Pyrolysis as a Method for Processing of Waste from Production of Cultivated Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Object
2.2. Pyrolysis Process
2.3. Analysis of Samples
- Kst max—explosibility index
- V—volume of the testing chamber
- (dp/dt) max—indicator of maximum explosion pressure rise.
2.4. Names of Samples
- TS—material subjected to no thermal processing;
- TS400/5—pyrolysis (400 °C; 5 min);
- TS400/10—pyrolysis (400 °C; 10 min);
- TS400/15—pyrolysis (400 °C; 15 min);
- TS450/5—pyrolysis (450 °C; 5 min);
- TS450/10—pyrolysis (450 °C; 10 min);
- TS450/15—pyrolysis (450 °C; 15 min);
- TS500/5—pyrolysis (500 °C; 5 min);
- TS500/10—pyrolysis (500 °C; 10 min);
- TS500/15—pyrolysis (500 °C; 15 min).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Explosibility Class | Kst max Value [bar s−1] |
---|---|
St1 | ≤200 |
St2 | 200–300 |
St3 | >300 |
Parameter | Research Method |
---|---|
Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents | PN-EN 15104:2011 [42] |
Ash content | PN-EN 14775:2010 [43] |
Content of volatile substances | PN-EN 15402:2011 [44] |
Calorific value | PN-EN 14918:2010 [45] |
Explosibility index Kst max | PN-EN 14034-2 [40] |
N | C | H | Ash | Volatile Substances | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | |||||
TS | <0.04 * | 40.62 a ± 0.08 | 6.52 d ± 0.04 | 5.04 a ± 0.1 | 76.06 d ± 0.19 |
TS400/5 | 56.95 b ± 0.32 | 5.07 c ± 0.01 | 6.67 b ± 0.02 | 31.49 c ± 0.04 | |
TS400/10 | 59.46 b ± 0.36 | 4.89 c ± 0.02 | 6.73 b ± 0.03 | 30.58 bc ± 0.09 | |
TS400/15 | 59.7 b ± 0.17 | 4.99 c ± 0.01 | 7.4 c ± 0.07 | 29.83 bc ± 0.1 | |
TS450/5 | 57.34 b ± 0.05 | 4.56 bc ± 0.01 | 8.47 d ± 0.07 | 29.22 bc ± 0.09 | |
TS450/10 | 60.34 b ± 0.12 | 4.54 bc ± 0.01 | 9.23 e ± 0.05 | 27.11 b ± 0.07 | |
TS450/15 | 60.96 b ± 0.14 | 4.51 bc ± 0.04 | 9.51 e ± 0.05 | 25.51 ab ± 0.15 | |
TS500/5 | 57.31 b ± 0.07 | 4.23 b± 0.01 | 8.67 d ± 0.04 | 25.42 ab ± 0.06 | |
TS500/10 | 63.03 b ± 0.07 | 4.22 b ± 0.03 | 8.74 d± 0.01 | 23.89 a ± 0.02 | |
TS500/15 | 63.13 b ± 0.16 | 3.91 a ± 0.01 | 9.55 e ± 0.06 | 22.81 a ± 0.07 |
Pmax | (dp/dt) max | |
---|---|---|
Bar | Bar s−1 | |
TS | 7.37 ± 0.16 | 267.71 ± 3.79 |
TS400/5 | 8.09 ± 0.12 | 277.46 ± 3.64 |
TS400/10 | 8.33 ± 0.09 | 279.07 ± 3.95 |
TS400/15 | 8.56 ± 0.13 | 281.66 ± 3.35 |
TS450/5 | 8.33 ± 0.15 | 296.17 ± 3.52 |
TS450/10 | 8.64 ± 0.11 | 316.76 ± 3.54 |
TS450/15 | 8.74 ± 0.14 | 324.09 ± 3.52 |
TS500/5 | 8.58 ± 0.18 | 302.96 ± 3.66 |
TS500/10 | 8.78 ± 0.16 | 317.69 ± 3.62 |
TS500/15 | 8.94 ± 0.15 | 326.69 ± 3.42 |
Calorific Value | Total Carbon | Volatile Substances | Ash | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | MJ kg−1 | % | |||
Natural gas | 48.0 | 75.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | [15] |
Coal | 25.0 | 60.0 | 35.0 | 5.7 | [49,50] |
Lignite | 22.93 | 67.40 | 46.4 | 4.1 | [50] |
Wood | 18.19 | 49.61 | 83.30 | 0.75 | [50] |
Straw | 16.81 | 5.72 | 75.10 | 6.69 | [50] |
Rape | 15.3 | 14 | 78.7 | 7.3 | [60] |
Sunflower | 15.7 | 17.2 | 74.5 | 8.3 | [59] |
Tobacco stalks | 16.16–18.4 | 40.96–43.97 | 76.07 | 5.04–5.49 | [51,62,63] |
Tobacco leaves | 15.6–17.2 | - | - | [62,63] | |
Rape straw biochar | 23.4 | 72.7 | 13.6 | 21.8 | [15] |
Sunflower biochar | 20.5 | 63.4 | 13.4 | 28.9 | |
Biochar from oil palm empty fruit bunches | 17.1 | 53.8 | 81.9 | 3.1 | [60] |
Cherry wood biochar | 27.7 | 59.5 | 22.2 | 9.1 | [61] |
Tobacco biochar | 27.04 | 63.8 | 23.35 | 9.15 | - |
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Saletnik, B.; Fiedur, M.; Kwarciany, R.; Zaguła, G.; Bajcar, M. Pyrolysis as a Method for Processing of Waste from Production of Cultivated Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Sustainability 2024, 16, 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072749
Saletnik B, Fiedur M, Kwarciany R, Zaguła G, Bajcar M. Pyrolysis as a Method for Processing of Waste from Production of Cultivated Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Sustainability. 2024; 16(7):2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072749
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaletnik, Bogdan, Marcin Fiedur, Radosław Kwarciany, Grzegorz Zaguła, and Marcin Bajcar. 2024. "Pyrolysis as a Method for Processing of Waste from Production of Cultivated Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)" Sustainability 16, no. 7: 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072749