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Article

Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus State and Yield of Cotton Field Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Application Rates

by
Nan Zhang
and
Jun Li
*
School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10100; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210100
Submission received: 22 August 2024 / Revised: 3 November 2024 / Accepted: 8 November 2024 / Published: 19 November 2024
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Abstract

:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of biochar and organic acid on soil phosphorus effectiveness, plant accumulation phosphorus absorption, yield composition, and phosphorus equilibrium under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage conditions. Using the field test method, different phosphate fertilizer dosage treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 kg P2O5/ha) were set, and a control group, biochar (BC), and organic acid (OA) addition treatment were set up on this basis. During the experiment, the soil fast-acting phosphorus, accumulated phosphorus absorption, and cottonseed yield of cotton were measured, and the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer and phosphorus surplus were calculated. The results showed that the addition of biochar and organic acid significantly improved the soil phosphorus content, plant accumulation phosphorus absorption, cottonseed yield, and phosphate fertilizer utilization. In particular, in terms of plant accumulation of phosphorus absorption, cottonseed production and phosphate fertilizer utilization, biochar was better than organic acids, increasing by 10.2%, 0.29%, and 0.21%, respectively. Under the conditions of phosphorus fertilizer loss, the addition of biochar can effectively improve the effectiveness of phosphorus in soil and regulate the absorption and distribution of phosphorus in cotton, thus promoting the yield of cottonseed. In summary, the addition of biochar has important application potential in phosphorus management in cotton fields, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of cotton fields in Xinjiang. The results provide a reference for the rational use and management of phosphate fertilizer in cotton fields and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

1. Introduction

Cotton, as an indispensable economic crop in our agricultural economy [1], its cultivation technology, and production level are directly related to national economic security and people’s livelihood and well-being. In recent years, the “short, dense, early” cultivation mode, under-membrane drip irrigation, and other modern agricultural technology have been applied widely [2]. The cotton industry is booming in Xinjiang, and the planting area and total production are the top in the country [3]; by 2019, the area of cotton cultivation in Xinjiang accounted for 76% of the country’s total. The percentage of total production is up to 85% [4]. Phosphorus is a key nutrient in cotton growth and development [5], and the effectiveness of lime soil in Xinjiang faces serious challenges. Due to soil characteristics, phosphorus fertilizer easily reacts with elements such as calcium and magnesium, causing large amounts of phosphorus to be adsorbed or fixed [6], with only 10~20% being effectively absorbed and utilized by cotton [7]. This not only causes a great waste of phosphorus fertilizer resources but may also pose a potential threat to the ecological environment [8]. Exploring effective ways to improve the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer and reduce the use of chemical phosphorus fertilizer is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of cotton fields in Xinjiang and ensuring the safety of national cotton.
The reasonable use of phosphorus fertilizer is the key to ensuring the efficient utilization of phosphorus fertilizer in cotton fields. Since 2005, Xinjiang has been actively responding to the call of the national soil measurement and fertilization project [9]. According to 2011 statistics, the average application of phosphorus fertilizer in cotton fields in Xinjiang has reached 164.2 kg P2O5/ha; these data are close to the recommended (150 kg P2O5/ha) standard for research [10]. It should not be ignored that the unique lime soil characteristics in Xinjiang lead to phosphorus persistence; in turn, the actual utilization of phosphorus fertilizer is affected. With a range of only 10~20%, some cotton fields have less than 5% phosphate utilization [10,11]. The optimization of fertilization technology aims to significantly improve the utilization of phosphate fertilizer in the cotton fields of Xinjiang and promote sustainable agricultural development.
Organic acids are widely used in nature as functional organisms due to their unique charge properties and complex molecular structure [12]. When organic acids are applied to the soil [13], they can effectively improve the effectiveness of phosphorus [14]. This in turn facilitates the absorption of phosphorus from crops such as cotton. Firstly, the adsorption site exchange between the organic anion and the phosphate in the soil occurs [15]. Secondly, the addition of organic acid reduces the pH of the soil and creates favorable conditions for the hydrolysis of organic phosphorus compounds. Furthermore, the phosphorus in the iron-aluminum binding state is dissolved by partial cooperation [12], further increasing the solubility of phosphorus. Therefore, in Xinjiang, cotton fields using the technology from a submembrane drip irrigation background, were investigated, considering different amounts of phosphorus fertilizer, and the effect of organic acid on soil phosphorus effectiveness and cotton growth and development. It is important to optimize the use of phosphorus fertilizer, improve the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer, and promote the healthy growth of cotton.
Biochar is widely used in soil improvement. The organic and nitrogen content of biomass is reduced to a certain extent due to high temperatures accelerating the rapid decomposition of organic matter, resulting in a relatively low final residue [16]. It is widely used in soil regulation and is designed to prolong fertilizer release cycles [17], reducing fertility loss to optimize soil nutrient absorption, promoting plant growth and increasing crop yields [18]. Biochar itself is rich in active phosphorus, which enhances the effectiveness of soil phosphorus, so that the efficient absorption and utilization of phosphorus in plants is promoted [19]. In view of the obvious improvement effect of biochar on soil phosphorus, we conducted in-depth research on cotton fields in Xinjiang to explore the effect of biochar addition on soil phosphorus and cotton yield, in order to improve the utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer and reduce the dependence of chemical phosphorus fertilizer provide scientific basis and practical reference.
The effects of biochar and organic acid on soil phosphorus availability, plant accumulation and phosphorus uptake, yield composition, and phosphorus balance were investigated under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage conditions. The authors aim for the obtained results to provide a solid data support and theoretical basis for the scientific management and curated application of phosphorus fertilizer in the cotton fields of Xinjiang, and to contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture in the region.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Summary of the Pilot Zone

The experiment was conducted from April to October 2022 in Fukang, Xinjiang. In this study, we selected the cotton growing area of Fukang City, Xinjiang, Pengjiawan Village, Binghu three teams (88°0′44.30″ E, 44°10′21.05″ N), a region which belongs to the temperate continental arid and semi-arid climatic zone, with a long sunshine time, a large difference between day and night temperatures, an annual average air temperature of 6.6 °C, an overall average annual amount of rainfall of 19 mm, and an average annual frost-free period of 174 d. The soil texture is loamy, and the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil are summarized in Table 1.

2.2. Experimental Design

In order to elucidate the effects of biochar and organic acid on phosphorus utilization and yield in cotton fields under different phosphorus fertilizer conditions, in this study, the recommended amount of fertilized phosphorus fertilizer (150 kg P2O5/ha) for local soil measurement formulations was the maximum. Here, 4 phosphate fertilizer dosage treatments of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg P2O5/ha (MAP0, MAP50, MAP100, and MAP150) and 1 of ammonium phosphate was controlled under the treatment of each amount of phosphate fertilizer (CK), organic acid (OA), and biochar (BC), with 4 repetitions each of 64 cells, sized 4 m × 5 m.
The cotton farming method adopted was the local submembrane drip irrigation planting mode, with one membrane area and two lines of planting, and a cotton plant distance of 15 cm. The ammonium phosphate was used in the cotton field (Yunnan Changqingshu Chemical Co., Ltd, Kunming City, China; N content 12%, P2O5 content 61%) as nitrogen fertilizer urea (Xinjiang Hongji Coking Co., Ltd., Fukang City, China.; N content 46.2%), and the amount of nitrogen applied wa 250 kg N/ha (sum of nitrogen in urea and monoammonium phosphate)s. Potassium sulfate used in the potassium fertilizer (Xinjiang Xinyatai Chemical Co., Ltd., Karamay City, China.; K2O 51%), at application of 30 kg K2O/ha cotton before planting. Biochar (the raw material is peach branches) was applied to the soil using a tillage well (tillage depth is 20~30 cm) in the biochar treatment. The late application of yellow organic acids cultivated cotton varieties for Xinlu No. 6. The cost of materials required for the experimental plot (20 m2) mainly included fertilizer, pesticides, seeds, defoliants, drip irrigation belts, organic acids, biochar, and land leasing costs, which cost CNY 1.55, CNY 1.25, CNY 3.91, CNY 1.38, CNY 59.36, CNY 0.19, and CNY 0.2 , respectively. During cultivation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer were applied six times with water droplets during each reproductive period of cotton. As shown in Table 2, other field management and agronomic measures are consistent with the pattern commonly used in cotton fields in Xinjiang. The basic physical and chemical properties of biochar are shown in Table 3.

2.3. Sample Collection and Determination

2.3.1. Soil

In 2020, we investigated flower buds during cotton’s main fertility period (8 July) and the spit period (7 September), sampling 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm soil. This entailed the removal of plant residues, retrieval of soil samples, air-dried sieving, and use for the determination of soil quick-acting phosphorus, with soil quick-acting phosphorus determination employing 0.5 mol/L NaHCO3 for the leaching-molybdenum antimony anti-colorimetric method.

2.3.2. Plants

At the same time, in each plot, three cotton plants with uniform growth were selected. The organs of the plants were separated, cleaned, and blanched in an oven at 105 °C for 30 min, dried at 70 °C until a constant weight was reached, weighed, and then the dry matter weight of each organ of the cotton was calculated. The plant samples were pulverized and the phytophosphorus content of the different organs of cotton were measured by means of the sulfuric acid–hydrogen peroxide decoction-vanadium-molybdenum yellow colorimetric method.
Cotton testing was conducted on 6 October 2019 and 16 September 2020. A sample square of 1 m2 was set randomly in each test cell. We recorded the number of cotton strains in the sample and counted the number of bells and the single bell weight on each cotton.
Total Production = U × S × B
The total yield is calculated as follows: U is the number of plants per unit area, S is the number of bells per plant, and B is the weight of a single bell.

2.4. Data Processing

The utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer was calculated using the following formula:
Phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate = (Pt − Pu)/Pf × 100
The calculation of the phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate is as above, where Pt is the cumulative phosphorus uptake by crops in the phosphorus application area, Pu is the cumulative phosphorus uptake by crops in the non phosphorus application area, and Pf is the amount of phosphorus fertilizer used in the phosphorus application area.
Cumulative phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate = Pa/Pb
The calculation of the cumulative utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer is as follows, where Pa is the cumulative phosphorus uptake of plants treated with phosphorus, and Pb is the phosphorus application rate:
Agricultural utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer (kg/kg) = (Sc − Sn)/Pf
The agricultural utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer is calculated as follows: Sc is the yield of cottonseed in the phosphorus application area, Sn is the yield of cottonseed in the non phosphorus application area, and Pf is the amount of phosphorus fertilizer used in the phosphorus application area.
Phosphorus Fertilizer Productivity (kg/kg) = Sc/Pf
The partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer is calculated as above, where Sc is the yield of cottonseed in the phosphorus region and Pf is the amount of phosphorus fertilizer in the phosphorus region.
Soil available phosphorus content, plant biomass and phosphorus content, cumulative phosphorus uptake, and yield and its composition among various treatments were all analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with multiple comparisons conducted using Duncan’s method. The software used for data organization was Microsoft Office Excel 2010, the data analysis software was SPSS 20.0, and the plotting software was Origin 2018.

3. Results

3.1. Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid on Soil Quick-Acting Phosphorus in Different Breeding Periods of Cotton

The results show that the effective phosphorus content in soil increased with the application of phosphorus fertilizer, indicating a trend of stabilizing or decreasing. Further analysis shows that the addition of biochar and organic acids have a significant activation effect on phosphorus in the soil. They increase the content of effective phosphorus in the soil by adding different organic substances and help to enhance the phosphorus absorption capacity of crops. In particular, the quick-acting phosphorus content in soil samples with added biochar and organic acids increased significantly, compared to the control group (CK) where no organic matter was added. As shown in Figure 1.

3.2. Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Accumulated Phosphorus Absorption in Different Fertilizer Periods

This study observed a trend in the accumulated phosphorus absorption in cotton with the growth time. The results show that the accumulation of phosphorus absorption in cotton showed a steady increase, regardless of whether biochar, organic acid, or different amounts of phosphate fertilizer were added. Further analysis shows that the accumulated phosphorus absorption of cotton was reduced with the increase in phosphorus fertilizer. This indicates that the appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer can significantly promote the absorption of phosphorus in cotton, but excessive application may lead to a decrease in phosphorus absorption efficiency. Compared with the control group (CK) that did not receive any modifiers, the accumulated phosphorus absorption of all treatment groups increased significantly, proving the effectiveness of biochar, organic acids, and rational phosphate fertilizer application. In the critical stage of cotton growth—the vomit stage—the accumulated phosphorus absorption content of each treatment group with added biochar is higher than that of the organic acid treatment group. As shown in Figure 2.

3.3. Effect of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus Distribution in Cotton Organs Under Different Phosphorus Application Conditions

The proportion of phosphorus distribution in the reproductive organs (seeds and highlights) at different stages of cotton fertility shows a complex trend with the use of phosphorus fertilizer. Over growth time, phosphorus is gradually transferred from the nutrient organs to the reproductive organs to meet the needs of seed and floccus development. During the vomit phase, the phosphorus content in the reproductive organs was increased in each treatment group compared to the control group (CK), which did not add any modified agent. Specifically, reproductive organs (seeds and glasses) account for between 54.45% and 73.66% of the total phosphorus absorption of the entire plant. It is noteworthy that the phosphorus distribution ratio of the reproductive organs in the treatment groups that received added biochar and organic acids showed a tendency to increase and decrease with the application of phosphorus, suggesting the optimal range of phosphorus fertilizer application. In addition, biochar addition treatment is generally superior to organic acid treatment in promoting the accumulation of phosphorus in the genital organs, especially at the MAP100 treatment level. As shown in Figure 3.

3.4. Effect of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Cotton Yield Under Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Dosage

As can be seen from Table 4 data, the response of cotton cottonseed production to the amount of phosphorus applied shows a complex trend. Specifically, whether it is the addition of biochar, organic acids, or different phosphorus levels, cottonseed yields show a tendency to increase and decrease or increase as phosphorus levels increase. Compared to the control group (CK), which did not receive any modifiers, all the additions of biochar and organic acids, except the MAP150 treatment, increased cottonseed production, proving the effectiveness of these two organic substances in promoting cotton production. Further analysis shows that biochar addition treatment is superior to organic acid treatment in improving cottonseed yield, as biochar production increase effect is most obvious especially under the MAP100 treatment. In addition, the single bell weight and the number of single bells in the cotton fields were also affected by the amount of phosphorus applied. Notably, under the MAP50 treatment, the addition of biochar significantly increased the yield density of cotton.

3.5. Effect of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on the Utilization of Phosphate in Cotton Field Under Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Dosage

The relationship between phosphate fertilizer utilization and phosphorus application and different additives (biochar and organic acids) was investigated. The results show that the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer did not increase with the amount of phosphorus, but they do show a trend of increasing and decreasing. Specifically, in MA100 + CK (no additives, moderate phosphorus application), MA50 + BC (added biochar, low phosphorus application), and MA50 + OA (added organic acids with low phosphorus application), the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer reached its peak. The values came to 32.97%, 33.22%, and 33.01%, respectively. As the amount of phosphorus application continued to increase, the cumulative utilization of phosphorus fertilizer, the agronomy efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer, and the partial production capacity of phosphorus fertilizer all showed a decreasing trend. in MA150 + CK (no additives, high phosphorus content), MA150 + BC (Added biochar, high phosphorus), and MA150 + OA (With the addition of organic acids, high phosphorus content) especially, all three indicators are minimized. As shown in Table 5.

3.6. Effect of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus Balance in Cotton Field Under Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Dosage

With the increase in the amount of phosphorus, the negative value of phosphorus surplus in the treatment gradually increases to a positive value, the soil phosphorus surplus appears to gradually increase the trend, and the more phosphorus fertilizer input, the more surplus. The surplus of phosphate fertilizer under the MAP100 treatment was 19.03. After adding biochar and the organic acid treatment, the soil phosphorus surplus of each phosphorus treatment was significantly reduced. The surplus of phosphate fertilizer under the MAP100 treatment was −8.32 kg P2O5/ha, 14.76 kg P2O5/ha.
In the case of the same phosphorus content in seeds (1.17 kg P2O5/ha), with the increase in phosphorus application amount, the negative value of phosphorus residual in the treatment gradually increased to a positive value, and the soil phosphorus residual showed a trend of gradual increase. The greater the phosphorus fertilizer input, the more residual. The MAP100 treatment of phosphate surplus came to 19.03. After the addition of biochar and the organic acid treatment, the excess amount of phosphorus in soil of each phosphorus treatment was significantly reduced. The phosphate surpluses in the MAP100 treatment were −8.32 kg P2O5/ha and 14.76 kg P2O5/ha, respectively. As shown in Table 6.

3.7. Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Cottonseed Yield Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Dosage in 2019 and 2020

The results of the two-year experiment showed that the influence of phosphorus on the yield of soybean cottonseed was different. A high level of phosphorus fertilizer causes the cotton yield performance to decrease. Added biochar and organic acid have greater effects than CK treatment under high yield. Added biochar yields higher performance than added organic acids, with the highest yield seen in the MAP100 treatment. As shown in Figure 4.

4. Discussion

4.1. Effect of Biochar and Organic Acid on Soil Quick-Acting Phosphorus in Cotton Field Under Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Conditions

The effects of phosphorus, biochar, and organic acids on soil phosphorus content were investigated. With the increase in phosphorus application, the soil content of fast-acting phosphorus gradually increased, and this finding coincides with the research of Du Wei-ying et al. [20]. This phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that phosphorus fertilizer promotes the uptake and assimilation of phosphorus by soil microorganisms, thus directly increasing the quick-acting phosphorus in the soil [21]. It is worth noting that the introduction of biochar treatment has led to a tendency for soil rapid-acting phosphorus content to rise and fall. Under the conditions of the MAP100 treatment, biochar improved the content of quick-acting phosphorus in soil. This is mainly due to biochar being a slow-release carrier of nutrients. Its synergy with phosphate fertilizer reduces the soil fixation of phosphate fertilizer. In turn, this results in an improved biological effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizer and improved soil structure. However, an excessive application of biochar may cause soil plate junction, which is not conducive to root absorption [22]. At the same time, organic acid treatment also shows a tendency to cause contents to rise and fall, with the soil’s quick-acting phosphorus content peaking during the MAP50 treatment. This is mainly because organic acids can enter the soil system, therefore reducing calcium and phosphorus precipitation by competing for adsorption sites and complex calcium ions, and at the same time acidification can dissolve mineral phosphorus, improving the effectiveness of phosphorus in soil [23,24]. The total content of quick-acting phosphorus in soil under the biochar treatment is BC > CK, which may be due to the fact that biochar itself is rich in phosphorus and has a large specific surface area, which can adsorb and slowly the release phosphorus in the soil solution. In addition, biochar may also increase the number of phosphorus-decomposing bacteria and phosphatase activity in soil. The rate of organic phosphorus mineralization in soil is increased by biological factors [25]. The total content of quick-acting phosphorus in soil under organic acid treatment is OA > CK, which may be due to organic acid activation in soil organophosphorus, some organophosphorus, as a direct phosphorus source, which can be directly absorbed and utilized by crops without mineralization [26].

4.2. Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on the Accumulation of Phosphorus Absorption and Phosphorus Distribution in Plants Under Different Phosphorus Fertilizer

As a key nutrient in plant growth and development, the absorption efficiency of phosphorus directly affects the yield of work. This study found that as the amount of phosphorus applied increased, the amount of phosphorus absorption accumulated in cotton increased throughout the fertility period. It is noteworthy that the proportion of reproductive organs in the late stage is lower than that in the nutrient organs, and that phosphorus is transferred from nutrient growth to reproductive growth during the vomit phase. This suggests that during this time, phosphorus is mainly used to support nutrient growth. However, as the growth period enters the vomiting period, the distribution of phosphorus in plants changes significantly. The change from nutrient growth to reproductive growth may be due to the early growth of cotton, due to the application of phosphate fertilizer effectively promoting the development of roots, or it may be due to the effect of the amount of watering at different times. This enhances the plant’s phosphorus absorption capacity. As cotton enters the middle and late stages of growth, carbohydrates synthesized by the nutrient organs such as leaves are transported in large quantities to the cotton bells to support the elongation and thickening of fibroblasts, and this process is accompanied by the transfer of phosphorus to the reproductive organs. This leads to a gradual increase in the proportion of phosphorus in the reproductive organs [27]. Under the MAP100 treatment, the accumulation of phosphorus absorption and the distribution of phosphorus in the genitals reached the highest levels. This may be due to the moderate use of phosphorus fertilizer, which not only promotes the overall growth of cotton [28] but also facilitates relatively early reproductive growth, allowing cotton to flower and bear bells earlier and distribute more phosphorus into these key reproductive organs. However, excessive phosphorus may inhibit the normal growth of the root system [29]. This inhibits the phosphorus absorption efficiency of the whole plant [30]. The ability of protoplasmic colloids to maintain moisture is enhanced. Reduced cell water loss [31,32,33,34,35] during plant nutrient growth periods are relatively prolonged, leading to a decrease in the distribution of phosphorus in the reproductive organs [36]. Biochar treatment is significantly better than CK on both metrics (in the control group), and this finding is consistent with the findings of Wang Xian [37]. Analysis of the reasons why the addition of biochar may promote phosphorus absorption and utilization in cotton through multiple mechanisms comprises the following: on the one hand, biochar effectively improves soil structure and increases the growth of cotton roots, including total root length, root volume, and root dry mass. Thus, this expands the absorption area of the root system, especially the active absorption area, with a greater phosphorus absorption capacity for cotton [38]. On the other hand, biochar promotes the reproduction and activity of soil microorganisms. It accelerates the release of phosphorus in soil and biochar, further enhances the plant’s absorption of phosphorus, and during the vomiting period, the transfer of phosphorus from the nutrient organs to the reproductive organs is promoted. Eventually, cottonseed production was increased [39]. At the same time, the organic acid treatment also showed some advantages compared to CK. This is mainly due to the fact that organic acids improve the effectiveness of phosphorus in the soil [40] and promote the transport of phosphorus in plants, in particular, the accumulation of grains increases the amount of phosphorus in grains [41]. The increase in cotton production was positive [42].

4.3. Effect of Biochar and Organic Acid on Cottonseed Yield and Phosphate Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Dosages

In this study, the effects of phosphorus fertilizer, biochar, and organic acid on cotton yield were investigated. The results show that phosphorus fertilizer consumption is the key factor influencing cotton yield. As the amount of phosphorus applied increases, cotton production gradually increases, a trend that may be attributed to the increase in phosphorus fertilizer promoting plant dry matter accumulation and phosphorus absorption [43] to provide adequate nutritional support for the growth and development of cotton. It is worth noting that the treatment of added biochar (BC) outperformed the control group (CK), in which no modified agent was added overall, in line with the findings of Chen Xin et al. [44]. Biochar, with its unique specific surface area and microporous structure, not only enhances soil moisture permeability but also the adsorption and slow release of ions in soil solutions, promoting the activity of soil microorganisms, which activates soil nutrients [45] and improves the soil quick-acting phosphorus content. Together, these effects increase the plant’s accumulated absorption of phosphorus and ultimately increase cotton production. In addition, this study also found that although the addition of organic acid treatment (OA) is better than CK overall, the yield increase is slightly less than with BC treatment. The overall performance of the added organic acid treatment was OA > CK, which may be due to the addition of organic acids, especially when the amount of phosphate fertilizer is lower, on the one hand, causing the effectiveness of phosphorus in soil to increase [46]. The increased plant uptake of phosphorus [47], on the other hand, may be because the addition of organic acids promotes the distribution of phosphorus to the reproductive organs. The number of individual cotton bells was increased, and the yield of cottonseed was increased [48]. Because the addition of biochar increases the number of plants harvested, this is probably due to the addition of biochar improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The increased germination and survival of cotton and the number of plants harvested per unit area affect the structure and yield of cotton crowns [45]. An increase in the number of harvested plants leads to an increase in the area of community leaves, and an improvement in the efficiency of community photosynthesis.
This study reveals the key role of phosphorus fertilizer in cotton production, which not only affects the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer but also directly affects the sustainable management of phosphorus in cotton field. In the MAP0 + CK, MAP0 + OA, and MAP0 + BC treatments without phosphorus fertilizer, the phosphorus surplus was −80.69, 82.49, 63.77 kg P2O5/ha, which shows that the soil phosphorus bank was in a serious deficiency state. This is extremely detrimental to the long-term management of phosphorus and the maintenance of soil fertility, which may lead to crop losses. In contrast, although constant phosphate fertilizer was applied in the MAP150 + CK treatment and the soil phosphorus surplus was up to 53.88 kg P2O5/ha, the phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate was only 17.35%. Excessive phosphorus application did not improve the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer. Instead, the soil phosphorus was excessive, increasing the soil adsorption and fixation of phosphorus fertilizer, resulting in a great waste of phosphorus fertilizer resources. In addition, excess phosphorus increases the mobility of soil phosphorus and poses a potential risk to the environment. Therefore, from the perspective of improving soil fertility, guaranteeing cotton yield, and achieving the sustainable management of phosphorus, an appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer should be scientifically applied in cotton cultivation. In particular, by accurately controlling phosphorus fertilizer consumption, the soil phosphorus can be maintained in relative equilibrium at the same time as ensuring higher phosphorus fertilizer utilization and cotton yield.

5. Conclusions

The addition of biochar and organic acid increased the soil phosphorus content, plant accumulation phosphorus uptake, cottonseed yield, and phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate. Among them, the biochar treatment was superior to organic acid treatment in plant phosphorus absorption and accumulation, cottonseed yield, and phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate, increasing these by 10.2%, 0.29% and 0.21%, respectively. Under the condition of phosphorus fertilizer loss, the addition of biochar can effectively improve the availability of phosphorus in soil, regulate the absorption and distribution of phosphorus in cotton, and thus promote cottonseed yield. In summary, biochar has important application potential in the phosphorus management of cotton fields, and it can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of cotton fields in Xinjiang. The results can provide reference for the rational utilization and management of phosphorus fertilizer in cotton fields and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. The effects of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint on biochar production can be further studied in the future.

Author Contributions

N.Z.; data curation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, J.L.; writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by Jun Li, National Natural Science Foundation of China (52369002).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. They are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to M.C. for his experimentation, data processing information, and help with the experiment.

Conflicts of Interest

The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. Effects of biochar and organic acid on soil quick-acting phosphorus in different breeding periods of cotton. Note: (A,B) denotes the bud period, (C,D) denotes the flocculation period.
Figure 1. Effects of biochar and organic acid on soil quick-acting phosphorus in different breeding periods of cotton. Note: (A,B) denotes the bud period, (C,D) denotes the flocculation period.
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Figure 2. Effects of biochar and organic acid addition on accumulated phosphorus absorption in different fertilizer periods. Note: (A) denotes the bud period, (B) denotes the flocculation period.
Figure 2. Effects of biochar and organic acid addition on accumulated phosphorus absorption in different fertilizer periods. Note: (A) denotes the bud period, (B) denotes the flocculation period.
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Figure 3. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on phosphorus distribution in cotton organs under different phosphorus application conditions. Note: (A) denotes the bud period, (B) denotes the flocculation period. Sustainability 16 10100 i001 root, Sustainability 16 10100 i002 stem, Sustainability 16 10100 i003 leaf, Sustainability 16 10100 i004 bell shell, Sustainability 16 10100 i005 cotton wadding, Sustainability 16 10100 i006 cottonseed.
Figure 3. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on phosphorus distribution in cotton organs under different phosphorus application conditions. Note: (A) denotes the bud period, (B) denotes the flocculation period. Sustainability 16 10100 i001 root, Sustainability 16 10100 i002 stem, Sustainability 16 10100 i003 leaf, Sustainability 16 10100 i004 bell shell, Sustainability 16 10100 i005 cotton wadding, Sustainability 16 10100 i006 cottonseed.
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Figure 4. Effects of biochar and organic acid addition on cottonseed yield under different phosphate fertilizer dosages in 2019 and 2020. Note: (A) for cottonseed production in 2019 and (B) for cottonseed production in 2020.
Figure 4. Effects of biochar and organic acid addition on cottonseed yield under different phosphate fertilizer dosages in 2019 and 2020. Note: (A) for cottonseed production in 2019 and (B) for cottonseed production in 2020.
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Table 1. General physical and chemical characteristics of soil.
Table 1. General physical and chemical characteristics of soil.
Soil TypepHSoil Organic Matter (g/kg)Available Nitrogen (mg/kg)Available Phosphorus (mg/kg)Available Potassium (mg/kg)
Loamy soil8.0417.2045.2111.55442.67
Table 2. Cotton field irrigation time and irrigation volume.
Table 2. Cotton field irrigation time and irrigation volume.
IrrigationIrrigation Time (Day Month Year)Irrigation Amount/(m3/ha)
Emergence water10 May 2020656.25
1 water5 July 2020578.125
2 waters15 July 2020273.43
3 waters25 July 2020320.31
4 waters5 August 2020554.68
5 waters15 August 2020492.18
6 waters24 August 2020359.375
Total 3234.35
Table 3. Basic physical and chemical properties of biochar.
Table 3. Basic physical and chemical properties of biochar.
pHOrganic Matter (g/kg)Total Nitrogen (g/kg)Total Phosphorus (g/kg)Total Potassium (g/kg)
8.63001.330.37275
Table 4. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on cotton yield under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage.
Table 4. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on cotton yield under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage.
TreatmentNumber of Bells Per Plant/(Individual/Strain)Single Bell Weight/(g/Bell)Density/(104 Plants/ha)Cottonseed Yield/(kg/ha)
MAP0 + CK5.00 ± 0.07 a5.27 ± 0.22 a12.75 ± 0.56 a3736.09 ± 269.13 a
MAP0 + OA6.00 ± 0.07 bc5.36 ± 0.17 ab12.55 ± 0.43 a3900.92 ± 380.61 ab
MAP0 + BC5.94 ± 0.07 de5.63 ± 0.20 abc13.00 ± 0.56 a4542.02 ± 380.61 abc
MAP50 + CK6.00 ± 0.07 de5.59 ± 0.20 abc13.50 ± 0.46 ab4596.11 ± 310.76 abc
MAP50 + OA5.84 ± 0.07 d5.83 ± 0.17 bcd13.84 ± 0.43 abc4962.48 ± 380.61 bc
MAP50 + BC6.29 ± 0.07 f5.66 ± 0.22 abc15.00 ± 0.56 c5066.78 ± 380.61 bc
MAP100 + CK5.95 ± 0.07 de5.96 ± 0.20 cd13.00 ± 0.49 a4248.18 ± 310.76 abc
MAP100 + OA6.13 ± 0.07 ef5.97 ± 0.17 cd14.86 ± 0.43 c5194.85 ± 380.61 c
MAP100 + BC6.00 ± 0.07 de6.02 ± 0.22 cd13.33 ± 0.49 a5210.17 ± 380.61 c
MAP150 + CK5.39 ± 0.07 b6.24 ± 0.20 d14.33 ± 0.49 bc4744.30 ± 380.61 abc
MAP150 + OA6.02 ± 0.07 de5.93 ± 0.17 cd13.38 ± 0.43 ab4583.73 ± 380.61 abc
MAP150 + BC5.79 ± 0.07 cd6.19 ± 0.22 d13.00 ± 0.46 a4681.84 ± 269.13 abc
Note: Lower case letters indicate significant differences between processes at the p < 0.05 level. The next is the same.
Table 5. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on the utilization of phosphate in cotton field under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage.
Table 5. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on the utilization of phosphate in cotton field under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage.
TreatmentsPhosphorus Fertilizer Utilization (%)Cumulative Utilization of Phosphate Fertilizer (%)Phosphorus Fertilizer Agronomy (kg/kg)Phosphorus Fertilizer Productivity (kg/kg)
MAP0 + CK----
MAP0 + OA----
MAP0 + BC25.53597.1717.01242.11
MAP50 + CK19.16233.649.7791.92
MAP50 + OA29.17258.6317.7894.96
MAP50 + BC29.26190.0013.9573.69
MAP100 + CK32.97140.211.4042.48
MAP100 + OA33.01138.8513.3651.95
MAP100 + BC33.22120.366.2540.84
MAP150 + CK17.3588.854.2431.63
MAP150 + OA21.1487.634.8330.56
MAP150 + BC16.9983.373.9528.29
Table 6. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on phosphorus balance in cotton field under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage.
Table 6. Effect of biochar and organic acid addition on phosphorus balance in cotton field under different phosphorus fertilizer dosage.
TreatmentP Input/(kg P2O5/ha)P Output/(kg P2O5/ha)P Surplus/(kg P2O5/ha)
P FertilizerBiocharTotalFiberSeedTotal
MAP0 + CK0 1.173.2578.6481.86−80.69
MAP0 + OA0 1.173.2780.3983.66−82.49
MAP0 + BC018.7619.933.3180.3983.70−63.77
MAP50 + CK50 51.173.2261.0064.22−13.05
MAP50 + OA50 51.174.6288.7393.35−42.18
MAP50 + BC5018.7669.933.3786.8890.25−20.32
MAP100 + CK100 101.172.8979.2582.1419.03
MAP100 + OA100 101.174.28105.21109.49−8.32
MAP100 + BC10018.76119.934.07101.1105.1714.76
MAP150 + CK150 151.173.3193.9897.2953.88
MAP150 + OA150 151.172.8188.7391.5459.63
MAP150 + BC15018.76169.934.0392.5296.5573.38
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Zhang, N.; Li, J. Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus State and Yield of Cotton Field Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Application Rates. Sustainability 2024, 16, 10100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210100

AMA Style

Zhang N, Li J. Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus State and Yield of Cotton Field Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Application Rates. Sustainability. 2024; 16(22):10100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210100

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Nan, and Jun Li. 2024. "Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus State and Yield of Cotton Field Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Application Rates" Sustainability 16, no. 22: 10100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210100

APA Style

Zhang, N., & Li, J. (2024). Effects of Biochar and Organic Acid Addition on Phosphorus State and Yield of Cotton Field Under Different Phosphate Fertilizer Application Rates. Sustainability, 16(22), 10100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210100

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