Exploring the Feasibility for Utilizing Recycled Palm Waste in Decorative Design Applications as Enhancements for Tourist Destinations: A Step toward Environmental Sustainability

Abstract

The study aimed to explore the feasibility for repurposing discarded palm tree waste as artistic creations and decorative elements, contributing to sustainability and environmental preservation at tourist destinations. Employing both descriptive and applied approaches, a series of artworks, totaling eight pieces, were conceptualized and crafted by art education students following the chemical treatment of the palm tree material. To assess the sustainability achieved in these artworks, a questionnaire was administered to 55 visitors at tourist destinations who attended an art exhibition organized for this purpose at King Faisal University’s Department of Art Education. Utilizing the SPSS (Version 26) program, the data underwent analysis, including calculating averages, standard deviations, and a t-test to gauge the extent to which sustainability standards were met. The study revealed a high average response score (3.925) for meeting sustainability criteria in creating art pieces from palm waste, particularly as complementary elements to the interior design of tourist resorts. Visitors exhibited positive responses, emphasizing the moral significance of this sustainable practice. This suggests the potential for recycling palm waste to produce decorative elements for interior designs in tourist resorts. The study recommended further specialized research to generate raw materials from palm waste applicable in designs and decorations beyond tourist destinations and in various settings.

1. Introduction and Background

In the past few decades, there has been a notable surge in global awareness regarding environmental issues, a trend that has been particularly conspicuous in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As a participant in various international agreements and treaties, the Kingdom has undertaken the commitment to enact sustainable environmental policies. These policies aim to navigate the delicate equilibrium between the urgent requirements of economic and social progress and the crucial need to safeguard natural resources for enduring sustainability.

Recycling has been a longstanding practice in human history, with roots dating back to the fourth century BC, as seen in the ideas of Plato. Archaeological studies have uncovered waste collection sites from ancient times, particularly during periods of resource scarcity. Discoveries, such as remnants of clothing, damaged tools, pottery, and tree remains, attest to the recycling of old waste when new materials were scarce [1]. When considering sustainability, the common understanding revolves around environmental, economic, and social aspects, emphasizing the importance for preserving natural resources for survival. To address environmental challenges and ensure continuity and stability, various means are required. According to Ahmed and Aly, environmental art has emerged as a significant contributor, offering numerous opportunities and options when integrated into sustainable development efforts [2].

This study delves into the significance of projects and artistic designs utilizing recycled waste materials to promote sustainability, contributing to the preservation of natural resources and environmental protection. Specifically, designing and crafting works of art as complementary elements to interior designs, using recycled palm waste, serves as an avenue to educate the community about sustainability through artistic creativity. Researchers posit that the practical aspect, manifested in the creation of a series of artworks, will enhance the aesthetic and visual appeal when incorporated into tourist destinations. Additionally, the findings may underscore the absence of artistic works recycled from the environment and palm waste at these locations. The study also emphasizes the potential economic benefits for investing in palm waste and recycling practices, highlighting the positive impact on economic returns. Simultaneously, it advocates for the adoption of the best environmental practices in waste management, aligning with sustainability strategies.

1.1. Problem Statement

The study addresses a significant problem concerning the recycling of solid environmental waste, particularly palm waste, which poses a crucial environmental challenge in the Arab region, specifically in the Al-Ahsa region. The escalating amount of palm waste leads to detrimental consequences for public health, the environment, and the national economy. This issue manifests in various negative phenomena, including the accumulation of environmental waste in different areas of Al-Ahsa City and its agricultural regions near residential areas, resulting in pollution and posing a threat to these areas. Despite efforts by the city hall to remove the waste, there is a reduction in collection and transportation methods for palm waste, coupled with a lack of awareness among citizens regarding effective disposal techniques. Moreover, there is a lack of a clear vision for utilizing this waste beyond simplistic approaches, as well as an absence of a comprehensive database and frameworks to address this phenomenon.

Given the abundance of palm trees in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, farmers often resort to burning or improper disposal of palm waste after the harvest season, leading to environmental pollution and endangering society. With the considerable gap between production and recycling practices and the urgency of sustainable approaches, it is crucial to identify the problems associated with this issue and find appropriate solutions to prevent more complex and costly challenges. In light of these concerns, the researchers aim to contribute to the reduction in environmental pollution and mitigation of the risks associated with palm waste.

The current study focuses on exploring how to harness the potential of palm waste at tourist destinations, with an emphasis on achieving sustainability through the effective recycling of this waste and utilizing it as a complementary element in the design of decorative artworks for tourists and heritage sites in Al-Ahsa. Accordingly, the research problem can be defined by the following question: How can we contribute to the achievement of sustainability by recycling palm waste to produce artwork designs that enhance tourist and heritage sites in Al-Ahsa?

The main research question gives rise to the following sub-questions:

• Which specific types of palm waste can be utilized to create decorative design supplements for tourist destinations?
• What is the feasibility for contributing to and utilizing the discarded palm waste for producing decorative design supplements at tourist places?
• To what extent do the implemented artwork designs meet the sustainability criteria for utilizing environmental waste as complementary elements in decorative designs for tourist destinations?

1.2. Study Hypotheses

The study hypotheses are as follows:

• There is a possibility for contributing to and utilizing discarded palm waste for the production of decorative design supplements at tourist places;
• The scores obtained by the study’s sample members on the questionnaire axes evaluating students’ artwork as complementary elements in the design of decorations for tourist destinations demonstrate statistical significance at a level of α ≥ 0.05.

1.3. Study Objectives

The study aims to achieve the following objectives:

• To identify and document the various forms of environmental waste that can be repurposed to create artistic works as complementary elements in decorative designs for tourist destinations;
• To utilize different types of palm waste, including leaves, fronds, kernels, palms, fibers, cones, and bark, in the design and implementation of a collection of artistic works that serve as complementary elements in decorative designs for tourist destinations;
• To assess the level of sustainability standards, including aspects of innovative and modern design and implementation, durability over time, and aesthetic vision, of repurposed palm waste in the creation of a series of artworks that enhance decorative designs for tourist destinations.

1.4. The Importance of the Study

The importance of the current study stems from its exploration of the potential utilization of recycled palm waste in interior and decorative design applications for tourist resorts, with a focus on environmental sustainability. This carries several important theoretical and practical implications, including:

• Addressing an urgent issue: The study recognizes the criticality for addressing environmental degradation and sustainability by recycling palm waste. Emphasizing this issue underscores the importance for finding effective interventions that address palm waste from aesthetic and tourism perspectives;
• Exploring a novel approach: By investigating the efficacy of palm waste experimentation, the study introduces a unique and innovative treatment method. This contributes to the expansion of the existing knowledge base by offering additional methods to tackle palm waste issues in the context of decorative designs for tourist destinations;
• Enhancing creativity and self-expression: The recycling of environmental materials provides designers with a means to express their creativity and foster innovation. Utilizing palm waste as an aesthetic tool, the study not only focuses on aesthetics but also aims to enhance the well-being of individuals at tourist resorts through decoration and self-expression;
• Potential cross-cutting benefits: The recycling of materials can yield broader positive impacts on environmental sustainability. Through the production of art and decorative designs, the study may improve the creation of artistic works using these waste materials, foster problem-solving skills related to environmental issues, and facilitate social and tourism interactions, extending beyond the specific goal for treating palm waste;
• Practical implications for environmental intervention and remediation: The findings of the study hold practical implications for interior designers and tourism operators involved in tourism marketing and environmental conservation. If the research demonstrates the effectiveness for recycling waste materials according to visitor surveys at tourist destinations, it can inform the development of evidence-based methods and programs, guiding professionals in implementing suitable strategies to address environmental issues and their visual impacts.

1.5. Study Limitations

The study has several limitations, including:

• Thematic limitations: The study focuses on the experimentation and utilization of specific palm waste materials, such as leaves, fronds, wicker, kernels, palms, fibers, cones, and bark, to create artistic works as complementary elements in decorative designs for tourist destinations. Other potential uses or alternative materials may not be explored within the scope of this study;
• Time constraints: The study is restricted to the timeframe of the first semester of the academic year 2023/2024. Long-term effects or changes that may occur beyond this period are not considered;
• Spatial boundaries: The implementation of the study is confined to the Al-Ahsa Governorate, specifically the utilization of palm waste materials in the region and the establishment of an art exhibition at King Faisal University for showcasing the artworks. The applicability of the findings to other geographical locations may vary;
• Human limitations: The study’s human sample is limited to individuals who frequent tourist attractions in the city of Al-Ahsa and those who visited the dedicated art exhibition. The perspectives and experiences of individuals outside this specific group may not be represented in the study.

1.6. Study Terms

The terms used in the study are defined as follows:

New materials: According to Ahmed, new materials, in the context of plastic arts, refer to the techniques, materials, and manual and mechanical skills used in contemporary art practices. Advancements in technology have enabled the exploration of a wider range of materials, leading to the emergence of various artistic trends, styles, and schools. The roles of technology, machinery, style, and materials are particularly significant in modern sculpture [3];

Sustainability: The concept of sustainability, as described by Calcutawi, refers to the ability to maintain the quality of life by adapting to the environment and utilizing natural resources over an extended period. It involves ensuring the continuity of vital processes that support the well-being of various organisms and their generations while diversifying the means of growth without depleting natural resources or causing harm to the surrounding environment [4]. Al-Raddadi adds that sustainability entails meeting the needs of the present generation and improving the standard of living without compromising the availability of resources for future generations [5].

In the context of this study, sustainability is defined procedurally as the long-term stability and endurance of products and decorative design accessories made of palm materials for tourist destinations;

Palm trees: As mentioned by Hussein, palm trees are a genus of trees that predominantly thrive in hot regions. They are characterized by thin, elongated stems with knots, palmate and feathery leaves, and rectangular-shaped, delicious fruits [6].

Procedurally, in this study, palm trees refer specifically to the trees found in the natural oases of Al-Ahsa, which generate various types of waste materials, such as fronds, cores, wickerwork, fibers, and other byproducts;

Frond: The term “frond” refers to the individual leaf of a palm tree, and its plural can be either “fronds” or “frond”. It is a rough-textured leaf and is commonly referred to as a palm leaf. According to Jamal and Al-Susu, fronds are large, feathery compound leaves whose length varies depending on the palm’s growth. A single palm tree can have a total of 30–150 green fronds on its crown. As they dry, the fronds gradually lose their green color and become droopy. They typically remain green for 3–7 years before drying up. Fronds grow in an organized arrangement on the trunk of the palm tree, forming vertical rows that lean either to the right or left [7].

In the context of this study, fronds are technically recognized as fallen and wasted palm leaves that have dried up and taken on a brown color;

Loofah: The term “loofah” refers to the fibrous tissue found in the trunk of the palm tree, particularly around the pod or base of the palm tree. It is also known as palm fiber or fiber. Ibrahim and Zayed mention that the fibers grow near the bases of fronds and can vary in strength, ranging from strong to weak, and in color, often light yellowish. The characteristics of the fiber depend on the fertility or weakness of the soil. Loofah is used for making ropes or as a fuel, and the process for extracting the fiber is called “anguish”. This process is typically carried out on young palm trees that have not been stressed. Fiber extraction is performed every 2–4 years as the presence of thorns and fibers on the trunk can attract insects [8].

Procedurally, in this study, loofah refers to the dried and fallen fibers found on the ground, which can result from removal from farms or natural factors;

Al-Shamrakh: “Al-Shamrakh” refers to the stem of a palm tree when it becomes withered and crooked. Its plural form is “Shamarikh”. It is also known as “Al-Arjun”, and its plural is “Arajin”. According to Hussein, it is the yellowish stem that carries the fruit bunch (the group of Shamarikh) and connects it to the palm tree. The current usage of this term emphasizes this meaning [6].

Procedurally, in this study, Al-Shamrakh refers to the dried and destroyed stalks that bear date fruits. It may have several branches branching out from it;

Kernel: The term “kernel” refers to the fruit of the palm tree in its final stages of maturity. Its plural forms can be “pits” or “dates”. In soft varieties, the flesh becomes firm in consistency, with a darker color and wrinkled skin. Dry varieties typically have a light color and a solid, dry texture. According to Al-Bakr, the kernel is a solid body that occupies the center of the fruit. It has a rectangular shape with two pointed ends, and its color is brown. It is known by various names in different regions. The kernel represents the inedible part of the fruit, ranging from 4% to 20% of the total weight, depending on the variety. This percentage can be influenced by factors such as pollen sources and agricultural practices. The kernel consists of two surfaces: the dorsal side and the ventral side. Technically, in this study, the kernel is referred to as the dried, hard, and dark brown inner date pit [9];

Bark and wood: Bark serves as the protective outer covering of palm stems, as mentioned by Chris and shown in Figure 1. It plays a vital role in safeguarding the palm tree from various threats, including water loss, insect attacks, bacterial infections, and external damage, such as fire. The nature of the bark can vary and is characterized by its rough and thick texture [10].

Palmwood, on the other hand, constitutes the primary tissue responsible for nutrient transport within the palm tree, as depicted in Figure 2. Thomas highlights that palmwood is widely recognized as one of the most abundant and diverse natural materials. Notably, one of its significant attributes is its capacity to insulate heat and electricity, providing a unique warmth that distinguishes it from materials like metals and stones [11].

Procedurally, in this study, the term “bark” refers to the discarded outer layer of the palm tree, which naturally falls off or is intentionally removed by farmers during pruning activities. Once detached, it is considered as waste material. “Wood”, meanwhile, refers to the remnants of the tree following its cutting or natural demise.

2. Previous Studies

Several studies underscore the paramount importance for recycling raw materials and championing environmental sustainability, driven by both environmental imperatives and the aesthetic desire to integrate these materials into contemporary developments. Additionally, such initiatives contribute to the fostering of a cleaner environment while creating a novel economic resource. In a study conducted by Ahmed and Aly, the utilization of palm waste in the realm of art was explored. Environmental art emerged as a potent tool in addressing environmental challenges, offering myriad opportunities when seamlessly integrated into sustainable development initiatives. The research methodology delved into the significance of artistic and design projects leveraging recycled or waste materials within the domain of landscape architecture. This approach, rooted in sustainability, not only aids in conserving natural resources but also serves as a powerful vehicle for environmental protection. To concretize these principles, the study envisioned the design of a natural park in the Al-Ahsa Governorate, utilizing recycled waste materials as an innovative means to educate the community about sustainability through artistic creativity. In the practical domain, the project unfolded through the utilization of computer drawing programs and artificial intelligence systems, elevating the architectural aesthetics of the visual landscape. This involved the creation of sculptural gardens, public installations, and other elements to enhance the visual appeal. The outcomes of the study shed light on the deficiency of artwork, colors, and decorations in Al-Ahsa’s gardens, underscoring the negative impact on the community’s quality of life. Incorporating recycled and waste materials into artistic endeavors not only contributes to a healthier ecosystem but also aids in the conservation of natural resources. Urban landscape designers are urged to contemplate the inclusion of parks, thoughtful land compositions, flourishing greenery, artwork installations, and vibrantly colored furniture alongside other landscape architecture facilities. This holistic approach has the potential to uplift people’s moods and significantly enhance the overall aesthetics of cities, fostering a more vibrant and visually appealing urban environment [2].

In their recent study, titled Ecotourism and the Application of Sustainability Concepts in Interior Design and Furniture in the Nabq Reserve, Sarah and her colleagues aimed to underscore the significance of natural reserves as potential ecotourism sites and rich sources of inspiration for interior design. The study also sought to raise awareness regarding the integral role of interior designers in preserving reserves and expressing their unique identity through interior design and furniture. Employing a comprehensive research framework, the study incorporated a theoretical examination, a descriptive analytical approach, and experimental elements. The Nabq Natural Reserve served as the focal point of the study owing to its remarkable environmental diversity. Nestled in a mountainous desert landscape adorned with sand dunes and valleys teeming with natural flora and terrestrial as well as marine organisms, the reserve presented an ideal setting for exploring sustainable tourism development. The researchers meticulously examined steps aligning with sustainable tourism principles to showcase the reserve’s tourist appeal without compromising its integrity. This involved applying sustainability concepts and leveraging local raw materials, including recycled materials, such as palm waste, encompassing palm leaves, fronds, and operational waste. The study’s practical phase involved implementing these steps in the design of interior spaces and select pieces of furniture intended for placement within the reserve. The results yielded crucial insights, emphasizing the substantial and impactful role of interior designers in preserving the reserve through sustainable designs. Furthermore, the study illuminated the capacity of interior designers to accentuate the reserve’s identity across various dimensions, encompassing environmental elements and incorporating sustainable materials, like palm waste. The findings strongly advocated for the desirability and feasibility for employing such sustainable materials throughout the Nabq Natural Reserve and beyond, illustrating their versatility for a diverse range of applications [12].

Ahmed conducted a study that aimed to explore the potential utilization of plastic waste in sculpture by employing melting and assembling techniques and assessing the contribution of the plastic waste for enhancing the aesthetic values of sculptural artworks. The study employed a descriptive and analytical approach, combining description, analysis, and practical implementation. The key findings of the study are as follows: First, it demonstrated the feasibility for using plastics and plastic waste in sculptures through methods such as melting and molding. Second, it revealed that the properties of plastics and plastic waste impart unique sensory values to sculptural artwork. Lastly, it highlighted how the malleability and transformability of plastics and plastic waste stimulate innovation, creativity, and the ability to transform negatives into positives, thereby expanding the realm of beauty [3].

Shafi’i and Al-Harbi conducted a study to explore ways to contribute to sustainability and environmental preservation by recycling waste from natural resources into clothing products. Additionally, the study aimed to achieve sustainability in palm waste by recycling it to design a collection of belts aligned with contemporary women’s fashion trends. The research employed a descriptive and applied approach, involving the design and implementation of a series of belts. A questionnaire, employing a five-point Likert scale, was used to evaluate the extent to which sustainability standards were achieved among a sample of 60 women. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program to calculate the mean and standard deviation. One significant finding was that the average scores for achieving sustainability standards in palm waste utilization for belt production were high, indicating the feasibility for achieving sustainability through recycling palm waste into fashion accessories, particularly belts. Furthermore, this approach contributes to environmental preservation by mitigating the pollution resulting from conventional waste disposal methods for palm waste. The study recommends conducting further specialized research to develop raw materials from palm waste, which can be easily utilized in the fields of textiles, fashion, and related accessories [13].

The study conducted by Bahloul and Sarah aimed to emphasize the importance for incorporating sustainable development dimensions in solid waste recycling practices while highlighting the risks associated with the accumulation of such waste for both human health and the environment. The study underscored the significant impacts that scientific and advanced methods of waste management have on local economies, supported by successful international experiences in this field. The findings of this study suggested that the process of waste recycling contributes substantially to the achievement of a social and environmental equilibrium, as well as the generation of economic resources. Furthermore, the effective management and utilization of solid waste through scientific treatment methods and advanced recycling technologies positively influence the dimensions of sustainable development [14].

In the study conducted by Al-Jawfi, the objective was to explore the aesthetic and functional aspects of environmental waste in art products created by students in the Art Education Department. The research employed a descriptive analytical approach, with the study population consisting of male and female students (84 males and 41 females) enrolled in five sections of the Art Education Department. A random sample was selected, comprising nine artistic works produced by third-stage students in the department. The results revealed that the students’ productions showcased the use of specific materials distinct from conventional options, demonstrating innovative ideas and a departure from traditional approaches. The study also emphasized the importance for instilling educational concepts that promote environmental preservation and encourage the reuse of consumed raw materials, thereby fostering the creation of innovative and aesthetically pleasing artworks [15].

Nasir conducted a study, titled A Future Vision for Recycling Agricultural Waste and Its Impact on Furniture and Interior Space Design. The objective of the study was to recycle agricultural waste and utilize it in furnishing interior spaces, aiming to provide unconventional solutions to various interior design challenges. Employing a descriptive analytical approach, the study focused on different types of agricultural waste, exploring recycling techniques and their applications in creating furniture that harmonizes with both indoor and outdoor environments. The study concluded that the utilization of agricultural waste recycling technology is a crucial method for conserving energy and resources while offering solutions for sustainable reconstruction, creating environmentally compatible interior spaces, mitigating the negative impacts of agricultural waste, and addressing existing problems and needs through innovative and sustainable approaches. The study emphasized the importance for preserving the environment, reducing pollution rates, ensuring public health and safety, and minimizing resource depletion and energy consumption from the natural environment [16].

In a study conducted by Al-Kandari, titled Contemporary Methods for Creating Innovative Artistic Sculptures through Waste Recycling, the researcher aimed to explore the utilization of industrial waste and natural resources to enhance students’ creative abilities in producing artistic models. The study employed an applied descriptive method and utilized a questionnaire to evaluate students’ innovative capabilities in their artwork. One of the key findings of the study was the potential for improving students’ proficiency in utilizing waste materials, as they demonstrated enhanced knowledge and skills in utilizing waste to create innovative artistic sculptures [17].

Majed conducted a study, titled Addressing Visual Distortion in the Mountainous Environment: An Applied Study. The study aimed to develop a comprehensive plan to address visual distortion along the Al Hada Ring Road, focusing not only on the external appearance of buildings but also on capturing the local character and expressing the nature of the region’s mountain tourism activities. The research approach involved reviewing design standards for the mountainous environment to establish solutions compatible with the context. The visual documentation of scenes along the Al Hada Ring Road, a review of the relevant legislation, meetings with officials responsible for urban management in the region, and the observation of behaviors were conducted to examine the problem. The study concluded that addressing visual distortion requires an integrated system involving multiple aspects. The first aspect entails enhancing the performance of urban management agencies through the provision of qualified personnel and technical support in the form of appropriate design standards, guidelines, and application models for the mountainous tourist environment. Other aspects involve reviewing and improving urbanization legislation in the Al-Hada area, addressing its deficiencies, modifying behaviors related to visual pollution, and raising awareness levels [18].

Upon reviewing previous studies, it is evident that several of them have explored the effectiveness of art-based programs in recycling environmental materials. These studies share a common objective for recycling raw materials through various experimental approaches. The participants in previous studies often focused on students, while others employed self-experience or critical analysis. The quasi-experimental and descriptive methods were commonly used across most studies, yielding results that demonstrate the efficacy of the employed tools. In contrast, the present study utilizes a combination of descriptive, analytical, and experimental methods. Although previous studies encompassed a broad range of environmental wastes, this study specifically concentrates on palm material and its components. By examining previous studies, it is apparent that the current study aligns with their overarching goal for recycling raw materials. The current study will benefit from the insights of the previous research in terms of the sample selection, methodology, and the adaptation of tools for the study’s specific objectives and target population.

3. Theoretical Framework

3.1. Recycling and Its Integral Role in Achieving Sustainability

In the 1930s and 1940s, the concept of recycling gained prominence worldwide, primarily in response to the economic depression of that era. Helen and her colleagues highlighted the recycling of materials, such as nylon, rubber, and metals, during this challenging economic period. However, the popularity of recycling waned in the United States owing to subsequent economic growth, remaining in decline until the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was during this time that the recycling concept experienced a resurgence, notably marked by its introduction on the first Earth Day in 1970. Since then, the adoption of recycling has steadily increased [19]. Ahmed emphasizes that several factors contribute to the success and proliferation of recycling. Key influencers include legislation addressing recycling practices and the widespread acceptance of recycling principles by individuals. Collective cooperation plays a crucial role in ensuring the effectiveness of recycling initiatives, fostering environmental sustainability and resource conservation [3].

Recycling is defined as the comprehensive process for collecting used materials, transforming them back into raw materials, and subsequently reconstituting them into usable materials. Marwan underscores that the scope for recycling encompasses any items or materials suitable for reuse. Fundamentally, it involves the conversion of waste materials that would otherwise be discarded into inputs for new production and manufacturing processes. Recycling encompasses a diverse array of materials, including but not limited to iron, plastic, steel, glass, aluminum cans, wood, paper, and various others [20]. Sanjak asserts that recycling these materials contributes significantly to the conservation of natural resources by mitigating their depletion, encompassing resources like petroleum, natural gas, trees, coal, and mineral ores [21].

The practice of recycling plays a pivotal role in addressing resource scarcity and environmental degradation. By diverting waste materials from disposal sites and reintegrating them into production cycles, recycling aids in conserving finite resources, curbing energy consumption, and minimizing environmental pollution. Embracing recycling as a fundamental tenet of sustainable resource management is imperative for fostering a circular economy and realizing enduring environmental sustainability.

The 20th century ushered in notable advancements across political, social, transportation, communication, and industrial spheres. The technological revolution characterizing this era introduced novel materials, methods, and technologies. Adapting to these changes, artists began incorporating unconventional techniques and materials into their artwork, as observed by [22]. The technological and industrial revolution also gave rise to alternative materials that addressed various challenges in the production of tools, machinery, equipment, and other human applications. These materials, often termed as industrial or agricultural waste, among other designations, serve as foundational elements in the creation of artistic works, imparting them with formal, sensory, and aesthetic values, as elucidated by [3,23].

Examining the historical evolution of societies, Al-khansaa discerns a recurring vision centered on harnessing the environment while concurrently preserving its aesthetic allure. This vision harmonizes with the tenets of sustainable development, a paradigm seeking to fulfill current societal needs without compromising the well-being of subsequent generations. There exists a global consensus acknowledging that the sustainable development and conscientious utilization of environmental elements are imperative and irreplaceable [24].

Within this framework, a multitude of studies and projects conducted by scholars, such as [3,14,15,25,26,27], champion the recycling of environmental waste and advocate for the establishment of specialized factories dedicated to this cause. Notably, four national companies have emerged to spearhead large-scale investment projects focused on recycling palm tree waste in the Al-Ahsa agricultural oasis. These ventures concentrate on generating fodder, wood, industrial fibers, and other byproducts. Furthermore, the National Center for Waste Management, inaugurated in 2019, assumes a pivotal role in overseeing waste management practices and fostering investment in accordance with the principles of the circular economy [28]. The center endeavors to realize these objectives through innovation, the adoption of best practices, and the integration of modern technologies. Its overarching goals encompass reducing landfill waste through recycling, enhancing public awareness regarding waste reduction, and promoting the principles of reuse and recycling. Moreover, the center actively advocates for investment in a diverse range of waste management systems and explores various financing models to ensure its financial sustainability.

In accordance with the guidelines provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the recycling process encompasses three distinct phases, as elucidated by [29]. The initial stage involves collection and treatment, wherein waste materials are gathered and directed to specialized facilities for sorting, cleaning, processing, and transformation into raw materials conducive to subsequent manufacturing. In the manufacturing phase, these raw materials find applications in the creation of various consumable products, such as newspapers, soft drink bottles, carpets, and more. Finally, in the concluding stage, consumers assume a pivotal role by procuring products crafted from recycled materials, effectively closing the recycling loop. This not only yields cost savings for consumers but also contributes significantly to environmental preservation and the conservation of natural resources.

Numerous studies and research endeavors, including those spearheaded by [3,23,30], underscore the environmental advantages inherent in recycling, particularly concerning environmental waste and palm trees. Opting for the recycling of environmental waste, rather than resorting to incineration, translates to a reduction in carbon emissions, thereby addressing the issue of global warming. Compared with recycling, the extraction of raw materials from the earth demands more significant energy inputs, leading to heightened air pollution when materials, like paper and plastics, are incinerated instead of being recycled. Furthermore, neglecting to recycle and resorting to waste burial can result in the seepage of toxic substances into the soil or water. The preservation of natural resources and the attainment of environmental sustainability stand out as paramount benefits associated with recycling.

3.2. Environmental Sustainability and Visual Spectacle

Environmental sustainability encompasses an integrated approach that addresses environmental conditions, economic development, and progress. The United Nations, as stated on its website [31], defines sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”, as articulated by the Brundtland Commission on Environmental Sustainability in 1987 [5,32]. The goals of sustainable development include enhancing people’s lives, reducing human-generated risks, and adopting development practices that utilize Earth’s natural resources. In recent years, the concept of sustainability has expanded to encompass various domains. Within the business realm, sustainability was initially associated with maintaining profitability. However, it now includes environmental preservation and minimizing visual environmental degradation, as affirmed by [33,34]. Compliance with environmental standards, such as environmental accreditation, has become a monitoring criterion for companies. These standards dictate the factors that companies consider in their operations and activities to ensure a healthy environment free from visual pollution while also upholding social responsibility to achieve environmental safety and security, as noted by [35].

It is important to recognize that sustainability is a shared global responsibility. It involves communication, continuity, and responsiveness to both present realities and future developments, as well as contributing to their advancement. This includes the development and enhancement of tourist destinations and environments, meeting the associated needs by incorporating artistic creations that enhance the aesthetic aspects of these spaces. Bakri highlights that the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (PCSD) defines sustainability as an ongoing endeavor that seeks to improve the environment, society, and economy for the benefit of current and future generations, transmitting these efforts from one generation to the next [36].

In response to the objective for minimizing visual environmental disruptions, farmers throughout successive generations have utilized every part of the palm tree in their daily lives. Consequently, handicrafts made of palm products have become deeply rooted in their culture. The stems and branches have been repurposed to create brooms for cleaning, while the lightweight leaves resulting from pruning have been woven into mats, tables, and chairs. Darker leaves have been employed as ceiling supports in rural and desert structures, providing insulation against the wind. Furthermore, various crafts have emerged that utilize palm tree waste and other materials to produce professional artwork. For instance, the Khawasa craft involves the meticulous interlacing of thin fronds, similar to braiding, as explained by [13]. As one frond is inserted and intertwined with another, leaving only its tip exposed, another frond is added in its place, gradually forming a long, flat strip called a “Saffah”. The length of the Saffah varies depending on the size and shape of the vessel being produced, and sometimes the wicker is dyed before being used. Weaving techniques have also been employed to create mats.

In support of these crafts, specialized scientific techniques and skills have been introduced. The Art Education Department at King Faisal University, being connected to the Hassanian environment, has utilized the skills of its students in the manufacture of artistic artifacts from these waste materials. This approach ensures sustainable practices for tourist sites, benefits the local community, and preserves the environment. Examples of these artistic artifacts include floor coverings, such as bedspreads, and artistic paintings used as wallpapers in bedrooms, living rooms, corridors, and halls.

3.3. Arts and Environmental Applications

The arts, in their diverse forms, serve as a foundation aimed at stimulating thought and creativity, nurturing personal abilities and refined tastes, and familiarizing interior designers and decorators with three-dimensional materials supported by artistic principles. By employing creative ideas, these professionals can harness the potential of waste materials at tourist destinations. Scholars, such as [37,38,39], emphasize the need to develop a sustainable environmental vision and solutions that align with evolving trends and meet the needs of the tourism community.

It is worth noting that the Al-Ahsa region, the largest palm oasis in Saudi Arabia, is abundant in unique agricultural waste, particularly palm waste, including fronds, cores, wood, and various other raw materials. Researchers have observed that Al-Ahsa’s environment, owing to its palm-rich landscape, generates substantial quantities of palm waste annually, much of which goes unused, leading to visual pollution and environmental degradation. Therefore, repurposing palm waste and incorporating it into decorative designs and at tourist sites represent sustainable and aesthetically pleasing approaches. These practices reduce the waste of raw materials, preserve environmental cleanliness, and leverage the waste in innovative works of art.

In light of the above, engaging in artistic endeavors becomes an inevitable outcome imposed by surrounding circumstances. It requires knowledge of materials, tools, and techniques to develop skills in shaping artistic elements in novel ways that bestow a dignified artistic appearance upon the artwork. Utilizing the dimensions, design, and aesthetic potential of materials derived from palm waste, interior design and decoration projects at tourist destinations can adopt a fresh perspective that mitigates the visual pollution resulting from the disposal of this waste, including burning. Several factors have contributed to the successful recycling and utilization of these waste materials in the aesthetic aspects of homes and tourist places. These include scientific and technological advancements and the population’s increased density, which have led to a rise in consumable materials and the generation of large quantities of solid waste in various forms, including palm waste. Consequently, the need arose to reconstitute and repurpose these waste materials effectively.

The field of plastic art, including decorative design, plays a crucial role in artists’ commitment to environmental preservation through their artwork. Environmental art possesses the power to inspire social awareness and prompt behavioral changes, compelling us to create tangible improvements in our surroundings to promote environmental sustainability. In this context, visual artists who also serve as interior designers fulfill their role, using their artistic creations to raise awareness about the importance for adopting a more sustainable and aesthetically pleasing lifestyle. Through their imaginative prowess and tools, they focus on reevaluating artistic mediums to incorporate sustainable concepts, such as repurposing environmental waste, including palm waste, and incorporating it into environmentally significant locations, like tourist destinations. By doing so, they add an aesthetic dimension that harmonizes with the other elements of the space.

Al-Houti emphasizes that employing recycling techniques for environmental waste represents the integration of multiple sustainable design systems with modern technology, aiming to preserve natural energy sources, provide comfort to users, and reduce pollution, particularly at tourist destinations. Consequently, environmental design is a concept aligned with sustainability principles, emerging from the environment itself, compatible with its capacities, and dedicated to resource preservation. This has resulted in a recent focus on utilizing decorative design characteristics to enhance the interior spaces of tourist destinations, achieving a balance with environmental conditions and minimizing visual disturbances. By incorporating environmentally friendly materials that promote positive coexistence with the environment, these design elements offer comfort and beauty and complement the overall decorative scheme [40].

3.4. Chemical Treatments of Palm Waste

The chemical treatments of palm waste involve a series of processes designed to transform the waste into either safely disposable materials or valuable products, offering the potential for creating artistic works suitable for various environments. The efficacy of these treatments relies on the chosen technology and the specific objectives of the waste treatment. Adhering to sustainable practices and local environmental regulations is essential when processing palm waste or any waste type. Various studies, including those by [3,13,41], have explored chemical treatments of palm waste and their potential applications in art. These treatments aim to ensure continuity and sustainability, enhance aesthetic appeal, and mitigate visual distortions in the environment. Key chemical treatments include:

• Conversion of Lignocellulose to Sugars: Utilizing chemical processes to convert the lignocellulose present in palm waste to fermentable sugars, which can be used for ethanol and bioenergy production;
• Decomposition of Organic Materials: Employing chemical decomposition processes to break down the organic materials in waste to their basic components, reducing waste volume and enhancing biological decomposition;
• Use of Organic Materials as Fertilizers: Processing certain organic waste components to create organic fertilizers suitable for agricultural use;
• Green Chemistry: Embracing green chemistry principles to foster environmentally friendly and sustainable chemical treatment processes, minimizing negative environmental impacts;
• Recovery of Valuable Materials: Implementing recovery operations to extract valuable materials from waste, such as using vegetable fats in the soap industry or natural oils in the chemical industry.

3.5. Artistic Uses of Palm Waste

The incorporation of recycled materials, specifically palm waste, into the design of tourist attractions offers a unique opportunity to positively impact community well-being and environmental awareness. Utilizing palm waste in artistic endeavors not only contributes to a healthier ecosystem but also aligns with the broader goal for preserving natural resources. Interior designers, artists, and those overseeing environmental tourism have a shared responsibility to develop comprehensive plans that prioritize comfort and joy for various societal segments, particularly at tourist destinations, to promote sustainability.

The innovative use of palm waste in artistic paintings presents a compelling idea. Natural materials, like palm fronds, can introduce a distinctive and artistic touch, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the artworks. Although this creative approach may involve experimentation and exploration, it has the potential to yield unique and attractive artistic creations. Several studies, including those by [2,13,42], provide insights into various ways palm waste can be utilized in artistic paintings as follows:

• Plastic Art Techniques: Employing palm waste as a three-dimensional element can produce visually appealing effects. Artists can shape or use this waste in both abstract and realistic representations;
• Drawing with Ink or Colors: Palm leaves, especially fronds, serve as excellent surfaces for drawing with ink or colors. Artists can leverage fronds for artistic abstractions or depict natural scenes;
• Sculpture: Certain waste materials, such as palm fronds, can be carved or modeled to create intricate sculptures. Fronds offer versatility in representing a diverse range of shapes;
• Mixing Media: Combining palm waste with other artistic media, such as fibers, threads, or natural colors derived from plants, enhances the overall artistic impact;
• Cut-and-Paste Techniques: Pieces of fronds and other palm waste can be strategically used in cut-and-paste techniques to create innovative effects. These waste components can serve as background elements or contribute to the formation of artistic shapes;
• Environmental Paintings: Integrating palm waste into artistic paintings allows for the depiction of environmental or natural themes. This usage is particularly fitting for art seeking to raise awareness of environmental and sustainability issues within the broader community.

3.6. Treating Palm Waste in Artistic Paintings

The meticulous treatment of palm waste before its incorporation into artistic paintings involves a series of steps aimed at ensuring material readiness, achieving desired artistic outcomes, and upholding the continuity and sustainability of these artworks at their display locations. It is crucial to prioritize the use of safe and environmentally friendly materials during the processing of palm waste, ensuring a responsible approach to its integration into artistic creations. Drawing upon insights from the research conducted by [13,14,16], the following steps provide a comprehensive guide:

• Collecting Materials: Gather palm waste from a clean and pollutant-free source;
• Cleaning Materials: Thoroughly clean the palm waste to remove dust and impurities, using methods such as lukewarm water, vegetable soap, or other eco-friendly cleaning approaches;
• Drying Materials: Ensure the palm waste is adequately dried in a well-ventilated area to eliminate moisture;
• Insect Treatment: Apply a natural insect deterrent, such as peppermint or lavender oils, to protect the palm waste from insects;
• Preparing Surfaces for Painting: Prepare the painting surface or base by applying a layer of acrylic or oil paint to enhance adhesion and color stability;
• Fixing Palm Remnants: Use specialized adhesives, such as technical adhesive or natural glue, to securely affix palm remnants to the chosen surface;
• Painting Protection: Upon completing the artwork, apply a layer of art varnish to safeguard the painting, preserving the quality of the colors and materials that are used.

3.7. Artistic Experiments with Palm Waste

The theoretical framework, along with previous studies, has illuminated the utilization of palm waste by several artists in their creative endeavors, spanning drawings, sculptures, and paintings. Educational research has underscored instances where artists have harnessed their creativity by incorporating palm waste or its components into their artworks. These artists epitomize the richness of creativity and the sustainable application of materials in art, serving as sources of inspiration for fellow artists to explore the potential of palm waste and other natural resources in their artistic expressions. Notable instances from the art world, as highlighted on the Colossal website (thisiscolossal.com), include the following [43]:

• Terry Brooker: Renowned as a New Zealand artist, Terry Brooker is celebrated for crafting paintings from palm waste, incorporating elements such as leaves and stems. His mastery lies in imbuing his artworks with a natural and vibrant character through the use of these materials;
• Geoffrey Lewis: Hailing from Australia, Geoffrey Lewis stands out as an artist who sculpts captivating artworks from palm trees and their various components. Lewis’s artistry involves transforming natural materials into unique and remarkable pieces, often drawing inspiration from the intricate beauty of nature;
• Michael McGillis: An American artist, Michael McGillis employs palm waste to craft intricate and beautiful works of art. He adeptly shapes stems and fibers to create sculptures and artistic embodiments that showcase the versatility and potential of these natural materials;
• George Zoueinaty: George Zoueinaty, a Lebanese artist, harnesses the potential of palm trees to create distinctive artistic paintings. Zoueinaty seamlessly blends traditional and modern elements in his artworks, offering reflections of nature’s beauty through innovative artistic expressions.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 exemplify the innovative work of artists, showcasing Michael McGillis’s creations featuring vast stacks of firewood, initially sourced from a specific tree species in the American West. However, the ingenuity of Michigan artist Michael McGillis transforms these seemingly mundane materials into an unexpectedly beautiful tableau. The installation, titled “Wake”, was originally unveiled in 2006 at the Franconia Sculpture Garden in Schaefer, Minnesota. It comprises a striking 95-foot-long trench formed by painted purple felled trees, creating the illusion of an extraordinary new plant species. This artistic endeavor by Michael McGillis brilliantly demonstrates the potential inherent in creatively repurposing palm and wood waste. The seamless execution of this simple yet profound idea underscores the possibilities for designers and other artists to harness the artistic potential of palm waste with imaginative flair.

4. Materials and Methods

The study employed a combination of the experimental method and the descriptive analytical method, chosen to align with the study’s nature and objectives. The experimental method is a systematic approach used to investigate cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It involves the deliberate manipulation of one variable, known as the independent variable, while controlling and measuring the effects on another variable, known as the dependent variable [44]. This method allows researchers to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by comparing the outcomes of different conditions or treatments. The descriptive analytical method, on the other hand, focuses on observing, describing, and analyzing the characteristics or behaviors of a particular phenomenon or population. It aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the subject under study. This method often involves collecting and analyzing data through surveys, interviews, observations, or existing records.

4.1. Study Population and Sample

The study population and sample for this research comprised visitors to tourist sites, specifically, individuals present at an art exhibition showcasing the artworks of graduate students from the Department of Art Education at King Faisal University. The sample was selected randomly from among those individuals attending the exhibition. The primary focus of the study was to explore the recycling and potential utilization of wasted raw palm materials at tourist locations as a complementary element in decorative designs. A simple random sampling method was employed to select a representative sample of (55) visitors. This sample was considered representative of all the individuals who visited the art exhibition for three days.

4.2. Study Tool

The research employed a structured questionnaire comprising four criteria to assess the effectiveness and sustainability for utilizing environmental waste as decorative supplements at tourist destinations. These criteria encompassed the innovation and contemporary nature of the design, the quality of the design implementation, the potential for product usage over time, and the aesthetic appeal of the design. Each criterion was evaluated based on a set of 20 standards, utilizing a five-point scale to measure sustainability achievement, as detailed in Appendix A.

The questionnaire also featured a survey component directed at visitors to tourist sites, seeking their opinions on the feasibility and perceived contribution level for incorporating palm waste elements, such as fronds, fibers, kernels, flowers, cones, and bark, into these locations through artistic endeavors. This dual approach aimed to comprehensively gauge both expert perspectives, as represented by the design criteria, and public perceptions regarding the feasibility and impact for employing palm waste in enhancing the artistic landscape of tourist destinations.

4.3. Validity and Reliability

To ensure the validity and reliability of the sustainability scale, the researchers subjected the scale to a validation process conducted by a panel of experts. The panel consisted of ten arbitrators who possessed expertise in various fields, including curriculum and teaching methods, psychology, artistic works, and interior design, and professionals from the Antiquities and Tourism Authority. The selection of arbitrators aimed to ensure a diverse range of perspectives and enhance the credibility of the validation process. After formulating the dimensions and their respective phrases, the researchers presented the scale to the arbitrators for evaluation. The arbitrators’ task was to assess the validity of the scale and provide their expert opinions. They scrutinized the suitability of the scale for the study sample, examined whether it encompassed the necessary standards and dimensions for incorporating palm waste into the design, and evaluated the accuracy and appropriateness of the measurement statements. According to the feedback received from the arbitrators, the researchers made necessary amendments to the sustainability standards and dimensions. The revisions focused on improving the scale’s alignment with the study sample, ensuring it captured the essential elements for utilizing palm waste and refining the wording of the measurement statements for the optimal application. Through this process, the researchers addressed the arbitrators’ comments and suggestions, resulting in a high level of agreement. The percentage of the agreement among the arbitrators reached 97% regarding the fulfillment of the aforementioned aspects, indicating a strong consensus on the validity and appropriateness of the sustainability measure.

To assess the reliability of the sustainability scale, which focused on using palm materials as complementary elements in the decorative design of tourist destinations, the researchers used a test–retest method. A sample of seven individuals, distinct from the original study sample, was selected for this purpose. The first administration of the scale was followed by a two-week interval before the second administration. To determine the stability coefficient, the researchers utilized the Pearson correlation coefficient to measure the correlation between the scale responses obtained from the participants in both administrations. The resulting correlation coefficient was determined as 93%. This high coefficient signifies a strong and positive relationship between the responses given by the participants in the two administrations of the scale. Based on this reliability coefficient, it can be concluded that the sustainability scale demonstrated sufficient reliability for the study. The high degree of correlation indicates a consistent and stable measurement of the criteria related to the utilization of palm materials in decorative designs for tourist places.

4.4. Sustainability Scale Correction

In its final form, the sustainability scale comprises 20 standards that encompass all four dimensions. Respondents rate each item on a five-point scale, with the options being Excellent, Very Good, Good, Acceptable, and Poor. Each option is assigned a numerical value ranging from 1 to 5. The highest possible score for visitors’ responses to the art exhibition is 100, while the lowest score is zero.

The scores of 100 were distributed across the dimensions of the scale, including palm waste components, such as fronds, fibers, kernels, palms, cones, and bark. The first dimension, innovation and modernity, consists of five items, with a total score of 25. The second dimension, design and implementation, also comprises five items, with a total score of 25. The third dimension, related to the period for sustainability, includes five items, with a total score of 25. Lastly, the aesthetic vision dimension comprises five items, totaling 25 points.

To classify the judgment on the scale items, the researchers established three levels: weak, medium, and high. These levels were determined based on the highest numerical value of the five-point scale (5) and the lowest value (1). The researchers calculated the difference between these two values and divided it by 3 to determine the range for each level. An arithmetic average between 1 and 2.33 indicates a low level, suggesting that the corresponding palm waste contributes to the support and confirmation of poor-quality decoration design at tourist places. An average between 2.34 and 3.67 indicates a medium level. Lastly, an average between 3.68 and 5 represents a high level, indicating a strong contribution of palm waste to the decoration design at tourist places.

4.5. Study Procedures

• Conducted a field visit to locations where environmental waste, specifically palm waste, is accumulated or burned to assess the extent of waste and its disposal methods;
• Implemented practical applications utilizing palm waste in the creation of artistic works. Additional materials, such as adhesives, staples, and water immersion for palm trees and wood, and industrial materials, including colors, were incorporated to enhance the aesthetic aspects and ensure the proper execution of the artworks;
• Developed sustainability standards and devised a measurement tool to evaluate the level of adherence to these standards in the designs executed utilizing palm waste;
• Validated the scale by seeking expert opinions from arbitrators. The arbitrators assessed the appropriateness of the scale statements, their clarity, and their alignment with the study objectives and procedures;
• Invited the research sample, consisting of 55 individuals from various segments of the local community, to evaluate the collection of artistic works. This evaluation took place within an art exhibition specifically organized for this purpose;
• Utilized the SPSS program to transcribe and statistically analyze the data. This involved calculating frequencies, arithmetic means, and standard deviations for the scores and assessing the sustainability criteria related to palm waste as a whole. Additionally, average scores were calculated for each criterion of sustainability;
• Presented and discussed the research findings by creating customized tables. The results were supplemented with visual representations, including images showcasing sample design products resulting from the recycling of palm waste.

4.6. Study Variables and Statistical Treatment

The study incorporated the following variables:

• Independent Variables: The sustainability standards and their corresponding axes were considered as the independent variables. These variables encompassed the dimensions of the innovation and modernity of the design, design and implementation, the period for sustainability, and the aesthetic vision of the design;
• Dependent Variables: The visitors’ scores, achieved based on the sustainability scale and its axes, for the tourist places were regarded as the dependent variables. These scores captured the impact of the independent variables on the evaluation of the tourist places by the visitors.

To address the research questions about the possibility for utilizing palm materials as supplements in the decoration design of tourist places, several statistical techniques were employed as follows:

• T-test: A t-test was utilized to compare and analyze the opinions of the study sample. This statistical test enabled the examination of any significant differences in the perceptions for using palm materials as design supplements at tourist places;
• Arithmetic Means: Arithmetic means were calculated to determine the average scores assigned by the study sample. These means provided insights into the overall opinion and perception of the participants regarding the use of palm materials in decoration designs;
• Standard Deviations: Standard deviations were computed to measure the dispersion or variability in the scores given by the study sample. These deviations provided information about the level of agreement or disagreement among the participants’ opinions.

5. Results

Results related to the first question: “What are the palm wastes that can be used to produce supplements for decorative designs at tourist places?”

To address this question, the researchers drew upon various sources and procedures, with the most significant ones being the following:

First: Reference Studies and Theoretical Framework: The researchers extensively reviewed relevant studies and the theoretical framework underpinning this study, as well as previous research in the field. Through this exploration, it was established that there is a focus on recycling different types of environmental waste to create new and alternative products. Among these wastes are palm leaves, fronds, wicker trees, palm trees, date pits, bark, wood, and various others. These palm waste materials hold the potential for achieving the concept of sustainability in decorative designs for tourist places.

Second: A comprehensive on-site exploration was conducted at agricultural locations where palm waste is amassed and typically disposed of through shredding and subsequent incineration.

Third: The study leveraged comparative analysis and on-site visits to delineate four types of palm waste with ecological implications conducive to sustainability. These waste components are specifically suited for crafting artistic additions in the realm of decorative designs within tourist locales. The identified wastes encompass leaves, fronds, and wicker, visually represented by Figure 5 and Figure 6; the nucleus, depicted in Figure 7; the fiber, illustrated in Figure 8; cones and stems, showcased in Figure 9; and the phloem, elucidated in Figure 1.

Accessing these raw materials is facilitated through palm waste, primarily comprising elements like palm fronds, leaves, fibers, cones, wood, and bark. These materials become available through natural processes, such as falling from trees, harvesting activities, the conclusion of a part’s life cycle, or the demise of the tree itself. The versatility of these wastes is notable, as they find applications in both aesthetic creations and practical items, like household mats or bread-serving dishes, as well as furniture, such as chairs or tables. The recycling of these materials enhances their aesthetic and design attributes, ensuring their longevity, and allows for additional elements, like colors, to be incorporated. These findings align with those of previous studies exploring a diverse range of applications for raw palm materials, as evidenced in studies such as those conducted by [12,13,14].

Results related to the second question: “What is the possibility for utilizing palm waste to produce supplements for decorative designs at tourist places?”

To address this inquiry, the researchers opted for a practical approach by showcasing various artistic products as embellishments in the design of tourist destinations. These creations were exhibited in an art showcase, and visitor opinions on them were surveyed. A statistical analysis, employing arithmetic averages, was conducted to ascertain the extent of the contribution and utilization of these waste-based supplements in enhancing the decorative design of tourist sites. The results are illustrated in Figures 11–14 and 16–19, as well as summarized in

Table 1. Means and standard deviations for the degrees of the contribution of the palm waste to the decorative design.

No.	Waste Type	Mean	Standard Deviation	Contribution Level
1	Palm Trees and Leaves	4.68	2.14	High
2	Nucleus	3.78	1.89	High
3	Trees	3.65	1.78	Medium
4	Fibers	4.20	2.11	High
5	Cones	3.64	1.89	Medium
Total		3.99	1.962	High

.

Table 1 and Figure 10 collectively show that the skin waste, overall, made a substantial contribution to recycling as Supplementary Materials in the decoration design of tourist sites, with an arithmetic average reaching 3.99, while straws and cone materials exhibited moderate contributions, with respective arithmetic averages of 3.65 and 3.64. The visual representations in Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13 and Figure 14 and 16–19 further validate this significant contribution. This implies that raw materials derived from palm waste, including leaves, kernels, palm trees, fibers, and cones, possess considerable potential for enhancing the decoration design of tourist destinations.

These findings indicate that the utilization of palm-waste-derived artistic materials as decorative design supplements at tourist places was highly successful, showcasing the potential for adapting and recycling these wastes in a manner that achieves both environmental and aesthetic sustainability. The results and executed artistic works demonstrate that palm waste materials add unconventional aesthetic values, incorporating design elements and principles, such as rhythm, repetition, balance, and contrast, and other artistic foundations that align with the nature of tourist places, particularly in terms of decorative designs.

Moreover, the artworks reveal that students possess a comprehensive understanding and awareness of their environment and its preservation, enabling them to effectively harness its various components to create meaningful artistic works. By achieving sustainable development goals across different fields, particularly within their artistic specializations, students generate creative ideas that embrace originality and establish connections with heritage. The flexibility in utilizing and synthesizing various raw materials from palm waste, along with the liberation of imagination to harmonize this heritage with tourism marketing, exemplify the students’ ingenuity.

The involvement of students in the implementation of these artworks yields several positive aspects, including the enhancement of cultural values, the achievement of sustainability, and the preservation of the environment from visual distortions. The participation of individuals interested in tourism potential in evaluating these artworks fosters positive energies and social engagement, further bolstering efforts to address environmental waste.

Additionally, this participation elevates the level of emotional and artistic appreciation for sensory and national beauty, as evidenced by the responses and active involvement in the evaluation process.

These results align with the findings of [14] study, which emphasized the attainment of social balance, as well as with [22] study, which highlighted the significant and influential role of interior designers in preserving the environment through sustainable designs while showcasing the identity and character of various environments, artistic or otherwise.

Furthermore, recycled materials, including palm waste, are regarded as sustainable materials that are well suited for use in Al-Ahsa’s natural environment and can be implemented at a diverse range of locations.

Results related to the third question: “To what extent have the implemented artwork designs met the sustainability standards for utilizing environmental waste as decorative complements at tourist places?”

To examine the hypothesis associated with this question, which states that there is a statistically significant relationship between the degree for achieving sustainability criteria in evaluating students’ artworks as decorative complements at tourist places (at a significance level of α ≥ 0.05), a t-test was performed. This test was conducted to assess the responses of visitors to tourist places, specifically evaluating the dimensions of the questionnaire criteria scale and determining the effectiveness and sustainability of the implemented artwork designs. The findings are summarized in

Table 2. Significance of the differences to verify the average scores of visitors to tourist attractions on the scale of sustainability standards for implementing palm materials in interior designs.

Dimension of Sustainability	Mean	Standard Deviation	N	df	t	Sig.
Innovation and Modernity	3.587	0.6232	55	54	5.995	0.038
Design and Implementation	3.897	0.7121			6.984
Sustainability Over Time	3.876	0.6432			4.656
Aesthetic Vision	4.342	0.7322			5.756
Overall Degree of Verification	3.925	0.6776

, providing a detailed explanation of the results.

The results of the t-test, as presented in Table 2 and Figure 15, indicate a significant difference between the mean scores of the sustainability criteria for the implemented artwork designs and the responses of tourists to these criteria. The data in the table demonstrate that the probability value of the t-test for all the dimensions is lower than the accepted level of error (0.05 ≤ α). Consequently, the artistic works achieve a high degree of sustainability when used as decorative complements at tourist places.

Among the dimensions, the Aesthetic Vision dimension exhibits the highest mean score, reaching 4.342. However, all the other dimensions also score highly, with Innovation and Modernity at 3.587, Design and Implementation at 3.897, and Sustainability Over Time at 3.876. This indicates that visitors to tourist sites and the art exhibition responded favorably to the aesthetic aspects of the raw artistic materials derived from palm waste and their incorporation into practical artworks. Their responses to the sustainability standards for these artworks, as depicted in Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18 and Figure 19, also reveal positive sentiments toward design, implementation, and longevity. Visitors appreciate the sustainability, innovation, and modernity of artistic ideas derived from utilizing palm waste, although their responses to the aesthetic aspects of these artworks are even higher.

The researchers attribute these findings to the respondents’ ability to perceive and appreciate artworks and palm-based products in a sensory and aesthetic manner that reflects their connection to their homeland and environment. This positive response fosters a sense of preservation by minimizing visual distortions and pollution, thereby encouraging the utilization of various raw environmental materials and waste, including palm waste, in a diverse range of artistic and professional artworks. Moreover, harnessing these raw materials with novel and contemporary innovations, aligned with aesthetic visions, enhances the economic and professional aspects among various segments of society.

Furthermore, the utilization of palm waste as a decorative design supplement not only enhances aesthetics but also plays a crucial role in shaping behaviors and improving individuals’ conduct. This, in turn, reduces the likelihood of future visual disturbances in the environment. By cultivating artistic taste and community awareness regarding the exploitation and reuse of environmental waste, the use of palm waste fosters the development of responsible behaviors toward environmental preservation. Spontaneous beauty emanates from the environment itself, while cognitive beauty is a manifestation of human consciousness, thereby instilling a sense of responsibility in individuals to protect the environment.

These findings align with those of previous studies conducted by [16,17,18] in various aspects. These studies highlight the potential for enhancing students’ innovation skills in utilizing waste materials, such as palm waste, enabling them to generate innovative models and artistic works. Furthermore, such initiatives modify the behavior and awareness of individuals toward their environment, particularly in terms of exploiting environmental waste, especially palm-based materials that are abundant in the local surroundings, and repurposing them into useful creations.

Researchers emphasize that employing recycling techniques for palm waste is a crucial approach to environmental preservation. It promotes energy conservation, mitigates visual disturbances, and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, it provides practical solutions for utilizing this waste in interior spaces that align with the design elements of tourist environments. This transforms the environment into a space rooted in aesthetic and artistic foundations, elevating the visitors’ aesthetic sensibilities.

The recycling process of waste materials also significantly contributes to the achievement of a social–environmental equilibrium, creation of employment opportunities, and shaping of societal structures. Moreover, it contributes to economic resources while developing effective strategies for the treatment and recycling of these wastes by employing scientific methodologies. These endeavors have a positive impact on various dimensions of sustainable development.

6. Conclusions

The findings presented in the preceding tables provide evidence supporting the utilization of palm waste as artistic materials and their recycling as decorative complements at tourist places. The inclusion of various criteria in the scale underscores the positive influences of the students’ engagement, innovative thinking, and skill development in the implemented artworks. Additionally, the responses of visitors to tourist places affirm the effectiveness of these artworks as decorative complements in enhancing the overall design.

The results highlight that increased exposure to educational skills and knowledge, coupled with a heightened awareness of the environment and a sense of belonging, positively impacts individuals’ behavior and aesthetic perception. This, in turn, enhances their artistic creativity and the utilization of environmental waste for recycling purposes, ultimately leading to significant effects on the artistic output.

The results indicate a significant social interaction between students and respondents in terms of achieving sustainability standards. The implemented artworks focused on enhancing knowledge, skills, a diverse range of thinking strategies, and innovative approaches for utilizing and repurposing palm waste in touristic artworks. These efforts have contributed to the development of aesthetic perception by challenging traditional methods in education and the evaluation and appreciation of artistic creations.

The Al-Ahsa region holds a prominent position on the Saudi tourism map; however, it faces the challenge of widespread visual distortion caused primarily by palm waste. This necessitates the exploration of effective solutions to address this issue by recycling the waste and incorporating it into various locations, particularly tourist destinations.

The current study has revealed that designers possess a comprehensive understanding of various techniques for recycling agricultural waste, including palm waste, and have offered multiple design solutions to enhance interior designs and space utilization.

Recycling agricultural waste, especially palm waste, represents a revolutionary approach for filling interior spaces with purposeful and adapted elements that align with interior design and decoration principles.

7. Future Directions and Impacts

This study delves into the potential benefits for incorporating recycled palm waste into decorative design applications as enhancements at tourist destinations, fostering environmental sustainability. It serves as a stepping stone for future research endeavors, outlining the following potential avenues for further investigation:

• Long-term Follow-up: Conducting a longitudinal study would be instrumental in assessing the enduring effects of art-based interventions on interior design applications and associated outcomes. This longitudinal approach aims to ascertain whether the positive impacts observed during the study persist over an extended period;
• Comparative Studies: Comparative studies could be conducted to gauge the effectiveness of art-based interventions against those of the interventions of other methods and materials. This might involve assessing how art-based interventions compare with traditional counseling, conventional design and environmental interventions, or alternative creative approaches;
• Diverse Participant Groups: Expanding the participant pool to include a diverse range of groups, such as individuals interested in tourism and interior designers from various cultural backgrounds or socioeconomic statuses, could offer insights into the universal effectiveness of art-based interventions across different contexts;
• Mechanisms of Change: Investigating the fundamental mechanisms through which art-based interventions impact visitors’ overall awareness of tourist attractions is crucial. This exploration might encompass understanding how engagement in artistic activities influences tourism organization, self-expression, or social–environmental skills;
• Implementation and Scalability: Exploring the feasibility and practicality for implementing art-based interventions in real-world tourism settings, such as resorts or community centers, is paramount. Evaluating factors like training requirements, resource availability, and potential barriers to implementation can provide insights into the scalability and sustainability of the intervention;
• Measurement and Evaluation Tools: The development and validation of evaluation tools dedicated for measuring changes in palm waste artworks’ design and associated outcomes due to art-based interventions is essential. This initiative contributes to the field by offering reliable and valid measures for assessing the effectiveness of similar interventions in a diverse range of contexts.

8. Recommendations

• Reevaluating Palm Waste Utilization in Al-Ahsa: Reassess the utilization of palm waste in the Al-Ahsa region in alignment with a specific national strategy. Consider the nature of tourist use and conduct a visual study aimed at minimizing visual distortion;
• Behavioral Development for Visual Harmony: Focus on behavioral development as a key aspect for addressing visual distortion, thereby reducing the likelihood of its occurrence in the future. This involves elevating artistic taste and engaging various institutions in enhancing artistic awareness among society’s members;
• Comprehensive Waste Management in Al-Ahsa: Identify the diverse range of waste components in the Al-Ahsa region, including their size and production rates. Develop robust programs for their disposal, and formulate plans to leverage these components for environmental sustainability;
• Promoting Educational Initiatives: Encourage the establishment of workshops, seminars, and scientific conferences specifically dedicated to the development and recycling of palm waste. Establish links between palm waste recycling and its integration into decoration and interior design practices to foster environmental sustainability;
• Integration of Modern Science in Designs: Emphasize the integration of decorations and interior designs with modern scientific techniques for recycling. Ensure that these fields remain interactive and closely connected to ongoing research in recycling and the utilization of waste materials in a diverse range of settings;
• Specialized Studies for Raw Material Production: Undertake more specialized studies to generate raw materials from palm waste, which can be easily applied in the realms of design and decoration beyond tourist resorts, extending the benefits to various locations.