Review of Existing Tools for the Assessment of European Building Stock Energy Demand for Space Heating and Cooling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Scope and Overview of the Paper
2. Analysis of the Most Widespread Tools for the Assessment of European Building Stock Energy Demand for Space Heating and Cooling
2.1. Hotmaps Toolbox
2.2. PlanHeat
2.3. THERMOS
2.4. Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4)
2.5. CitySim Pro
2.6. City Energy Analyst (CEA)
2.7. Tool for Energy Analysis and Simulation for Efficient Retrofit (TEASER)
2.8. EnerMaps
2.9. DREEM
2.10. IDA ICE
- Wizard interfaces lead the user through the steps of building a model for a specific type of study. The Internet browser based IDA Room wizard calculates space cooling and heating load.
- Standard interface for users to formulate a simulation model using domain-specific concepts and objects, such as zones, radiators and windows.
- Advanced level interface, which allows the user to browse and edit the mathematical model of the system.
- Open versions for developers.
2.11. EnergyPlus
- an integrated simultaneous solution of thermal zone conditions and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems response;
- heat balance-based solution of radiant and convective effects;
- sub-hourly customizable time steps for interaction between thermal zones and the environment (or HVAC systems);
- combined heat and mass transfer model;
- advanced fenestration models;
- illuminance and glare calculations;
- component-based HVAC;
- built-in HVAC and lighting control strategies;
- functional mockup interface import and export;
- standard summary and detailed output reports as well as user-definable reports.
2.12. Invert/EE-Lab
2.13. City Building Energy Saver (CityBES)
2.14. SimStadt
2.15. Urban Modeling Interface (UMI)
2.16. Apache
2.17. Specific Tools: Energy-Matching and Business Prospection Tool for Industrial Excess Heat/Cold Reduction, Recovery and Redistribution (EMB3Rs)
3. Real Applications of the Tools and Comments from the Users
3.1. Hotmaps Toolbox
- Rhône Network (ALTE69)—France: CCMDL (Monts du Lyonnais), CCSB (Saône-Beaujolais), COR (Ouest Rhodanien), SOL—(Ouest Lyonnais). (41 cities in total);
- SCN—Greece: Oichalia, Ierapetra, Korinth, Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni, Messinis;
- UCSA—Italy: Palma Campania, San Giuseppe Vesuviano, Striano;
- CNNL—Netherlands: Groningen, Assen, Emmen, Leeuwarden;
- Oeste Sustentàvel—Portugal: Arruda dos Vinhos, Nazaré, Alcobaça, Alenquer, Bombarral, Peniche, Caldas de Rainha, Torres Vedras, Obidos.
- Moreover, Hotmaps is used in the “Act!onHeat” [40] research project by three administrations that applied for technical assistance from the Support Facility:
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts: Research Center for Energy and Sustainable Development;
- Province Limburg;
- San Lucido.
3.2. PlanHeat
- Lecce (Italy);
- Antwerp (Belgium);
- Valika Gorica (Croatia).
3.3. THERMOS
- Identification of best zones for heat network development in six major cities in the UK (Bristol, Newcastle, Greater Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds and Nottingham), as part of a series of pilot City Decarbonization Delivery Plan (CDDP). Additionally, the results were exploited for developing effective national policies on heat to study the most cost-effective heat decarbonization options in the country.
- Planning and extension of current DH systems in the Zemgale region (Latvia), for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action plans for the following municipalities: Jelgava, Jekabpils and Auce. The support was key to planning upgrades at the existing district heating systems and accelerating the local energy transition in the whole region.
- Revision of public energy efficiency policies in the municipality of Alba Iulia (Romania). THERMOS enabled to complement the previous Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) into the 2030 Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP), by integrating novel optimized energy planning measures and the outline of two major renovation investment projects targeting several public buildings. Use of THERMOS in Riga (Latvia) for developing the city’s SECAP, to improve the strategic vision of the city and the process of gathering data for implementing the plan. The tool was also used by the municipalities of Tukuma, Siguldas, Lielvārdes, Ogres, Mārupes, Ādažu, Ķekavas, Salaspils and Ķeguma.
- Planning of appropriate measures for efficient heat supply in the city of Berlin (Germany), supporting the activity of the Berlin Senate Department for Economics, Energy and Public Enterprises. Afterwards, the city planning department of Berlin’s Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district tested the tool and is planning to employ it for future heat transformation areas in the district.
- Mapping of new and expanded heat networks in Islington (UK), according to the strategy of Islington Council set out in 2020. THERMOS was specifically employed for mapping and modelling new heat networks, hence contributing to the refinement of the municipality’s planning for heat networks in the borough.
- Rapid assessment of heat network connection requests in Bristol (UK). Specifically, THERMOS was used to generate quick checks of key parameters (like pipe size or heat supply capacity) for assessments of heat connection enquiries, whose results were compared with the existing hydraulic model previously created for the network. This enabled us to save time and money for the evaluation of potential new connections in Bristol’s heat network.
- Mapping and potential expansion of biomass heat supply networks in the pilot city of Granollers (Spain). The tool allowed to assess alternative scenarios for the expansion of the supply network, while enhancing the quality of estimation of zonal heat demand per type of consumer. Once validated by local policymakers, the tool might be integrated into the city’s SEAP to ease the whole process of planning and development of city’s heat networks.
3.4. Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4)
3.5. City Energy Analyst (CEA)
3.6. Energy Plus
3.7. Invert/EE-Lab
3.8. Simstadt
3.9. Urban Modeling Interface (UMI)
3.10. Apache
4. Discussion
- There is a general lack of information about the methodologies and assumptions behind the presented datasets; as a consequence, the users experience the absence of publicly accessible comprehensive data regarding the assumptions and input data, as well as the underlying algorithms of the methodology used;
- When building a simulation scenario, there is a lack of publicly accessible information regarding the relative impact of input parameters to be set by the user;
- In specific cases, too much technical information could decrease the user friendliness of the tool, reducing the possibility of being used by a non-proficient audience; on the other hand, the multi-disciplinarity of the datasets included (e.g., energy, emissions, health, comfort, user-behaviour, costs) is important to generate comprehensive assessments and include synergy between engineers and public authorities.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Access | Short Description | Receiver |
---|---|---|---|
Hotmaps Toolbox | Open source https://www.hotmaps.eu/map (accessed on 15 January 2024) | Database of the energy demand for space heating in EU-27+UK; data are visualized on a map in QGIS format, project scenarios can be generated. | Researchers, public authorities |
PlanHeat | Open source https://planheat.eu/energia-renovable-e-inteligencia-artificial/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | Tool for local authorities to evaluate low carbon and economically sustainable alternative scenarios for space heating and cooling. | Local administrations |
THERMOS | Open source https://www.thermos-project.eu/thermos-tool/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | Database with high resolution European energy mapping; it includes fast algorithms for modelling and optimizing thermal systems, incorporating real world cost, benefit and performance data, and operating both in wide area search, and local system optimization contexts. | Public authorities |
Heat Roadmap Europe 4 | Open source https://heatroadmap.eu/peta4/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | A European database of space heating/cooling demand and future forecasts, available heat volumes from power plants/industry/waste, renewable resources for district heating (solar/geothermal/heat pumps), comparison of cost between heat savings and sustainable supply, hourly models simulating district heating/cooling impact on electricity/industry. | Local, national and EU public authorities |
CitySim pro | Open source www.citysim.pro (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool is able to simulate energy demand of buildings including energy sources and sinks coming from the urban context. | Urban energy planners, public authorities |
City Energy Analyst | Open source https://www.cityenergyanalyst.com/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool is able to perform multidisciplinary analysis, simulating energy demand of buildings, CO2 emissions, economic analysis, use of renewable sources and industrial waste heat. | Urban designers, public authorities, researchers |
TEASER | Open source https://github.com/RWTH-EBC/TEASER (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool can be used with few input data to obtain coarse energy scenarios for building stocks. | Researchers, urban planners |
EnerMaps | Open source www.enermaps.eu (accessed on 15 January 2024) | Visualizer foropen-sourcee datasets, with seven calculation modules to build possible scenarios. | Researchers, public authorities, energy planners |
DREEM | Open source https://github.com/TEESlab-UPRC/DREEM (accessed on 15 January 2024) | Hybrid approach for Demand-Side Management (DSM) in buildings. Evaluates demand-flexibility. Modular structure emphasizes interdependence, independence, and hierarchical dependence of modules. | Researchers |
IDA ICE 5 | Open source https://www.equa.se/en/ida-ice (accessed on 15 January 2024) | A dynamic simulation tool evaluating building performance, as it allows to model the building, its systems, and controllers. | Energy planners, researchers, urban planners |
EnergyPlus 23.2.0 | Open source https://energyplus.net/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | The tool is an energy analysis and thermal load simulation program, aimed at modelling both energy demand and water use in buildings. | Engineers, architects, and researchers |
Invert/EE-Lab | Commercial licence www.invert.at (accessed on 15 January 2024) | Invert/EE-Lab simulates policy impacts on energy demand, CO2, and costs in buildings. It uses detailed data on building geometry, age, and space heating systems. | Public authorities |
CityBES | Commercial licence https://www.buildingenergysoftwaretools.com/software/citybes-city-buildings-energy-sustainability (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool produces analysis at high scale through the simulation engine of Energy Plus, using the widespread CityGML data format. | Urban planners, city energy managers, energy consultants and researchers |
SimStadt | Commercial licence http://simstadt.hft-stuttgart.de/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool gives the possibility to include real urban data to develop high scale energy scenarios. | Architects, engineering offices, urban planners and municipalities |
UMI | Commercial licence http://web.mit.edu/sustainabledesignlab/projects/umi/index.html (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool works with Rhinoceros 3D geometries and UBEM, providing energy simulation scenarios, with extendible multidisciplinary modules. | Researchers and consultants |
Apache | Commercial licence https://help.iesve.com/ve2021/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool performs heating and cooling load calculations. | Energy planners, energy managers |
EMB3Rs | Open source https://www.emb3rs.eu/ (accessed on 15 January 2024) | This tool will allow energy-intensive industries and other excess heat and cold sources to explore ways of reusing their excess thermal energy. | Public authorities |
Year | Project Name | Authors | Location | Focus Area |
---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | Toward a more sustainable Munich | Zach Berzolla, Niall Buckley, Claire Holley and Tristan Searight | Munich | Energy efficient and resilient cities |
2020 | South Chicago Masterplan | Yu Qian Ang, Jakub Szczesniak, Tessa Weiss and Moulshree Mittal | Chicago | sustainable, diverse and livable |
2020 | Zero Island | Mariana liebman-Pelaez, Hadley Piper, Ramon Weber and Elizabeth Young | San Francisco | low carbon, resilient energy and mobility |
2020 | Rooftop Wonderland | Eakapobh Huang Hanapan, James Kallaos, Shide Salimi, Pablo Taddei and Sara Toepfer | San Francisco | resilient, cost effective and healthy |
2020 | Chicago 2 | Benjamin Tasistro-Hart, SungHwan Lim and KuanTing Chen | Chicago | efficient, connected and resilient |
2020 | Low-Carbon Climate Adaptation Strategies for Paris Center | Ruoyu Lan, Sacha Moreau and Olivier Faber | Paris | efficient, connected and resilient |
Functionality | Hotmaps Toolbox | PlanHeat | THERMOS | Heat Roadmap | CitySim pro | City Energy Analyst | TEASER | EnerMaps | DREEM | IDA ICE | EnergyPlus | Invert/EE-Lab | CityBES | SimStadt | UMI | Apache | EMB3Rs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe 4 | |||||||||||||||||
Open Source | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Commercial | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
License | |||||||||||||||||
Energy Demand Mapping | X | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Scenario | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Development | |||||||||||||||||
Renewable Energy Sources Analysis | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
Economic Viability Analysis | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
CO2 Emissions Analysis | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
User-Friendly | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Interface | |||||||||||||||||
Energy Efficiency Analysis | x | x | x | X | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
High-Resolution Energy Mapping | x | x | |||||||||||||||
Modular Structure | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
Demand-Side Management | x | ||||||||||||||||
Evaluation | |||||||||||||||||
Targeted at Public Authorities | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Suitable for Urban Planners | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||
Total number of features | 9 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 5 |
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Bottino-Leone, D.; Balest, J.; Cittati, V.M.; Pezzutto, S.; Fraboni, R.; Beltrami, F. Review of Existing Tools for the Assessment of European Building Stock Energy Demand for Space Heating and Cooling. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062462
Bottino-Leone D, Balest J, Cittati VM, Pezzutto S, Fraboni R, Beltrami F. Review of Existing Tools for the Assessment of European Building Stock Energy Demand for Space Heating and Cooling. Sustainability. 2024; 16(6):2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062462
Chicago/Turabian StyleBottino-Leone, Dario, Jessica Balest, Valentina Miriam Cittati, Simon Pezzutto, Riccardo Fraboni, and Filippo Beltrami. 2024. "Review of Existing Tools for the Assessment of European Building Stock Energy Demand for Space Heating and Cooling" Sustainability 16, no. 6: 2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062462