An Imported Environmental Crisis: Plastic Mismanagement in Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Statement of the Problem
2.1. Plastic Production in the World and by Region
2.2. Plastic Production in Africa
2.3. Imports of Unprocessed and Processed Plastics for Products
2.4. Import of Finished Products or Packaging Made from Plastics
2.5. Import of Plastic Waste or “Pseudo-Products” That Are De Facto Wastes
3. Waste Management in Africa Compared to Europe (EU-27+3)
3.1. Recycling Rate
Toxic Substances | ||
---|---|---|
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) | |
Legacy POPS | New POPs | |
Benzo(c)fluorene, Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, 5-Methylchrysene, Cyclopenta(cd)Pyrene, Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, Benzo(j)fluoranthene, Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Acanaphlene, Acanaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(ghi)perylene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3,cd]pyrene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene | Pesticide Aldrin, Chordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Haptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Mirex, Toxaphene, Dioxin-like POPs, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated furans (PCDFs) | BFRs: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Tetra and pentabromodiphenyl, ethers (TeBDE, PeBDE), Hexa and heptabromodiphenyl ethers (HxBDE, HpBDE), Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE). Others: Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, (a-HCH), Beta-HCH, Chlordecone, Dicofol, Hexabromobiphenyl (HBB), Pentachlorobenzene (PCBz), Lindane, Pentachlorophenol (PCPh), Pentafluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), Perfluooctanoic acid (PFOAS), Poplychlorinated Naphtalenes (PCNs), Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCPPs), Endosulfan, Hexachlorobutadiene (HCB) |
3.2. Energy Recovery in Large Plants and on a Small Scale (Use of Used Textiles as Substitute Fuel in the Domestic Sector)
3.3. Orderly and Irregular Landfilling
4. Examples of Africa’s Own and Imported Plastic Waste
4.1. Bags for Drinking Water Supplies
4.2. Imported Used Clothing
4.3. Plastic Leakage and Marine Pollution
5. Initiatives to Solve the Problem
6. Discussion
- Evaluate the necessity of using the material;
- Implement strategies to minimize the quantity of used material;
- Opt for materials with easy recyclability;
- Design products for straightforward dismantling at the end of their life cycle.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | EU-27+3 (%) | South Africa (%) | Kenya (%) | Ghana (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Recycling/Incineration (energy recovery) | 77 | 45.7 * | 36 * | 25 * |
Landfill | 23 | 44.3 | 8 | 58 |
Open burning | Ban | 10 | 56 | 17 |
Nigeria | Ethiopia | Dem. Rep. of Congo | Cameroon | Côte d’Ivoire | Mozambique | Rwanda | Tanzania | Uganda | Zambia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Textiles waste in waste stream (%) | 5 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | 2.8 | N.S. | N.S. | 2 | 1 | N.S. |
Estimated recycling rate (%) | <10 | 5 | <15 | <20 | <20 | 1 | 10 | 4 | N.A. | 1–3 |
Available disposal methods | Open dumping, burying, burning, incineration, and landfilling | Dumping, burying, and burning | Open dumping, burying, and burning | Open dumping, burying, and burning | Open dumping, burying, and burning | Dumping, burying, and burning | Dumping, burying, and burning | Dumping, burying, and burning | Dumping, burying, and burning | Dumping, burying, and burning |
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Moyen Massa, G.; Archodoulaki, V.-M. An Imported Environmental Crisis: Plastic Mismanagement in Africa. Sustainability 2024, 16, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020672
Moyen Massa G, Archodoulaki V-M. An Imported Environmental Crisis: Plastic Mismanagement in Africa. Sustainability. 2024; 16(2):672. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020672
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoyen Massa, Gilbert, and Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki. 2024. "An Imported Environmental Crisis: Plastic Mismanagement in Africa" Sustainability 16, no. 2: 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020672