Lake Restoration Improved Ecosystem Maturity Through Regime Shifts—A Case Study of Lake Baiyangdian, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Division of Functional Groups
2.3.2. Parameter Determination
2.4. Model Uncertainty and Balancing
3. Results
3.1. Regime Shifts of Environmental Factors and Primary Producers
3.2. Basic Parameter Analysis
3.3. Trophic Level Energy Flows
3.4. Changes in Ecosystem Functioning
4. Discussion
4.1. Ecosystem Structure Differences
4.2. Ecosystem Evolution Trends
4.3. Potential Drivers of Ecosystemic Change
4.4. Management Recommendations for the Lake
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Abbreviation | Trophic Level | Biomass (t/km²) | P/B | Q/B | EE | P/Q |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Snakehead | Sna | 3.49 | 3.07 | 0.86 | 3.86 | 0.280 | 0.223 |
2. Large culters | LarC | 3.47 | 6.78 | 0.67 | 3.20 | 0.435 | 0.211 |
3. Common carp | ComC | 2.50 | 5.05 | 1.98 | 10.69 | 0.972 | 0.185 |
4. Crucian carp | CruC | 2.45 | 14.81 | 1.72 | 9.10 | 0.847 | 0.189 |
5. Other carnivorous fish | OcF | 3.48 | 5.95 | 0.92 | 3.80 | 0.354 | 0.242 |
6. Filter-feeding fish | FifF | 2.53 | 2.50 | 1.67 | 8.00 | 0.952 | 0.209 |
7. Other benthivorous fish | ObF | 2.60 | 0.925 | 2.4 | 8.29 | 0.931 | 0.290 |
8. Herbivorous fishes | HerF | 2.01 | 0.82 | 1.47 | 8.23 | 0.818 | 0.179 |
9. Fingerling | Fing | 2.35 | 3.55 | 3.26 | 11.00 | 0.849 | 0.296 |
10. Macrocrustaceans | Macr | 2.43 | 4.11 | 5.2 | 24.23 | 0.578 | 0.215 |
11. Benthic mollusks | BenM | 2.32 | 34.32 | 3.36 | 27.20 | 0.004 | 0.124 |
12. Microzoobenthos | Micr | 2.4 | 0.881 | 20.12 | 68.30 | 0.793 | 0.295 |
13. Zooplankton | Zoop | 2 | 23.62 | 51.51 | 316.2 | 0.379 | 0.163 |
14. Phytoplankton | Phyt | 1 | 36.65 | 159 | 0.681 | ||
15. Submerged macrophytes | SubM | 1 | 3667 | 1.25 | 0.082 | ||
16. Detritus | Ditritus | 1 | 49.78 | 0.458 |
Group Name | 2018 | 2023 |
---|---|---|
Carnivorous fish | 5.87 | 15.8 |
Filter-feeding fish | 0.02 | 2.50 |
Omnivorous fish | 21.85 | 20.79 |
Herbivorous fish | 3.77 | 0.82 |
Fingerling | 6.00 | 3.55 |
Mollusk | 35.95 | 34.32 |
Other meiobenthos | 26.05 | 4.99 |
Zooplankton | 15.93 | 23.62 |
Phytoplankton | 42.85 | 36.65 |
Submerged macrophytes | 874.93 | 3667.20 |
Detritus | 324.50 | 49.78 |
Parameter | In the Year 2018 | In the Year 2023 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
II | III | IV | II | III | IV | |
Producer % | 4.128 | 9.153 | 20.51 | 5.955 | 6.337 | 6.790 |
Detritus % | 3.171 | 6.353 | 15.87 | 6.091 | 6.265 | 6.828 |
All flows % | 3.483 | 7.226 | 17.35 | 6.020 | 6.302 | 6.809 |
Proportion of total flow originating from detritus | 0.66 | 0.46 | ||||
From primary producers | 9.185% | 6.351% | ||||
From detritus | 6.837% | 6.387% | ||||
Total transfer efficiencies | 7.587% | 6.369% |
Parameter | 2018 | 2023 | Harvest Simulated Output in 2023 |
---|---|---|---|
Total system throughput (t/km2) | 24,958 | 28,034 | 22,689 |
Total primary production/total respiration | 1.51 | 1.84 | 1.37 |
Total biomass/total throughput (/a) | 0.041 | 0.136 | 0.074 |
Connectance index | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
System omnivory index | 0.097 | 0.168 | 0.168 |
Finn’s cycling index (FCI) | 36.40 | 8.39 | 12.45 |
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Li, H.; Jin, L.; Si, Y.; Mu, J.; Liu, Z.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Y. Lake Restoration Improved Ecosystem Maturity Through Regime Shifts—A Case Study of Lake Baiyangdian, China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 9372. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219372
Li H, Jin L, Si Y, Mu J, Liu Z, Liu C, Zhang Y. Lake Restoration Improved Ecosystem Maturity Through Regime Shifts—A Case Study of Lake Baiyangdian, China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(21):9372. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219372
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Hongxiang, Lei Jin, Yujie Si, Jiandong Mu, Zhaoning Liu, Cunqi Liu, and Yajuan Zhang. 2024. "Lake Restoration Improved Ecosystem Maturity Through Regime Shifts—A Case Study of Lake Baiyangdian, China" Sustainability 16, no. 21: 9372. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219372