Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical Properties
3. Toxicity
Species | Type of Organism | No Observed Effects Level or Concentration (NOEL or NOEC) | 50% Effect (TD50 or EC50) [mg L−1] | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animals | ||||
Mice | Mammal | 5000 mg kg−1 | not reported | [71] |
Rats | Mammal | 237 mg kg−1 | not reported | [72] |
Danio Rerio | Fish | 1200 mg L−1 | >1200 | [59] |
Daphnia Magna | Aquatic invertebrate | 1200 mg L−1 | >1200 | [59] |
Aquatic Plants and Algae | ||||
Lemna gibba | Aquatic macrophyte | 300 mg L−1 | 1100 | [59] |
Lemna gibba | Aquatic macrophyte | not reported | 618.3–3000 | [61] |
Myriophyllum spicatum | Aquatic macrophyte | not reported | 312.9–10,000 | [61] |
Myriophyllum spicatum | Aquatic macrophyte | not reported | 340.7–10,000 | [61] |
Selenastrum capricornutum | Green alga | 0.12 and <0.36 mg L−1 | >1.2 and 4.8 | [59] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Green alga | 1200 mg L−1 | >1200 | [59] |
Scenedesmus subspicatus | Green alga | not reported | >120 | [59] |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Green alga | 120 mg L−1 | >120 | [59] |
Dunaliella tertiolecta | Green alga | <124 mg L−1 | >125 | [59] |
Euglena gracilis | Green alga | 112 mg L−1 | >112 | [59] |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Diatom | 117 mg L−1 | >117 | [59] |
Navicula pelliculosa | Diatom | 600 mg L−1 | 1200 | [59] |
Skeletonema costatum | Diatom | 2400 mg L−1 | >2400 | [59] |
Anabaena Flos-Aquae | Blue-green alga | 600 mg L−1 | 2400 | [59] |
Microcytis aeruginosa | Blue-green alga | 117 mg L−1 | >117 | [59] |
Average NOEC for aquatic plants and algae: 520 mg L−1 a | ||||
Terrestrial Plants | ||||
Deschampsia elongata | Terrestrial plant | >1 mg L−1 b | not reported | [84] |
Lasthenia californica | Terrestrial plant | >1 mg L−1 b | not reported | [84] |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Terrestrial plant | >1 mg L−1 b | not reported | [84] |
Pinus ponderosa | Terrestrial plant | >10 mg L−1 c | not reported | [65] |
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) | Terrestrial plant | >2.5 mg L−1; LOEL = 10 mg L−1 b,d | not reported | [85] |
Vigna radiata (mung bean) | Terrestrial plant | 1 mg kg−1 of soil b | not reported | [29] e |
Zea mays (corn) | Terrestrial plant | >2.5 mg L−1; LOEL = 10 mg L−1 b,d | not reported | [85] |
Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Terrestrial plant | 1–32 mg L−1 b 5 mg L−1 c | not reported | [29] e |
Plantago major | Terrestrial plant | 32 mg L−1 b | not reported | [29] e |
Helianthus annus (sunflower) | Terrestrial plant | <1 mg kg−1 soil b; 100 mg L−1 c | not reported | [29] e |
Glycine max (soybean) | Terrestrial plant | 1 mg L−1 b; 10 mg L−1 c | not reported | [29] e |
Average NOEC for terrestrial plants: 7.2 mg L−1 b,f | ||||
Seedling Terrestrial Plants g | ||||
Tomato | seedling | <37.5 μL L−1 | not reported | [86] |
Wheat | seedling | <37.5 μL L−1 and <0.7 μL L−1 | not reported | [86] |
Sunflower | seedling | <0.7 μL L−1 | not reported | [86] |
Mung bean | seedling | <0.7 μL L−1 | not reported | [86] |
Soybean | seedling | <0.031 μL L−1 | not reported | [86] |
4. Sources and Removal
4.1. Anthropogenic Sources of TFA
4.2. Natural Sources of TFA
4.3. Atmospheric Fate of TFA
4.4. Removal of TFA from the Environment
5. Measurements
5.1. TFA in Air
5.2. TFA in Rainfall
Location | Date of Sample | Concentration [ng L−1] |
---|---|---|
California and Nevada, United States | 1994–1996 | 31–3779 [141] |
1996–1997 | 20.7–1530 [157] | |
Chile | 1999 | 6–87 [157] |
Malawi | 1999 | 4–15 [157] |
Canada | 1999 | <0.5–350 [140] |
Canada | 2002–2004 | 43–270 [140] (near urban) 4–220 [140] (remote) |
Tsukuba, Japan | 2007 | 64–76 [156] |
Kawaguchi, Japan | 2007 | 39–65 [156] |
Pearl river delta, China | 2007–2008 | 46–974 [142] |
Urban locations in China | 2016 | 8.8–1.8 × 103 [139] |
Germany a | 2018–2019 | 210 [158] |
Ohio–Wyoming region, United States b | 2019 | 50–1200, median 430 [155] 70–170, median 100 [155] 110–1100, median 340 [155] 60–1100, median 370 [155] 80–750, median 200 [155] 4–170, median 80 [155] 270–850, median 470 [155] |
5.3. TFA in Surface Water
5.4. TFA in Soils and Vegetation
5.5. TFA in Ice and Snow
5.6. TFA in Dust and Sediment
5.7. TFA in Drinking Water and Other Consumables
Consumable | Type of Sample | Location | Date of Sampling | Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drinking water | Water treatment | Beijing | 2002 | Not detectable [25] |
2012 | 155 ng L−1 [143] | |||
2019 | <7.53–78.7 g L−1 [25] | |||
Water treatment | Germany | 2020 | 0.9–12.4 μg L−1 [175] | |
Tap water | Netherlands | 2021 | 33.56–1104.6 ng L−1 [176] | |
Tap water | Indiana, USA | 2020 | median 79 ng L−1 [82] | |
Beer | Commercial beer | Germany, UK, Netherlands, Greece, USA, New Zealand, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, Japan, France, Estonia, Ireland, Portugal, Mexico, Namibia, Australia, Faroe Islands | - | <51 μg L−1, median 6.1 [178] |
Tea/herbal infusion | Commercial samples | Not specified | - | 2.4 μg L−1 [178] |
Wheat | Grain | Agricultural fields, Germany | - | 50–180 μg kg−1 [136] |
Maize | Leaves | Agricultural fields, Germany | - | 250–500 μg kg−1 [136] |
Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, Northern China | 2016–2017 | >767 ng g−1 [70] | ||
Straw | 2016–2017 | 11.8–149 ng g−1 [70] | ||
Grain | Agricultural fields, Germany | - | 50–180 μg kg−1 [136] | |
Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, Northern China | 2016–2017 | 15.8–102 ng g−1 [70] | ||
Jerusalem Artichoke | Root | Agricultural fields, Germany | - | 150–200 μg kg−1 [136] |
Ryegrass | Grain | Agricultural fields, Germany | - | 120–180 μg kg−1 [136] |
Locusta migratoria manilens | Insect | Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, Northern China | 2016–2017 | 14.2–105 ng g−1 [70] |
6. Future Prospects
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CPTFE | chloropolytrifluoroethylene |
EC50 | half-maximal effective concentration |
ECTFE | ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene |
FOSA | perfluorooctane sulfonamide |
GWP | Global-warming potential |
HCFC | hydrochlorofluorocarbon |
HFC | hydrofluorocarbon |
HFO | hydrofluoroolefins |
NOEC | no observed effect concentration |
NOEL | no observed effect level |
PFAS | per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance |
PFCA | perfluorinated carboxylic acid |
PFEPE | polytetrafluoroethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylether |
PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
TD50 | median lethal dose |
TFA | trifluoroacetic acid |
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Property | Value |
---|---|
Boiling point | 72–74 °C [30] |
Vapour pressure | 11–13 kPa [30] |
pKa | 0.2–0.5 [30,45,46,48,49,50,51] |
Density | 1.49 g cm−3 (at 25 °C) [45] |
Melting point | −15.4 °C [45] |
Air–water partition coefficient | 4.75 × 10−6 [52] |
Location | Date of Sample | Concentration [pg m−3] |
---|---|---|
Zurich, Switzerland | 1995 | 65 [148] |
Freiburg, Germany | 1995 | 44 [149] |
Bavaria, Germany | 1995 | 20–40 [148] |
Mamelodi, South Africa | 1996 | 40 [148] |
Guelph and Toronto, Canada | 2000 | 760 [150] |
Beijing, China | 2012 | 501–747 [138] |
2012–2013 | 1580 ± 558 [137] | |
2013–2014 | 1459 ± 223 [146] | |
Japan | 2020 | 1570 ± 275 [147] |
Location | Type of Water Body | Date of Sample | Concentration [ng/L] |
---|---|---|---|
Metropolitan areas in Northern California, USA | Surface water | 1998 | 98.5–453 [160] a |
resampled in 2021 | 23.1–2790 [160] a | ||
Remote sites in Alaska, USA | Surface water | 1998 | <9.5–63.0, median 1.7 [160] |
Resampled in 2021 | 101–187, median 134 [160] | ||
Yukon, Canada, and Alaska, USA | Surface water | 1998 | 8–40, median 21.1 [161] |
British Columbia, Canada | Surface water | 1998 | 21–63 [161] |
Jinan, China | Tuhai River Yellow River Xiaoqing River | 2016 2016 2016 | 932 ± 56 1014 ± 79 588 ± 72 median 884 ± 180 [89] |
Baotu Spring Daming Lake | 2016 2016 | 1842 ± 436 2688 ± 117 median 2265 ± 277 [89] | |
Tap water | 2016 | 384 ± 7 [89] | |
Well water | 2016 | 319 ± 8 [89] | |
Sweden | surface water from streams | 2019 | 30–820 [162] |
Lake Vättern | 2019 | 34 ± 5.2 [162] | |
Denmark | Surface water from river systems | 2021 | 2–10 [163] |
Location | Date of Sample | Concentration[ng g−1] |
---|---|---|
Eastern Canada | 1999 | <0.1–3.3 [157] |
Senga Bay, Malawi | 1999 | <0.1–7.5 [157] |
Concepcion, Chile | 1999 | 0.1–9.4 [157] |
Lancaster, UK | 1999 | 0.85–7.0 [157] |
Taihu Lake, China | 2008–2009 | 2.1–2.6 [165] |
Jinan, China | - | 0.034–2.081 [89] |
Southwestern China | 2022 | 0.11–16.4 [166] |
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Garavagno, M.d.l.A.; Holland, R.; Khan, M.A.H.; Orr-Ewing, A.J.; Shallcross, D.E. Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062382
Garavagno MdlA, Holland R, Khan MAH, Orr-Ewing AJ, Shallcross DE. Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects. Sustainability. 2024; 16(6):2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062382
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaravagno, Maria de los Angeles, Rayne Holland, Md Anwar Hossain Khan, Andrew J. Orr-Ewing, and Dudley E. Shallcross. 2024. "Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects" Sustainability 16, no. 6: 2382. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062382