom of expression and alternative sources of data 26. Online e-participation 27. Property rights 28. Rule of law | Property Rights Alliance V-Dem Core World Bank Group |
Digital Tech Absorption (DTA) | 29. ICT * services exports, % total trade 30. ICT * services imports, % total trade 31. ICT * use | World Bank Group |
Digital Tech Transfer (DTT) | 32. Knowledge and technology output index 33. R & D * transfer 34. Share of medium- and high-tech activities in manufacturing export index 35. University–industry R & D * collaboration | Global Entrepreneurship Monitor United Nations World Bank Group |
Networking (DNE) | 36. Mobile social media penetration 37. Network coverage 38. Network performance 39. Participating in social networks | GSMA International Telecom Union |
SDG Performance | Description | Indicators |
---|---|---|
Sustainable Social Development | It considers sustainable development in terms of community welfare, prosperity, and equality | SDG1: No Poverty SDG2: No Hunger SDG3: Good Health and Well-Being SDG4: Quality Education SDG5: Gender Equality SDG10: Reduced Inequalities SDG16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions SDG17: Partnerships for the Goals |
Sustainable Environmental Development | It involves safeguarding and preserving the environment, alongside the sustainable management of resources | SDG6: Clean Water and Sanitation SDG7: Affordable and Clean Energy SDG13: Climate Action SDG14: Life Below Water SDG15: Life on Land |
Sustainable Economic Development | It encompasses sustainability and individual welfare, focusing on overall prosperity | SDG8: Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure SDG11: Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG12: Responsible Consumption and Production |
Models | PCR | PLRS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEECs | CV | X | MG | CV | X | MG |
DAC | 0.3070 | 61.19 | 53.65 | 0.2816 | 60.48 | 60.71 |
DAD | 0.2664 | 76.02 | 66.89 | 0.2406 | 75.29 | 72.54 |
DFI | 0.2673 | 86.07 | 66.93 | 0.2235 | 80.62 | 78.62 |
DFR | 0.2563 | 91.96 | 70.02 | 0.2002 | 83.93 | 84.63 |
DLI | 0.2419 | 95.55 | 73.34 | 0.1799 | 89.00 | 87.67 |
DOP | 0.2519 | 97.44 | 73.54 | 0.1740 | 96.06 | 88.58 |
DPR | 0.2533 | 98.45 | 75.26 | 0.1689 | 97.34 | 89.21 |
DRI | 0.1975 | 99.02 | 84.65 | 0.1671 | 98.65 | 89.40 |
DTA | 0.1949 | 99.44 | 85.31 | 0.1672 | 99.32 | 89.48 |
DTT | 0.1666 | 99.75 | 89.06 | 0.1672 | 99.67 | 89.48 |
DNE | 0.1602 | 100.00 | 89.48 | 0.1673 | 100.00 | 89.48 |
Models | PCR | PLRS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEECs | CV | X | MG | CV | X | MG |
DAC | 0.229 | 61.19 | 48.92 | 0.2291 | 60.29 | 57.24 |
DAD | 0.192 | 76.02 | 64.15 | 0.1929 | 75.19 | 71.10 |
DFI | 0.178 | 86.07 | 64.42 | 0.1782 | 80.86 | 77.17 |
DFR | 0.160 | 91.96 | 68.67 | 0.1609 | 85.39 | 81.57 |
DLI | 0.158 | 95.55 | 72.34 | 0.1586 | 91.95 | 84.16 |
DOP | 0.143 | 97.44 | 73.44 | 0.1436 | 96.06 | 85.97 |
DPR | 0.138 | 98.45 | 74.86 | 0.1381 | 97.76 | 86.65 |
DRI | 0.138 | 99.02 | 82.45 | 0.1385 | 98.72 | 86.90 |
DTA | 0.137 | 99.44 | 83.12 | 0.1379 | 99.32 | 86.97 |
DTT | 0.138 | 99.75 | 86.70 | 0.1380 | 99.68 | 86.97 |
DNE | 0.138 | 100.00 | 86.97 | 0.1380 | 100.00 | 86.97 |
Models | PCR | PLRS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEECs | CV | X | MG | CV | X | MG |
DAC | 0.229 | 61.19 | 48.92 | 0.2291 | 60.29 | 57.24 |
DAD | 0.192 | 76.02 | 64.15 | 0.1929 | 75.19 | 71.10 |
DFI | 0.178 | 86.07 | 64.42 | 0.1782 | 80.86 | 77.17 |
DFR | 0.160 | 91.96 | 68.67 | 0.1609 | 85.39 | 81.57 |
DLI | 0.158 | 95.55 | 72.34 | 0.1586 | 91.95 | 84.16 |
DOP | 0.143 | 97.44 | 73.44 | 0.1436 | 96.06 | 85.97 |
DPR | 0.138 | 98.45 | 74.86 | 0.1381 | 97.76 | 86.65 |
DRI | 0.138 | 99.02 | 82.45 | 0.1385 | 98.72 | 86.90 |
DTA | 0.137 | 99.44 | 83.12 | 0.1379 | 99.32 | 86.97 |
DTT | 0.138 | 99.75 | 86.70 | 0.1380 | 99.68 | 86.97 |
DNE | 0.138 | 100.00 | 86.97 | 0.1380 | 100.00 | 86.97 |
Outcomes | PCR | PLRS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | MSE | RMSE | R-Square | MAE | MSE | RMSE | R-Square | |
SOC | 0.106 | 0.020 | 0.143 | 0.894 | 0.106 | 0.020 | 0.143 | 0.894 |
ENV | 0.093 | 0.015 | 0.124 | 0.870 | 0.093 | 0.015 | 0.124 | 0.869 |
ECO | 0.073 | 0.009 | 0.099 | 0.890 | 0.073 | 0.009 | 0.099 | 0.890 |
DEECs | Developed Regions | The 14 Latin American Countries |
---|---|---|
DAC | Better levels of digital access, with widespread broadband and mobile coverage [106]. | Digital access varies widely; urban areas generally well-served, rural areas often under-connected [107]. |
DAD | Faster adoption of digital technologies across sectors [108,109]. | Slower adoption rates, often due to financial, infrastructural, or cultural barriers [110]. |
DFI | Expansion of digital financial services with widespread usage of fintech and digital payment systems [111,112]. | Growing fintech sector, but access and adoption remain uneven, particularly in underserved areas [113]. |
DFR | Stronger protections for digital freedom with established legal frameworks [114]. | Varies across countries; some nations face restrictions or limited digital freedoms [115]. |
DLI | High digital literacy rates, with strong educational programs supporting tech skills development [116]. | Digital literacy improving, but there is a significant gap in training, infrastructure, and resources [117]. |
DOP | High level of digital openness, with open access to global digital markets [118,119]. | Digital openness improving but remains constrained by regulatory and infrastructural limitations [120]. |
DPR | Robust cybersecurity measures and data protection regulations in place [121]. | Digital protection is developing, but many countries lag behind in implementing robust cybersecurity posture [122,123]. |
DRI | Well-established digital rights frameworks ensuring privacy and freedom of expression online [124]. | Digital rights protections vary, with some countries lacking strong privacy or data protection laws [122,123]. |
DTA | Better integration of new digital technologies across industries [125,126]. | Moderate absorption, hindered by limited resources and slower technological diffusion in some regions [110]. |
DTT | High levels of technology transfer, supported by strong institutions and multinational collaborations [127]. | More reliance on external tech solutions with slower adaptation to local needs [128]. |
NET | Stronger networks and ecosystems supporting digital entrepreneurship [129]. | Networking opportunities are improving but remain limited compared to more developed ecosystems [12]. |
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Pigola, A.; Fischer, B.; Moraes, G.H.S.M.d. Impacts of Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Sustainable Development: Insights from Latin America. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187928
Pigola A, Fischer B, Moraes GHSMd. Impacts of Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Sustainable Development: Insights from Latin America. Sustainability. 2024; 16(18):7928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187928
Chicago/Turabian StylePigola, Angélica, Bruno Fischer, and Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de Moraes. 2024. "Impacts of Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Sustainable Development: Insights from Latin America" Sustainability 16, no. 18: 7928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187928