Exploring the Drivers of Soil Conservation Variation in the Source of Yellow River under Diverse Development Scenarios from a Geospatial Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Datasets and Processing
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.1. Scenario Design for SC Variations
2.3.2. Land Cover Change Index (LCCI)
2.3.3. Quantization of SC
2.3.4. Detection of SC Dynamic Changes
2.3.5. Geographical Detector (GD)
3. Results
3.1. SC Spatiotemporal Variations
3.1.1. SC Spatiotemporal Changes in 2000 to 2020
3.1.2. The Simulations of SC and Its Changes in 2021–2030
3.2. The Drivers of Spatial Variability in SC
3.2.1. Single Factor Analysis
3.2.2. Interaction Analysis
3.3. Suitable Zones Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. SpatioTemporal Variation in SC in the SYR
4.2. Impact of Precipitation and NDVI on SC
4.3. Multiple Factors Influence on SC
4.4. Recommendations for Future SC Measures
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Data | Period | Spatial Resolution | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meteorological | Precipitation (0.1 mm) | 2000~2020 | 1 km | Loess Plateau Science Data Center (LPSDC), National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure (NESSDSI), and National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China (NSTIC) (LNN, http://loess.geodata.cn (accessed on 18 April 2023)) |
2021~2030 | 1 km | LNN (http://loess.geodata.cn (accessed on 18 April 2023)) | ||
Vegetation | LUC | 2000, 2010, and 2020 | 30 m | Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center (RESDC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn (accessed on 20 April 2023)) |
NDVI | 2000~2020 | 1 km | RESDC (http://www.resdc.cn (accessed on 20 April 2023)) | |
2021~2030 | 1 km | Processed | ||
Geomorphology | DEM | 2009 | 30 m | Geospatial data cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn (accessed on 18 April 2023)) |
Soil type | 1995 | 1 km | Chinese soil dataset (v1.1) of the Big Data of Science in Cold and Arid Regions (http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn (accessed on 19 April 2023)) | |
Environmental | Water | 2005 | 30 m | RESDC (http://www.resdc.cn (accessed on 19 April 2023)) |
Boundary | 2015 | —— | RESDC (http://www.resdc.cn (accessed on 19 April 2023)) |
This Study | LUC Classification System of RESDC | ||
---|---|---|---|
Level | LUC * | Class 1 | Class 2 |
1 | WTL | 4 Wetland | 41 River |
42 Lake | |||
43 Reservoir pit | |||
44 Snow | |||
45 Mudflats | |||
46 Shoal | |||
64 Marshland | |||
2 | WL | 2 Woodland | 21 Woodland |
23 Sparse woodland | |||
24 Other woodland | |||
3 | S | 2 Woodland | 22 Shrub |
4 | HCG | 3 Grassland | 31 High coverage grassland |
5 | MCG | 3 Grassland | 32 Moderate coverage grassland |
6 | LCG | 3 Grassland | 33 Low coverage grassland |
7 | BL | 6 Unused land | 61 Sandy land |
62 Desert | |||
63 Saline soil | |||
65 Bare grounds | |||
66 Bare rocks | |||
8 | FL | 1 Farmland | 11 Paddy field |
12 Arid lands | |||
9 | CL | 5 Construction land | 51 Townland |
52 Rural settlements | |||
53 Other construction land |
Scenario | Design Content |
---|---|
NCS | The NCS continues the trend of 2000–2020, wherein 2021–2030 NDVI is computed year by year by linear regression from 2000–2020. The precipitation data of future scenario SSP245 was adopted. |
ECS | Since the vegetation growth trend is slightly higher in the ECS than in the NCS, the NDVI from 2021 to 2030 in the NCS is increased by 10%. The precipitation data of future scenario SSP119 was used. |
EES | The EES is biased towards economic development, and the vegetation growth trend under this scenario is lower than the NCS; hence, it is reduced by 10% from the NCS 2021–2030 NDVI. And the precipitation data of future scenario SSP585 was used. |
LUC | FL | WL | HCG | MCG | LCG | WTL | CL | S | BL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1 |
α | SSC | Z | SC Trend |
---|---|---|---|
0.01 | >0 | |Z| > 2.58 | Significantly increase |
0.05 | >0 | 2.58 > |Z| > 1.96 | Slightly increase |
0.05 | >0/<0 | |Z| < 1.96 | No significant change |
0.05 | <0 | 2.58 > |Z| > 1.96 | Slightly decrease |
0.01 | <0 | |Z| > 2.58 | Significantly decrease |
Factors * | NDVI | PRE | DEM | SLOPE | SOIL | LCCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
q | 0.308 | 0.391 | 0.185 | 0.436 | 0.227 | 0.027 |
Key Factors | 2000–2020 | ECS | NCS | EES | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adaption range/Type | Annual Mean SC (t/(km2·a)) | Adaption Range/Type | Annual Mean SC (t/(km2·a)) | Adaption Range/Type | Annual Mean SC (t/(km2·a)) | Adaption Range/Type | Annual Mean SC t/(km2·a)) | |
NDVI | 0.72–0.77 | 6156.48 | 0.91–1 | 4617.37 | 0.75–0.82 | 4176.26 | 0.72–0.87 | 4454.95 |
PRE (mm) | 763.40–928.07 | 8849.23 | 822.30–1020.70 | 5624.14 | 946.08–1081 | 5397.29 | 766.42–866.17 | 5156.79 |
DEM (m) | 3908–4111 | 7394.14 | 3908–4111 | 5391.86 | 3908–4111 | 5144.8 | 3908–4111 | 5504.33 |
Slope (°) | 44.86–56.08 | 9835.02 | 44.86–56.08 | 7152.83 | 44.86–56.08 | 6927.98 | 44.86–56.08 | 7338.02 |
Soil type | Black felt soil | 6513.22 | Black felt soil | 4646.98 | Black felt soil | 4131.56 | Black felt soil | 4409.63 |
LCCI (%) | 0.052–0.16 | 5267.39 | 1.27–2.52 | 5450.69 | 0.12–0.39 | 5359.39 | 0.14–0.51 | 4548.03 |
Research area | Method | Research Period | Average Annual Total SC/(t/a) | Average Annual Average SC/(t/(km2·a)) | This Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow river national park (include Madoi, Qumarleb and Chindu) [67] | RUSLE | 2000–2015 | —— | 920 | 982 t/(km2·a) |
Upper Yellow River region [38] | RUSLE | 2000–2019 | —— | 2281 | 2765 t/(km2·a) |
QTP [20] | RUSLE | 2000–2015 | 12.07 × 109 | 3908 | 28.47 × 108 t/a and 2765 t/(km2·a). |
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Ling, M.; Chen, J.; Lan, Y.; Chen, Z.; You, H.; Han, X.; Zhou, G. Exploring the Drivers of Soil Conservation Variation in the Source of Yellow River under Diverse Development Scenarios from a Geospatial Perspective. Sustainability 2024, 16, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020777
Ling M, Chen J, Lan Y, Chen Z, You H, Han X, Zhou G. Exploring the Drivers of Soil Conservation Variation in the Source of Yellow River under Diverse Development Scenarios from a Geospatial Perspective. Sustainability. 2024; 16(2):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020777
Chicago/Turabian StyleLing, Ming, Jianjun Chen, Yanping Lan, Zizhen Chen, Haotian You, Xiaowen Han, and Guoqing Zhou. 2024. "Exploring the Drivers of Soil Conservation Variation in the Source of Yellow River under Diverse Development Scenarios from a Geospatial Perspective" Sustainability 16, no. 2: 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020777