Global Warming Drives Expansion of Endangered Spruce Forest on the Tibetan Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Data Processing and Collection
2.2. Selecting of Environmental Variables
2.3. Classification and Calculate of Suitable Habitats
2.4. Recognize of Driving Variables
2.5. Changes in Spatial Patterns of Suitable Habitat
3. Results
3.1. Current Distribution Patterns of Endangered Spruce and Driving Variables
3.2. Future Distribution Pattern and Key Variable Responses
3.3. Future Expansion of Endangered Spruce Forest
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Variable | Description | Unit | Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. balfouriana | P. linzhiensis | P. complanata | P. aurantiaca | ||||
Climate | Bio2 | Mean diurnal range | °C | √ | √ | √ | |
Bio3 | Isothermality | % | √ | ||||
Bio4 | Temperature seasonality | \ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Bio5 | Max temperature of warmest month | °C | √ | ||||
Bio7 | Temperature annual range | °C | √ | ||||
Bio11 | Mean temperature of coldest quarter | °C | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Bio12 | Annual precipitation | mm | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Bio14 | Precipitation of driest month | mm | √ | ||||
Bio15 | Precipitation seasonality | % | √ | ||||
Bio17 | Precipitation of driest quarter | mm | √ | ||||
Bio19 | Precipitation of coldest quarter | mm | √ | ||||
Topography | Ele | Elevation | m | √ | |||
Asp | Aspect | ° | √ | √ | √ | ||
Slo | Slope | ° | √ | √ | |||
Soil | T_Esp | Topsoil Sodicity (ESP) | % | √ | √ | √ | |
S_Gravel | Subsoil Gravel Content | % | √ | ||||
S_Clay | Subsoil Clay Fraction | % | √ | √ | |||
T_Gravel | Topsoil Gravel Content | % | √ | √ | |||
T_Silt | Topsoil Silt Fraction | % | √ |
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Zhang, H.; Yuan, H.; Zou, H.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Liu, Z. Global Warming Drives Expansion of Endangered Spruce Forest on the Tibetan Plateau. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052164
Zhang H, Yuan H, Zou H, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu Z. Global Warming Drives Expansion of Endangered Spruce Forest on the Tibetan Plateau. Sustainability. 2024; 16(5):2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052164
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Huayong, Hang Yuan, Hengchao Zou, Xinyu Zhu, Yihe Zhang, Zhongyu Wang, and Zhao Liu. 2024. "Global Warming Drives Expansion of Endangered Spruce Forest on the Tibetan Plateau" Sustainability 16, no. 5: 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052164